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" 8 "
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" 9 "
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J+ @a 5 Mfkmpz}f @}mp`ai} l` Miaelil
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af} ekcfzb`} xz`}`k|ilf} xfz xiz|` l` ai} ek}|ikmei} `kmizgili} l` `be|ezaf}+
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`}mp`ai pki cpkmek?
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" :9 "
I+ Af} \GI }fk `}ximef} l` |zijiof mfa`m|esf `k|z` xzfc`}fz`}! z`iaeilf} `k cfzbi
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}`mpklizei+ @}|f} |iaa`z`} }` l`}izzfaaik i xiz|ez l` ai im|piaeimek
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`a cek l` imz`m`k|iz }p} mfbx`|`kmei} xzfc`}efkia`}! `kmibekili} i `a`siz ai
miaelil `lpmi|esi+
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u }` fcz`m`k `k Mfaebi i |zis} l` ai Lez`mmek l` L`}izzfaaf @lpmi|esf $LL@
l` ai ]`mz`|izi l` @lpmimek $]@+ ]ek `bjizgf! u i x`}iz l` yp` ibjf}
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l` ai ek}|e|pmek i ai cfzbimek l` `}mze|fz`} `k ai `}mp`ai xzebizei! l`oiklf
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ixz`kleio`} l`k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei+
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iagpkf} ip|fz`} |zi|ik l` z`aimefkiz i ai a`m|pzi mfbf xiz|` ebxfz|ik|` `k ai
mfk}|zpmmek l` ixz`kleio`}> |ia `} `a mi}f l` Iki Gizziak $:880! ype`k }`iai
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" := "
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mfbxiziz izgpb`k|f} l` lec`z`k|`} ip|fz`}+ @k }! `a xzfgzibi xz`|`kl` yp` af}
iapbkf} mfkfmik le}|ek|i} `}|zi|`gei} l`zesili} l` ai a`m|pzi! u i xiz|ez l` `aai}
afgz`k l`}izzfaaiz ixz`kleio`} u |`k`z b} fxmefk`} xizi p|eaeiz il`mpilib`k|`
af} aejzf} l` |`t|f u f|zf} bi|`zeia`} `}mze|f}+
Xfz }p xiz|`! ]fkei Gfkas` $:88
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@k `}` }`k|elf! B+ Xizzi $`k Bilzel! :88=j? 9% }`iai? a``z `} pk |zijiof
ek|`a`m|pia! lekbemf u bpu im|esf xfz b`lef l`a mpia }` l`}mpjz` af yp` lem` `a
|`t|f*! af mpia ebxaemi ai ek|`zimmek leiam|emi `k|z` `a |`t|f `}mze|f u }p a`m|fz xizi
`t|zi`z `a }egkecemilf l` af a`lf u }`z mfk}el`zilf} mfbf jp`kf} a`m|fz`}+ Xfzyp`
`k ai j}yp`li l`a mfkfmebe`k|f u ai ek|`zxz`|imek l`a |`t|f }` |e`k` mfbf
z`}pa|ilf pki kp`si z`mz`imek $kp`sf} |`t|f}! }ek faseliz |fli} ai} xf}eja`}
mfk`tefk`} `k|z` af a`lf f ek|`zxz`|ilf mfk af} mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` |`k`bf} i xzefze!
z`mfkfme`klf `k af `}mze|f kp`}|zf x`k}ibe`k|f! fj}`zsiklf mbf kp`}|zf}
mfkfmebe`k|f} }` sik l`}izzfaaiklf xipai|ekib`k|` u mbf `}|f}kf} sik aa`siklf
bpu m`zmi i ai s`zlil f ia `zzfz u xfz }pxp`}|f yp` |fli ai z`mz`imek }`i
z`mfkfmeli xfz `a f|zf+
@k z`}pb`k! ai a`m|pzi se}|i mfbf pk b`lef xizi ai g`k`zimek u
mfk}|zpmmek l` mfkfmebe`k|f}! k`m`}e|i mfk}el`ziz `k }p z`iaeimek `a l`}izzfaaf
l` af} i}x`m|f} mfgke|esf} yp` mfkaa`si ai mfbxz`k}ek l` af a`lf? ikae}e}!
}k|`}e}! eklpmmek! l`lpmmek u |`k`z pki xf}emek leiagemi! `k lfkl` }` pk`k
i}x`m|f} mfbf `}mzejez u xpjaemiz! xizi `kmfk|ziz `k|z` `}|i} lf} im|eselil`} `a
im|f l` a``z u i xiz|ez l`a be}bf `a l` ixz`kl`z+
@+ Xikfzibi ek|`zkimefkia? ai `siapimek XE]I :883
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mpui} `lil`} `}|k `k|z` 90 if} = b`}`} u 93 if} : b`}`} ek}mze|f} `k af}
}e}|`bi} `lpmi|esf} l` mili pkf l` af} xi}`} be`bjzf} l` ai FML@! mfbf
Btemf+
@k|z` af} xzfx}e|f} l` ai `siapimek XE]I! `}| xzfxfzmefkiz ekcfzbimek
z`a`sik|` l` af} z`}pa|ilf} `lpmi|esf} u l` af} mfk|`t|f} `k af} yp` }|f} fmpzz`k!
i cek l` iupliz i z`ca`tefkiz i af} xi}`} xiz|emexik|`} }fjz` ai xfa|emi u ai} b`|i}
`lpmi|esi}! i} mfbf xzfxfzmefkiz af} li|f} xizi `a `}|ija`mebe`k|f l` `}|kliz`}
`lpmi|esf} u iupliz i pki b`ofz mfbxz`k}ek l` ai} mip}i} u mfk}`mp`kmei} yp`
l` `aai }` l`zes`k+ Ipkyp` }p xzfx}e|f xzekmexia `} siafziz `k yp b`leli af}
`}|pleik|`} dik ilypezelf mfkfmebe`k|f} u dijeaelil`} `}`kmeia`} xizi xiz|emexiz
xa`kib`k|` `k ai }fme`lil! u di}|i yp xpk|f }fk mixim`} l` `t|zixfaiz af
ixz`klelf xizi ixaemizaf i }e|pimefk`} kfs`lf}i}! |ik|f l`a bje|f `}mfaiz mfbf
`t|zi`}mfaiz+
Ai ekcfzbimek l`zesili l` XE]I `} pk eklemilfz l`a kes`a l` ix|e|pl f
dijeaelil l` af} `}|pleik|`} `k }p xzfxef xi}! `k mfbxizimek mfk f|zf} xi}`}
xiz|emexik|`}> iupli i el`k|ecemiz ai} cfz|ia`i} u l`jeaelil`} l` af} }e}|`bi}
`lpmi|esf} kimefkia`}> x`zbe|` `kmfk|ziz xi|zfk`} l`a l`}`bx`f l` af}`}|pleik|`} `k|z` xi}`}> u! }fjz` |flf! l`|`m|i yp cim|fz`} }` i}fmeik ia te|f
`lpmi|esf! b} iaa l` `}|ija`m`z mfbxizimefk`} `k|z` z`}pa|ilf} ie}ailib`k|`+
@}|i `siapimek izzfo xizi Btemf `k `a :883 pki xikfzbemi g`k`zia l` ai
}e|pimek l`a xi} `k |fzkf i ai} dijeaelil`} f mfbx`|`kmei} l` af} `}|pleik|`} l`
90 if} `k me`kmei}! bi|`b|emi} u a`m|pzi> }e`klf `}|i a|ebi ai yp` }` p|eae
mfbf z`ype}e|f ekle}x`k}ija` xizi `a l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`}! ui yp` ai de}|fzei
mbf i}egki|pzi kf `}| mfbxz`kleli `k `}|` |exf l` `siapimek> kf fj}|ik|`! }`
|fbi ai a`m|pzi mfbf pkf l` af} cim|fz`} yp` xf}ejeae|ik ai mfk}|zpmmek l`
ixz`kleio`} l` af} iapbkf} `k lemdi i}egki|pzi+
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" :3 "
@k `}|` }`k|elf! XE]I l`cek` aimfbx`|`kmei `k a`m|pzi mfbf ai miximelil
xizi mfbxz`kl`z! `bxa`iz u z`ca`tefkiz i xiz|ez l` |`t|f} `}mze|f}! mfk `a cek l`
afgziz b`|i} ekleselpia`}! l`}izzfaaiz `a mfkfmebe`k|f u `a xf|`kmeia x`z}fkia! u
xiz|emexiz `k ai }fme`lil $XE]I! :883? 44> `} l`mez! }` s` i ai a`m|pzi mfbf ai
ji}` xizi ai mfk}`mpmek l` af} ixz`kleio`} yp` }` xzflpm`k l`k|zf u cp`zi l` ai}
ipai} `k ai biufz xiz|` l` ai} mpa|pzi}! l`k|zf l` pk `kcfyp` l` mfbx`|`kmei} xizi
ai seli+
I |zis} l` ai `siapimek XE]I! ai FML@ mai}ecemi i af} `}|pleik|`} `k
mpik|f }p lfbekef `k mekmf kes`a`} l` l`}`bx`f `k ai `}miai gafjia l` a`m|pzi!
be}bf} yp` }` bp`}|zik u `txaemik `k ai |ijai Kf+ 98 }egpe`k|`?
\ijai Kf+ 98
Kes`a`} u xpk|io`} l` a`m|pzi `}|ija`melf} xfz XE]I xizi mai}ecemiz i af} `}|pleik|`}
Kes`a&Xpk|io`
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Af} `}|pleik|`} l` `}|` kes`a }fk mixim`} l` z`iaeiz |iz`i} mfbxa`oi} l`a`m|pzi! mfbf bik`oiz ekcfzbimek lecmea l` `kmfk|ziz `k |`t|f}l`}mfkfmelf}! bf}|ziz pki mfbxz`k}ek l`|iaaili l` lemdf} |`t|f}!
l`lpmez yp ekcfzbimek l`a |`t|f `} z`a`sik|` xizi ai |iz`i! }`z mixim`}l` `siapiz mfk }`k|elf mz|emf u mfk}|zpez dex|`}e}! ji}iz}` `kmfkfmebe`k|f} `}x`meiaeilf} u ilix|iz mfkm`x|f} yp` xp`lik }`zmfk|zizef} i ai} `tx`m|i|esi}+
`a :3% `}|psf `k `a kes`a 9> pk :5% `k `a kes`a :> `a
94% `k `a kes`a =! be`k|zi} yp` }af `a 3% afgz `a kes`a u `k `a
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" :4 "
\ijai Kf+ 99Pjemimek l` af} xi}`} l`a gzpxf l` mfbxizimek l` imp`zlf
i }p b`lei l` l`}`bx`f `}x`zili `k ai `}miai gafjia l` A`m|pziXi}`} mfk b`lei l`
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Xi}`} mfk b`lei l`l`}`bx`f biufz yp` af
`}x`zilf Izg`k|eki I`zjieok Jpagizei! Mfafbjei! Nuzgu}|ik! Yi|iz! Zpbikei! C`l`zimek Zp}i Pzpgpiu
Jzi}ea! Mdea`! @}xii! Eklfk`}ei! Btemf! \ieaiklei \k`
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Ia dim`z `a ikae}e} l`a mfk|`t|f kimefkia! l` af} z`}pa|ilf} l` XE]I! `k
a`m|pzi Mfaebi }px`z `k 5 xpk|f} ai b`lei kimefkia ia iamikiz
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Af ikiaeilf di}|i `a bfb`k|f l`oi s`z yp` `k `a kes`a l` `lpmimek
xzebizei `k Btemf! u `k Mfaebi! dim` cia|i g`k`ziz! ia ek|`zefz l` af} gzpxf}!
`}|zi|`gei} yp` xf|`kme`k u `a`s`k `a kes`a l` mfbxz`k}ek a`m|fzi `k af} iapbkf}!
mfk ai cekiaelil l` iamikiz af} kes`a`} l` l`}`bx`f l` ai a`m|pzi `}|ija`melf} xfz
ai `siapimefk`} ek|`zkimefkia`}! mfbf af `} `a mi}f l` XE]I> il`b} xfz }`z `}|i
im|eselil pkf l` af} b`lef} b} `c`m|esf} xizi `a afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}+
Jiof `}|i x`z}x`m|esi! XE]I `kci|ei ai miximelil l`a `}|pleik|` xizi
}`zsez}` l` ai a`m|pzi mfbf b`lef xizi ixz`kl`z! mfbx`|`kmei yp` }px`zi ai
`a`b`k|ia dijeaelil l` a``z f l` ixz`kl`z xizi a``z+
@k }pbi! }` xp`l`k g`k`ziz `k af} `lpmiklf} lecempa|il`} z`c`z`k|`} i ai
i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei mfbf le}mexaeki! af mpia mfkaa`si ai ekcap`kmei l` ai} el`i}
xz`sei} yp` `aaf} u `aai} |e`k`k mfk z`}x`m|f ia mfk|`kelf i ixz`kl`z> il`b} l`
}`z k`m`}izef `a xzfxfzmefkiza`} mfk|`kelf} `}x`mcemf} }fjz` af} mpia`} dik l`
`o`zme|iz `}i miximelil lec`z`kmeia `k|z` af `k}`ilf u af ixz`klelf+
:+ @k|fzkf u mfkses`kmei `}mfaiz
@a `k|fzkf u ai mfkses`kmei `}mfaiz }` ji}izfk `k ai }`ze` l` z`aimefk`}
`}|ija`meli} ia ek|`zefz l`a xaik|`a `}mfaiz `k `a mpia }` l`}izzfaa `}|i eks`}|egimek+
@k xzeb`z |zbekf }` mfk}el`zizfk ai} ek|`zimmefk`} lfm`k|`}! }`z
l`|`zbekik|`} `k `a afgzf l` ai} b`|i} mfbpk`}+ Xf}|`zefzb`k|` }` z`|fbizfk ai}im|eselil`} l` af} iapbkf} lpzik|` `a z`mz`f u yp` `}|ija`m`k `k me`z|f bflf ai}
cfzbi} `k yp` xp`l`k ek|`zz`aimefkiz}` ia ek|`zefz l` }p ipai+
Cekiab`k|`! `}|` ixiz|ilf ekmapu` ai} l`}mzexmefk`} l` ai} se}e|i} z`iaeili}
xfz le}|ek|i} x`z}fki} ` ek}|e|pmefk`} ia xaik|`a `lpmi|esf! yp` aa`gizfk `k ai
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biufzi l` ai} fmi}efk`} }ek xz`sef ise}f ` ek|`zzpbxe`klf ai} aijfz`} lfm`k|`} u
ia be}bf |e`bxf af} ixz`kleio`} mpzzempaiz`} l` af} iapbkf}+
I+ Ai ek|`zimmek lfm`k|`
Ai `}mp`ai! `}m`kizef l` ai eks`}|egimek! }` mfkcfzb xfz ai }egpe`k|` xaik|i
lfm`k|`? pk Lez`m|fz \mkemf! }ek gzpxf u `kmizgilf l` ai ilbeke}|zimek `}mfaiz!
sizk mfk 9: lfm`k|`} cz`k|` i gzpxf! }e`klf 99
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`lpmimek c}emi mfk =8 u 7 if} l` }`zsemef z`}x`m|esib`k|`> pki bi`}|zi l`
@lpmimek Iz|}|emi"\`mkfagemi mfk :4 if} l` }`zsemef> pki bi`}|zi mfk
`}x`meiaelil `k xzfja`bi} l` ixz`kleio`! mpui cpkmek `} i|`kl`z i kef} u kei}
mfk K`m`}elil`} @lpmi|esi} @}x`meia`} $K@@! x`z|`k`me`k|` ia gzpxf l` P]I@Z>
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ixz`kleio` l` }p} iapbkf}+
L`a x`z}fkia yp` aijfzi cz`k|` i gzpxf! 7 bi`}|zi} mp`k|ik mfk Aem`kmei|pzi
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Aem`kmei|pzi `k @lpmimek @}x`meia+ Mij` }`iaiz yp` lf} l` ai} bi`}|zi}
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@}x`meiaelil `k Bi|`b|emi}! i}egki|pzi yp` `o`zm` `k pki }`mpklizei c`l`zia l`
ai meplil l` Mfaebi+
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@k g`k`zia! ai ek|`zimmek lfm`k|` xz`sia`me`k|` ia ek|`zefz l`a xaik|`a
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yp` l`k|zf l`a be}bf }` `c`m|ik+
Se}|i l`}l` ai |`fzi l` af} mibxf} l` Jfpzle`p! yp` `}|ija`m` ai}
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lekbemi l`a x`z}fkia lfm`k|` gezi `k |fzkf ia lez`m|fz! u }` `o`zm` `k ai biufzi l`
af} mi}f} l` bik`zi z`}x`|pf}i u mfzleia! ipkyp` g`k`ziab`k|` l` cfzbi s`z|emia!
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bfzilf eklemi ai ekcap`kmei `o`zmeli xfz ai lfm`k|` l`a 3 J dimei `a lez`m|fz u `a
cz`mp`k|` ek|`zmibjef l` fxekefk`} `k |fzkf i ai |fbi l` l`me}efk`} `k `a xaik|`a>
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lez`m|fz xz`}`k|i mfk af} xilz`} l` cibeaei $]+ X+ C+ pki z`aimek l` leafgf
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b`|i} mfbpk`} u afgzf} `lpmi|esf}! |ik|f ia ek|`zefz l`a xzfxef xaik|`a mfbf l`
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J+ Af} `lpmiklf} u }p} im|eselil`} `k `a xi|ef l` z`mz`f
Ikiaeiklf i af} }po`|f} xiz|emexik|`} l` ai eks`}|egimek! }` fj}`zsizfk }p}ek|`zimmefk`} lpzik|` `a z`mz`f u }` xplf mfk}|i|iz yp` ai} im|eselil`} `}mfaiz`}
`k `a xi|ef l` z`mz`f }fk bpu les`z}i}+
Mili iapbkf u iapbki |`ki }p xzfxei bik`zi l` ek|`zim|piz mfk `a z`}|f l`
}p} mfbxi`zf} u mfbxi`zi}! af yp` }` bikec`}| `k af} op`gf} f im|eselil`}
z`iaeili}! ai} mpia`} cp`zfk bpu les`z}i}! xp`} be`k|zi} pkf} opgijik j}yp`|jfa
$mfbf af} iapbkf} l` 3 yp` xfz }`z af} b} gzikl`} }` mfk}el`zik mfk `a l`z`mdf
i fmpxiz ai kemi mikmdi l` ai `}mp`ai f|zf} z`iaeijik les`z}i} immefk`}! |ia`}
mfbf mfbxziz! mfzz`z! mibekiz l` pk ailf i f|zf! `}mpmdiz b}emi! x`zf }fjz` |flf
le}czp|iz `a bfb`k|f l` }`z kef! l` }`z kei u }`z c`ae+ @k cek! |flf} |`kik iagf
yp` dim`z$cf|f} 9+
Lpzik|` ai b`lei dfzi l`a z`mz`f! `a xi|ef }` aa`k mili li mfk pki gibi l`
mfafz`}! }ijfz`}! izfbi} u |ibif}> mili kef u mili kei l`}jfzl }p }`z `k|`zf!
xfke`klf l` bikece`}|f ai mpa|pzi `kg`klzili `k `a }`kf l` }p dfgiz! x`zfbfal`ili xfz }p `k|fzkf `k lfkl` ai |`a`se}ek ekcapu` l` bik`zi }p|ea"! u yp`
xp}e`zfk l` bikece`}|f `k `a xi|ef l` }p `}mp`ai+
X`zf! mbf ekcapu`k `}|i} im|eselil`} l`a xi|ef l` z`mz`f `k `a xzfm`}f
eks`}|egi|esf6 ]ebxa`b`k|` xfzyp` ai} ek|`zimmefk`} `kci|eik af yp` `} }egkecemi|esf
`k |fli im|eselil xizi mili kef! af mpia |zi}me`kl` ia afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}
}egkecemi|esf} xizi af} iapbkf} u z`ype`z` }`z |fbilf `k mp`k|i xfz af} lfm`k|`}
mfk ai cekiaelil l` xf|`kmeizaf}+
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" =< "
M+ Af} se}e|ik|`} l` ai `}mp`ai
Ai `}mp`ai lfkl` }` z`iae ai eks`}|egimek! xfz z`kfbjz` u pjemimek `}pki ek}|e|pmek bpu }faeme|ili xfz les`z}i} ek}|ikmei} u }` di le}|ekgpelf xfz mfk|iz
mfk se}e|ik|`} l` |flf |exf? l`}l` ip|fzelil`} gpj`zkib`k|ia`} u `lpmi|esi}! di}|i
x`z}fki} yp` fcz`m`k iagk |exf l` }`zsemef} f mpz}f}! |ik|f xizi lfm`k|`} mfbf
xizi xilz`} l` cibeaei u xizi af} xzfxef} `}|pleik|`}+
@a d`mdf l` b`kmefkiz `}|` i}x`m|f! cp` xfzyp` `k |flf bfb`k|f iagpki
bi`}|zi f ia bi`}|zf! `k `a mpbxaebe`k|f l` }p gpizlei z`}x`m|esi! `} i ype`k
mfzz`}xfkl` z`mejez |ik|f i af} iapbkf} i }p aa`gili ia xaik|`a `}mfaiz! mfbf
i|`kl`z i af} xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei yp` z`ype`z`k dijaiz mfk iagpkf l` af}
lfm`k|`}> il`b} l` `}|iz ia x`kle`k|` l` ai} x`z}fki} yp` }` im`zmik i ai
`}mp`ai+ Mfk af mpia }` sef le}bekpelf `a |e`bxf `c`m|esf xizi ai `k}`iki
`}|ija`melf `k af} xaik`} u xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef xizi `a l`}izzfaaf l` ai} aijfz`}
`}mfaiz`}+
Af} se}e|ik|`} b} cz`mp`k|`} ia xaik|`a cp`zfk af} be`bjzf} l` ai ]fme`lill` Xilz`} l` Cibeaei! ype`k`} |flf} af} li} deme`zfk im|f l` xz`}`kmei! ui }`i
xizi xzfbfs`z iagpki im|eselil! }faeme|iz ixfuf `k ai g`}|ek l` iagk i}pk|f
z`c`z`k|` i ai b`ofzi l`a `lecemef `}mfaiz f z`mijiz cfklf} u `c`m|piz ai} im|eselil`}
z`aimefkili} mfk af} c`}|`of} `}mfaiz`} xizi af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l` ai `}mp`ai+
L` ai} ek}|e|pmefk`} gpj`zkib`k|ia`} mfk}|ik|`} mfk }p} se}e|i} i ai
`}mp`ai! `}|psf `a LEC @}|i|ia"Mfaebi! yp` def im|f l` xz`}`kmei xizi `k|z`giz
opgp`|`} ia iapbkilf l`a xaik|`a! mfk bf|esf l`a li }fmeia l` af} kef}+ Il`b}! ai
]`mz`|izi l` ]iapl! ype`k z`iae les`z}i} mibxii} l` simpkimek u }iapl jpmia
mfk ai cekiaelil l` xz`s`kez le}|ek|i} `kc`zb`lil`} u `xel`bei} `k|z` ai xfjaimek
ekcik|ea u `}|pleik|ea l` ai `k|elil+
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" =0 "
L` egpia cfzbi! `}|pse`zfk iagpkf} be`bjzf} l` ai I}fmeimek l` Mdizzf}
Mibekf Z`ia l` Mfaebi! ype`k`} }` xz`}`k|izfk mfk ikp`kmei l` ai} xzfxei}
ip|fzelil`} `lpmi|esi} l` ai `k|elil xizi ekcfzbiz i af} iapbkf} l` 0 u 3 l` ai}
le}|ek|i} im|eselil`} yp` `aaf} z`iaeik! il`b} l` dim`z `k `a xi|ef l` ai `}mp`ai
pki `tdejemek i |fli ai mfbpkelil `}mfaiz+
@k g`k`zia! u l` bik`zi mfk}|ik|`! dpjf pki gzik les`z}elil l` se}e|ik|`}
gpj`zkib`k|ia`} u kf gpj`zkib`k|ia`}! yp` l` pki p f|zi bik`zi ij}fzje`zfk
xiz|` l`a |e`bxf l`}|ekilf i ai} aijfz`} `}mfaiz`}! mfk af mpia xzfsfmizfk l`bfzi
`k `a mpbxaebe`k|f l` af} xzfx}e|f} u mfk|`kelf} |`b|emf}> ipkilf i yp` `k
iagpki} i}egki|pzi} mfbf de}|fzei u g`fgzici }af mp`k|ik mfk `a 7+0% l`a |e`bxf
xaik|`ilf `k `a Xaik u Xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef xizi `a memaf `}mfaiz> mfk af mpia }` si
mip}iklf `a z`igf u ai cia|i l` mfk}faelimek `k af} ixz`kleio`} l` lemdi}
bi|`zei} `k af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l` ai ek}|e|pmek `}mfaiz$cf|f} :+
=+ @a mfk|`t|f }mfaiz l`a xzfm`}f
Mfbf }` di s`kelf b`kmefkiklf! ai eks`}|egimek `lpmi|esi }` `c`m|p `k ai
`}mp`ai xzebizei Z`xjaemi Izg`k|eki! x`z|`k`me`k|` i ai =+ fki `}mfaiz c`l`zia `k
ai `k|elil! u `}| mi|iafgili xfz ai ]`mz`|izi l` @lpmimek Xjaemi mfbf pzjiki!
l` fzgikeimek mfbxa`|i+
@}|i `}mp`ai `} mfk}el`zili mfbf pki l` ai} l` biufz |zilemek `k ai
`k|elil! xzeb`zf xfz }`z pki l` ai} l` b} ik|eg`lil! |e`k` 49 if} l` `te}|`kmei>ipkyp` }af 05 l` `}|iz `k `a apgiz lfkl` im|piab`k|` }` afmiaei+ Il`b}! ai}
kp`si} g`k`zimefk`} l` xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei jp}mik lemdi ek}|e|pmek xizi
yp` }p} deof} ` deoi} mpz}`k }p `lpmimek xzebizei `k ai be}bi `}mp`ai lfkl` `aaf}
`}|pleizfk+ Cekiab`k|`! xfzyp` `} mfk}el`zili pki ek}|e|pmek mfk xz`}|egef u
z`mfkfmebe`k|f }fmeia! xfz af} z`}pa|ilf} yp` i kes`a g`k`zia di iamikilf+
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" =3 "
Ai pjemimek l`a `lecemef `}mfaiz! `k ai fki m`k|zf l` ai meplil l` Mfaebi! af
mfkse`z|` `k pkf l` af} xaik|`a`} mfk biufz l`bikli `k ai bi|zmpai `}mfaiz! ui
yp` `k `a |pzkf bi|p|ekf }` i|`kle i ia `}|` mfaekli mfk
ai miaa` J`ae}izef Lfbkgp`! ia }pz mfk `a |iaa`z u ai z`cimmefkizi _izigfi u ia
f`}|` mfk ai miaa` Z`sfapmek+
Ai biufzi l` af} kef} u kei} yp` i}e}|`k i `}|i ek}|e|pmek xzfm`l`k l`
ai} le}|ek|i} mfafkei} l` ai meplil $Ai Iajizzili! @a Bfzia`|`! Ekcfkise| ai @}|ikmei!
Sem`k|` Gp`zz`zf! M`k|zf! u l` mfbpkelil`} x`z|`k`me`k|`} ia bpkemexef l` Mfaebi
$Ai @}|ikmei! Mizlfki u Ai ]iaili! i} mfbf l`a bpkemexef mfkpzjikf l` Seaai l`
asiz`! xzekmexiab`k|` l` ai} mfafkei}? ]`kl`zf} l`a Mizb`k! I+ S+ Jfkcea! Opik
Of} Zf}! Afbi Jfke|i! Seaai} ai Iaib`li u Zikmdf Jaikmf E u EE> il`b}! l` ai
mfbpkelil @a \zixemd`! l`a bpkemexef l` Mpipd|bfm! Mfa+
Mfbf ui }` b`kmefk! mili iapbkf u iapbki |e`k` pki de}|fzei! pk mixe|ia
mpa|pzia u pki le}|ek|i }e|pimek `mfkbemi! yp` af dim` i ai s` lec`z`k|`!
ekl`x`kle`k|`b`k|` l`a |zi|f l` egpialil `}|ija`melf xizi mili pkf `k ai `}mp`ai>
|ia u mfbf af }`iai `k }p `}`kmei `a Iz|mpaf = Mfk}|e|pmefkia+ Ai g`k`ziaelil }`
}e|p `k `a kes`a }fmef`mfkbemf b`lef! xp`} ai biufzi l` af} xilz`} aa`sizfk i
}p} deof} ` deoi} i ai ek}|e|pmek `k s`dmpaf xzfxef! ipk mpiklf iagpkf} sese`zfk i
xfmi} mpilzi}> u `k `a mi}f l` ype`k`} seke`zfk l` mfafkei} z`|ezili}! af} xilz`}
xigizfk leizeib`k|` |ite xizi aa`giz }ek mfk|zi|e`bxf}+ $cf|f} =+
Z`|fbiklf ai} lec`z`kmei} b`kmefkili}! pk i}x`m|f b} af mfk}|e|pu ai
les`z}elil l` `bxa`f} l` af} xilz`}! diji |zijioilfz`} l` mibxf! `bxa`ili}
lfb}|emi}! }`mz`|izei} u xzfc`}efke}|i} $mfbf ijfgilf}! bi`}|zf}! ekg`ke`zf}!
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" =7 "
mfk|ilfz`} u blemf}+ @}i les`z}elil xp}f l` bikece`}|f ai `te}|`kmei l` le}|ek|f}
kes`a`} u gzilf} `lpmi|esf} fj|`kelf} xfz af} xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei! mfk af
mpia }` xplf ekc`zez ai bpa|exaemelil l` `k|fzkf} mpa|pzia`} yp` mfkcapu`k i `}|i
`}mp`ai+
Xfz af yp` z`}x`m|i ia gzpxf yp` mfk}|e|pu xiz|` l`a xzfm`}f eks`}|egi|esf!
`}|` }` mfkcfzb xfz u `a gzpxf bet|f! cfzbilf xfz kei} u kef} opgp`|fk`}
mfzze`klf xfz |fli ai `}mp`ai+
@k `}i les`z}elil gzpxia }` l`|`m| i : iapbki} yp` ia ekemef l`a memaf
`}mfaiz `zik bpu }fae|izei} u fmi}efkiab`k|` }` opk|ijik `k|z` `aai} u xfmf i xfmf
cp`zfk ek|`gzklf}` ia z`}|f l`a gzpxf+ X`zf |ibjek }` fj}`zs i pk iapbkf
}fae|izef u igz`}esf ai biufz xiz|` l`a |e`bxf! xfz af mpia `zi z`mdiilf
mfk}|ik|`b`k|` xfz af} l`b} be`bjzf} l`a gzpxf> c}emib`k|` `zi biufz yp` af}
l`b} u af} igz`li! }ek |`k`z bf|esf ixiz`k|` xizi im|piz l` `}i bik`zi+ Xfmf i
xfmf ai lfm`k|` ekse| |ik|f ia iapbkf `k mp`}|ek mfbf ia gzpxf `k g`k`zia! i
|`k`z pki b`ofz mfkses`kmei! u }` ek|`gzizik `k `a op`gf u `k `a |zijiof }ek
le}mzebekiz i kile`! af mpia }` afgz+
Ia ek|`zefz l`a ipai }` x`zmeje yp` ai cfzbimek l` `ypexf} l` |zijiof af}
iapbkf} u iapbki} xz`ceze`zfk dim`zaf xfz icekelil! u mfbf `k|z` af} xzfx}e|f}
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" =4 "
msemf} l`a gzilf cp` xzfbfs`z ai mfkses`kmei gzpxia i} mfbf `a isikm` `k `a
|zijiof u `a ixz`kleio` `k |flf} u mili pkf l` af} be`bjzf} l`a gzpxf! }` fx| xfz
fzgikeiz af} `ypexf} l` bik`zi zf|i|esi xizi cfz|ia`m`z ai }fmeiaeimek `k|z` |flf}
u xzfbfs`z `a ixz`kleio` l` cfzbi mfaijfzi|esi+
@k lemdf gzpxf cp` xz`me}f z`mfkfm`z ai les`z}elil `mfkbemi u l` jigio`
mpa|pzia! xp`} }e je`k ai biufzi l` af} iapbkf} mfk|iji mfk jejaef|`mi cibeaeiz!
mfbxp|ilfzi u b`lef} l` mfbpkemimek yp` a`} x`zbe|e imm`}f le}bea ia
mfkfmebe`k|f u i ai} kf|emei} l` im|piaelil> |ibjek dpjf ype`k`} bikec`}|izfk
miz`m`z l` af} `a`b`k|f} `}`kmeia`} xizi ixfuiz }p l`}izzfaaf `lpmi|esf u mpa|pzia
`k }p mi}i+
\flf} af} i}x`m|f} ikiaeilf} i af aizgf l` `}|i xzeb`zi xiz|` l`a Mix|paf E
|pse`zfk mfbf cekiaelil xpk|piaeiz af} `a`b`k|f} mezmpk}mze|f} `k ai eks`}|egimek! u
le`zfk }p}|`k|f i ai mfk|ekpimek l`a xzfm`}f+
@k pk xzeb`z bfb`k|f }` xiz|e l` iagpki} mp`}|efk`} xaik|`ili} mfbf
bizmf i ai a`m|pzi! ji}` `}`kmeia xizi `a afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}+ @k|z` ai} xz`gpk|i}
}` `kpkmeizfk ai} }egpe`k|`}? Xfz yp af} z`}pa|ilf} afgzilf} xfz af} iapbkf} `kai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei kf }fk af} `}x`zilf}6 Yp z`ype`z`k dim`z af} lfm`k|`}
xizi yp` }p} iapbkf} u iapbki} afgz`k ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai i}egki|pzi
l` de}|fzei6 Xfz yp mfbf a`m|fz! mfk ai }fai a`m|pzi l`a |`t|f yp` }` |e`k`
`kcz`k|`! kf }` afgzi l`}x`z|iz ai ebigekimek ke l`}mpjzez af yp` `a |`t|f kf}
fcz`m`6 ]`z yp` af} iapbkf} kemib`k|` a``k xfz mfbxzfbe}f u kf xfz ek|`z}
l` afgziz pk s`zlil`zf ixz`kleio` yp` a`} }`i }egkecemi|esf6
I xiz|ez l` `}|f} mp`}|efkibe`k|f} }pzge pki ekype`|pl u xz`fmpximek }fjz`
Mbf xzfxemeiz `k af} iapbkf} biufz ixzfs`mdibe`k|f `k ai} bi|`zei} l` de}|fzei
u `}xifa6 Yp |exf l` a`m|fz `} k`m`}izef cfzbiz xizi yp` af} `lpmiklf}
ixz`klik l` bik`zi }egkecemi|esi! `k `}|i xfmi l` gzikl`} mibjef} `k ai
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" =5 "
|`mkfafgi l` ai ekcfzbimek! u yp` l` pkf p f|zf bflf ekmel`k `k `}|` xzfm`}f l`
ixz`kleio`6
Xfz |ik|f! |fbiklf mfbf ji}` ai cia|i l` mfk}faelimek l` af} ixz`kleio`}
`k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei u `a skmpaf yp` `}|i gpizli mfk ai a`m|pzi u `a aejzf l`
|`t|f! ia be}bf |e`bxf `k yp` }` |fbi `k mp`k|i `a mfk|`t|f yp` zfl`i i af}
}po`|f} l` ai eks`}|egimek! }pzge ai k`m`}elil l` jp}miza` pki }fapmek i lemdi
xzfja`b|emi! mfk ai cekiaelil l` `zzilemizaf `k `a bje|f `}mfaiz `k `a mpia }`
l`|`m|+
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" u }` bp`}|zi pki de}|fzei kimefkia mfbf }e cp`}` pk
xik|`k l` dzf`} u j`k`cim|fz`} l` ai Xi|zei! ui yp` }` |zi| l` z`}ia|iz }fjz`
|flf ai} c`mdi} l` kimebe`k|f u bp`z|` l` af} x`z}fkio`} mfk}el`zilf}
|zi}m`kl`k|ia`} xizi `a xi}! liklf }af pki} mpik|i} xekm`aili} l` af yp` xp`l`
me|iz}` mfbf }p fjzi `k Xzf l` ai kimek+
@}i se}ek yp` fcz`m` `a de}|fzeilfz `} cpklib`k|ia xizi ai `k}`iki u `a
ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei! xfzyp` }p xf}|pzi l` mbf z`mfk}|zpu `a xi}ilf `} ai
ji}` xizi `a xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf `k ai} ipai}! isiailf `k Btemf xfz ai ]`mz`|izi
l` @lpmimek Xjaemi $]@X! z`xz`}`k|ik|` l`a gfje`zkf `k |pzkf+
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" 08 "
bik`zi `}xfk|k`i }p} }ij`z`} `k mpik|f i ai |`b|emi! be`k|zi} yp` i f|zf} 4 }`
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`}|pleilf `k `a gzilf u memaf `}mfaiz ik|`zefz`}! af mpia eklem cia|i l` mfk}faelimek
l` af} ixz`kleio`} `k cfzbi }egkecemi|esi! xizi xf}|`zefzb`k|` `txz`}izaf} l`
bik`zi maizi+
Il`b}! i af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l`a gzpxf }` a`} lecempa| pjemiz `k pk
bixi l` Btemf lkl` }` }e|ik ai} mpa|pzi} xz`de}xkemi}> kf z`mfzlizfk ai
afmiaeimek g`fgzcemi l`a `}|ilf l` Fitimi! ke }`iaizfk lfkl` cafz`me`zfk ai}
mpa|pzi} _ixf|`mi u Bet|`mi yp` `k lemdi `k|elil }` l`}izzfaaizfk+
Ia s`z yp` dimi cia|i `}i pjemimek |`zze|fzeia l` ai} mpa|pzi}! }` a`} xz`}`k|
pk bixi l` ai Z`xjaemi B`temiki mfk lese}ek xfa|emi u mfk kfbjz`}> i}! l`
bik`zi gzpxia z`mfkfme zfk af} `}|ilf} im|pia`} l`a xi}! afmiaeizfk `a |`zze|fzef
l` B`}fibzemi u l` ai} mpa|pzi} yp` `k `aai }` l`}izzfaaizfk! xek|iklf mili pki
mfk pk mfafz le}|ek|f+
Mfk `}|i im|eselil }` kf| yp` af} iapbkf} leiafgizfk `k|z` `aaf} xizi ez
pjemiklf af} `}|ilf} l`a xi} u ai} z`}x`m|esi} mpa|pzi}+ ]` ilsez|e igzilf xfzxiz|` l` af} iapbkf} u iapbki} ui yp` mfafz`iz `zi pki im|eselil yp` xfmf
z`iaeijik lpzik|` ai} mai}`}+
I ai xiz l` `}|i afmiaeimek g`fgzcemi! }` pjem `k pki ak`i l`a |e`bxf `a
x`zflf `k yp` mili mpa|pzi b`}fib`zemiki }` l`}izzfaa+
Il`b} l` af} bixi}! xizi `a |zi|ibe`k|f l` ai |`b|emi }` p|eae `a aejzf l`
|`t|f l` de}|fzei xizi `a 0 gzilf mfbf `a xzekmexia b`lef xizi `a ixz`kleio`> `k a!
af} iapbkf} a`u`zfk `k sf ia|i! }pjziuizfk af yp` xizi `aaf} cp` ek|`z`}ik|` u
`aijfzizfk l` bik`zi x`z}fkia mp`}|efkizef}! z`}b`k`} f bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}+
L` `}i bik`zi mili iapbkf f iapbki iamik }p xzfxef ixz`kleio`+ Ipkyp` mfk
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" 09 "
af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} }` z`ypeze b} |zijiof gzpxia yp` ekleselpia xizi xz`xiziz
i af} mdemf} `k }p `aijfzimek+
Mbf ixfuf `t|zi }` `bxa`izfk sel`f} l` de}|fzei xzfxp`}|f} `k `a
xzfgzibi l` @kmemafb`lei0! mfk}e}|`k|` `k ai `lemek lege|ia l` af} aejzf} l` |`t|f
gzi|pe|f} l` ai ]@X! mpuf xzfx}e|f xzekmexia `}?
Jzekliz }`zsemef} l` `tm`a`kmei xizi }i|e}cim`z ai} `tx`m|i|esi}l` kp`}|zf} p}pizef} mfk z`aimek i ai} \`mkfafgi} l` aiEkcfzbimek u l` \`a`mfbpkemimefk`}! mpbxae`klf mfk ix`gf iai kfzbi|eselil seg`k|` u mfk `a mfbxzfbe}f l` bik|`k`z pk
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3
Pki s` yp` mili `lpmiklf |psf l` bik`zi x`z}fkia }p |zijiof! }` z`iae
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|`b|emi! mfk}el`zizfk ebxfz|ik|` f ek|`z`}ik|` u }` cfzbpaizfk mp`}|efkibe`k|f}
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a`lf `a |`bi f kf mfbxz`kl`zaf+
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kf af mfk}egpe`zfk mfbxa`|ib`k|`+ Kf fj}|ik|`! iagpkf} xfmf} cp`zfk b} iaa l`
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l` ai} mai}`}+
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z`mpz}f} l` ai be}bi i |zis} l`a xzfgzibi @kmemafb`lei+
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bkebi fcemeia $gzcemi} 4u 5+
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|ia cek+
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L+ Af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}
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z`aimek+
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mfkfmebe`k|f l`|`zbekilf! il`b} l` x`zbe|eza`} `tibekiz ai mfbxz`k}ek l` pk
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|`bi u cimeae|iz ai el`k|ecemimek mfbf z`iaeik ai} mfk`tefk`} l` af} mfkm`x|f} u `a
l`}izzfaaf l` ai} el`i} `k `a |zik}mpz}f l`a memaf `}mfaiz+
I xiz|ez l` `}|f! }` mfk}el`z ixaemiz i af} iapbkf} pki `siapimek |`b|emi!
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`aijfzimek l` bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}+ @a |`bi yp` }` mfk}el`z mfzz`}xfkle i ai
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Ia z`mijiz af} `tb`k`}! }` fj}`zs yp` }af `a 00% l` af} iapbkf} $:: l`
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" 00 "
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ai a`mmek! af mpia eklemi pki biufz ibxae|pl `k `a |zi|ibe`k|f l`a |`bi+
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l` }p} z`ca`tefk`}+
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ipk mpiklf `}i xiz|` }fjzi i af `}`kmeia l`a bixi mfkm`x|pia+
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z`mp`zlf! u xfz `kl` ia ixz`kleio`! be}bf yp` xp`l` |fzkiz}` mfbf }egkecemi|esf+
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" 03 "
@+ @a 98 Mfkmpz}f @}mp`ai} l` Miaelil
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" 07 "
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MIX\PAF :
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I xiz|ez l` 955=! `k Btemf }` ebxaik| pk kp`sf Xaik u Xzfgzibi} l`
@}|plef xizi ai @lpmimek J}emi Xzebizei! yp` z`ek|`gz `a `}|plef }e}|`b|emf l`
ai de}|fzei mfbf le}mexaeki `}x`mcemi> l`oiklf i|z} ia z`i l` ai} me`kmei} }fmeia`}!
seg`k|` af} :8 if} ik|`zefz`}! `kgafjiklf `a `aai i ai de}|fzei u ai g`fgzici opk|f
mfk f|zi} le}mexaeki}+
Ai ek|`gzimek xfz z`i l` af} `}|plef} }fmeia`} }` ji} `k ai dex|`}e}lelm|emi yp` i}xeziji i xzfbfs`z `a mfkfmebe`k|f pke|izef l` af} xzfm`}f}
}fmeia`}! p|eaeiklf ai} ixfz|imefk`} l` ai} ba|exa`} le}mexaeki} yp` ai mfkcfzbizfk+
Ipkyp`! }`gk ai fxekek xz`lfbekik|` l` bi`}|zf} u `lpmilfz`}! u mfbf af
}`iaik les`z}i} `siapimefk`}! ai mpa|pzi de}|zemi l` af} `}|pleik|`} u `gz`}ilf}
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l` ai `lpmimek j}emi `k ai} g`k`zimefk`} l` `}` |e`bxf $957="955= }` mz`u
l`ceme`k|` u `}mi}i! d`mdf ia yp` mfk|zejpu ai fzgikeimek l` af} `}|plef}+
Z`}|ipziz ai `k}`iki `}x`mcemi l` ai de}|fzei mfbf i}egki|pzi! }` def
x`k}iklf `k yp` `}|i le}mexaeki |e`k` pk ia|f siafz cfzbi|esf u l`}l` `a xpk|f l`
se}|i mpa|pzia cisfz`m` ai ilype}emek l` f|zf} mfkfmebe`k|f}! il`b} l` siafz`}
|emf} x`z}fkia`} u l` mfkses`kmei }fmeia! i} mfbf ai icezbimek mfk}me`k|` u
bilpzi l` ai el`k|elil kimefkia+
Mfk `a xaik l` 955=! `a `kcfyp` xizi ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei mfk}el`z
ekmfks`ke`k|` gpeiz ai `k}`iki yp` }af cisfz`m` ai z`mpx`zimek l` li|f}!
c`mdi} u kfbjz`}! mfbf }` def lmili} i|z} u mfk af mpia }` xzfbfse `a
ixz`kleio` b`bfz}|emf+ Idfzi! mfk pki x`z}x`m|esi le}|ek|i! ai `k}`iki l` ai
de}|fzei `k af} }`e} gzilf} l` ai `lpmimek xzebizei! l` imp`zlf mfk `a Xaik u
Xzfgzibi} l` @}|plef xizi ai @lpmimek J}emi! Xzebizei $]@X! 955= |e`k` mekmf
zi}gf}! be}bf yp` i mfk|ekpimek }` `}x`mecemik?
9+ @te}|` pki fzgikeimek xzfgz`}esi l` af} |`bi} l` `}|plef! xiz|e`klf l` af b}m`zmikf u mfkmz`|f xizi `a kef dimei af b} a`oikf u g`k`zia+
@k 0 u 3 gzilf}! af} iapbkf} `}|pleizfk pk mpz}f iz|empaiz l` ai de}|fzei l`
Btemf! mfk biufz`} `a`b`k|f} l` ekcfzbimek u ikae}e} yp` af `}|pleilf `k
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:+ @}|ebpaiz `a l`}izzfaaf l` kfmefk`} xizi `a fzl`kibe`k|f u ai mfbxz`k}ek l`a
mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+
@k af} a|ebf} |z`} gzilf} l` `lpmimek xzebizei! af} mfk|`kelf}
xzfgzibilf} x`zbe|e`zfk ilypezez u `o`zme|iz kfmefk`} de}|zemi} mfbxa`oi}?
mip}iaelil! ekcap`kmei z`mxzfmi `k|z` c`kb`kf}! les`z}elil l` xzfm`}f} de}|zemf}
u cfzbi} l` meseaeimek+ @k `}|` }`k|elf! `a }pxp`}|f l`a xzfgzibi cp` yp` `a
`o`zmemef l` ai z`ca`tek de}|zemi l`}izzfaai miximelil`} |zik}c`zeja`} dimei `a
ikae}e} l` ai seli }fmeia mfk|`bxfzk`i+
=+ Les`z}ecemiz af} fjo`|f} l` mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+
@a xzfgzibi ekmfzxfz les`z}f} mfk|`kelf} l` egpia ebxfz|ikmei? ai}
|zik}cfzbimefk`} `k ai de}|fzei l`a x`k}ibe`k|f! l` ai} me`kmei} u l` ai}
bikec`}|imefk`} iz|}|emi}> af} gzikl`} mibjef} `k ai meseaeimek! `k ai mpa|pzi u ai}
cfzbi} l` seli mf|eleiki+
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" 3: "
Pk }`gpklf xzfx}e|f! `k ai cfzbimek msemi l`a `}|plef l` ai de}|fzei!
mfk}el`z z`mfkfm`z u z`}x`|iz ai les`z}elil mpa|pzia l` ai dpbikelil! i} mfbf ai
mfkceiki `k ai miximelil l` af} }`z`} dpbikf} xizi |zik}cfzbiz u b`ofziz }p}
cfzbi} l` seli+
0+ Iz|empaiz `a `}|plef l` ai de}|fzei mfk `a l` ai g`fgzici+
I xiz|ez l`a |`zm`z gzilf l` xzebizei mfekmele`zfk af} |`bi} l` `}|plef
m`k|zia`} l` ai} i}egki|pzi} l` de}|fzei u g`fgzici! i cek l` yp` af} iapbkf}
z`mfkfme`zik ai ekcap`kmei l`a b`lef ibje`k|` }fjz` ai} xf}ejeaelil`} l`a l`}izzfaaf
dpbikf! ai miximelil l` ai immek l`a dfbjz` xizi ixzfs`mdiz u |zik}cfzbiz `a
b`lef ki|pzia! i} mfbf ai} mfk}`mp`kmei} yp` |e`k` pki z`aimek ezz`ca`tesi u
l`}|zpm|esi l`a dfbjz` mfk `a b`lef yp` af zfl`i+
@k }pbi `a xaik 955= fcz`m` pki de}|fzei b} z`ca`tesi yp` b`bfz}|emi+ U
ixz`kl`z l` ai be}bi mfkaa`si `a z`|f xizi lfm`k|`} u iapbkf}+
J+ Ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf! pk z`c`z`k|` }`kmeia
Lpzik|` aizgf |e`bxf }` mfk}el`z ia ixz`kleio` mfbf }ekkebf l` mibjef
l` mfklpm|i! xfz `a lfbekef l` ai x`z}x`m|esi mfklpm|e}|i `k ai aijfz `lpmi|esi+
Idfzi! dijaiz l` ixz`kleio` dpbikf mfklpm` i pk mibjef `k `a }egkecemilf l` ai
`tx`ze`kmei u i ai se}ek l`a bpklf yp` mili pkf xf}``! ebxaemiklf il`b} l`a
x`k}ibe`k|f" af} i}x`m|f} l` ic`m|eselil l`a ekleselpf+ Af mpia mfkaa`si i ai
mfk}|zpmmek be}bi l`a ixz`kleio` xfz xiz|` l` mili }po`|f+
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" 3= "
Ia dim`z ekb`z}ek `k `a mibxf `}mfaiz! u `k|`kl`z ai aijfz `lpmi|esi! `}
k`m`}izef mfk}el`ziz |z`} `a`b`k|f} l`a xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf?
9 Af} xzfc`}fz`} u }p bik`zi l` k}`iz+
: Ai `}|zpm|pzi l` af} mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` mfkcfzbik `a mpzzmpaf+
= @a bflf `k yp` }|` }` xzflpm` u `a `k|zibilf }fmeia `k `a yp` }`
l`}izzfaai `a xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf+
@k `}|` }`k|elf! l`k|zf l` pk bizmf x}emf`lpmi|esf! ia |zi|iz l` `txaemiz ai
ki|pzia`i l`a ixz`kleio` `k `a }iak l` mai}`} u af} cim|fz`} yp` af ekcapu`k! af}
cpklib`k|f} x}emfagemf} xzfxfzmefkik af} xzekmexef} xizi yp` af} xzfc`}fz`}
l`}mpjzik xfz }e be}bf} af} b|flf} l` `k}`iki b} `cemim`}+
L` id ai ebxfz|ikmei l` mfk}el`ziz `a xaik|`ibe`k|f l` Ip}pj`a $954= `k
|fzkf ia ixz`kleio` l`a iapbkf! `a mpia l`x`kl` l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi
$mfkm`x|f} ` el`i} xz`sei} yp` }|` |e`k` u ai cfzbi `k mbf ai z`aimefki mfk ai
kp`si ekcfzbimek! xizi liz xi}f ia xzfm`}f fze`k|ilfz l`a ixz`kleio`+
Xizi mfkfm`z ai fzgikeimek l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi l`a `lpmiklf! af}xzekmexef} l` ixz`kleio` xzfxp`}|f} xfz Ip}pj`a $954=! fcz`m`k `a bizmf xizi `a
le}`f l` d`zzibe`k|i} mfgke|esi} yp` a` x`zbe|ik ia lfm`k|` pki b`ofz fze`k|imek
l` }p aijfz `lpmi|esi! ai mpia kf }` l`}izzfaai mfk b`k|`} `k jaikmf! ` ekemeiklf`a
ixz`kleio` l` af} iapbkf} l`}l` m`zf! ia mfk}el`ziz yp` af} `lpmiklf} xf}``k
pki }`ze` l` `tx`ze`kmei} u mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` ekmel`k `k }p xzfxef ixz`kleio` u
j`k`cemef+
L`}l` `}|i x`z}x`m|esi! pk ixz`kleio` `} }egkecemi|esf mpiklf af}
mfk|`kelf} l` ixz`kleio` }` z`aimefkik l` bflf kf izje|zizef u }p}|ikmeiamfk af
yp` `a iapbkf ui }ij`+ @k|`kle`klf xfz z`aimek }p}|ikmeia u kf izje|zizei yp` ai}
el`i} }` z`aimefkik mfk iagk i}x`m|f `te}|`k|` u z`a`sik|` l` ai `}|zpm|pzi
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" 3< "
mfgkf}me|esi l`a iapbkf! mfbf pki ebig`k! pk }bjfaf ui }egkecemi|esf! pk mfkm`x|f
f pki xzfxf}emek $Ip}pj`a! 954=? 94%+
Xfz |ik|f! ai mizim|`z}|emi b} ebxfz|ik|` l`a ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf `}
yp` }` xzflpm` b`leik|` pki ek|`zimmek `k|z` af} mfkfmebe`k|f} xz`sef} u
z`a`sik|`} yp` xf}`` `a }po`|f `k }p `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi mfk ai} kp`si}
ekcfzbimefk`} $af yp` kf l`j` mfkcpklez}` mfk pki }ebxa` i}fmeimek! l` |ia bflf
yp` }|i} ilype`z`k }egkecemilf u }` ek|`gzik ia x`k}ibe`k|f `k cfzbi zifkija`!
cisfz`me`klf ai lec`z`kmeimek! `sfapmek u `}|ijeaelil l` af} mfkm`x|f}
xz``te}|`k|`} u l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi be}bi+
Z`ype}e|f} xizi a ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf
Mfbf ui }` b`kmefk! xizi Ip}pj`a $954=! `a ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf }`
fzegeki mfk ai le}xf}emek l`a iapbkf xizi z`aimefkiz l` bik`zi g`kpeki u ki|pzia `a
mfkfmebe`k|f kp`sf mfk af yp` ui }ij` l` bik`zi xzfs`mdf}i ` ekd`z`k|` i ai
xzfxei ki|pzia`i l`a ixz`kleio`+ @k|fkm`}! mpiklf `a }egkecemilf xf|`kmeia }`mfkse`z|` `k kp`sf mfk|`kelf mfgke|esf! lec`z`kmeilf ` elef}ekmz|emf l`k|zf l` pk
ekleselpf `k xiz|empaiz mfbf z`}pa|ilf l`a ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf! }` xp`l` l`mez
yp` di ilypezelf pk }egkecemilf x}emfagemf yp` l`x`kl` l` ai z`xz`}`k|imek yp`
`a `}|pleik|` digi l`a bi|`zeia pkes`z}iab`k|` }egkecemi|esf+
Af ik|`zefz l`kf|i yp` ipkyp` pk }egkecemilf x}emfagemf }`i x`z}fkia kf
`tmapu` ai xf}ejeaelil l` yp` `te}|ik }egkecemilf} mfbxiz|elf} xfz lec`z`k|`}
}po`|f}! xp`} af} mfkm`x|f} u xzfxf}emefk`} z`ype`z`k }`z }pceme`k|`b`k|`
dfbfgk`f} xizi xf}ejeae|iz ai mfbpkemimek u `a `k|`klebe`k|f `k|z` ai} x`z}fki}+
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\exf} l` ixz`kleio }egkecemi|esf+
L` imp`zlf mfk Ip}pj`a $954= `te}|`k |z`} |exf} l` ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf?
9+ Ixz`kleio` l` z`xz`}`k|imefk`}+
:+ Ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f}+
=+ Ixz`kleio` l` xzfxf}emefk`}+
Ixz`kleio` l` z`xz`}`k|imefk`}+ @} `a ixz`kleio` b} `a`b`k|ia l`a mpia
l`x`kl`k af} l`b} |exf} l` ixz`kleio`+ Mfk}e}|` `k i|zejpeza` }egkecemilf i
l`|`zbekilf} }bjfaf}! ia z`}x`m|f Ip}pj`a lem`? Fmpzz` mpiklf }` egpiaik `k
}egkecemilf }bjfaf} izje|zizef} mfk }p} z`c`z`k|`} $fjo`|f}! `s`k|f}! mfkm`x|f} u
}egkecemik xizi `a iapbkf mpiaype`z }egkecemilf ia yp` }p} z`c`z`k|`} iaplik
$Ip}pj`a> 954=? xfz `o`bxaf? x`af|i! `} pk |zbekf yp` `a kef `}| x`zmeje`klf `k `a
bfb`k|f `k yp` |e`k` mfk|im|f mfk `a fjo`|f yp` af }ebjfaei! xfz mfk}egpe`k|`!}egkecemik ai be}bi mf}i xizi a> kf }` |zi|i l` pki }ebxa` i}fmeimek `k|z` `a
}bjfaf u `a fjo`|f }ekf yp` `a kef af} z`aimefki mfbf pki `ypesia`kmei
z`xz`}`k|imefkia mfk af} mfk|`kelf} z`a`sik|`} `te}|`k|`} `k }p `}|zpm|pzi
mfgke|esi+
Ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f}+ Af} mfkm`x|f} }fk *fjo`|f}! `s`k|f}! }e|pimefk`}
f xzfxe`lil`} yp` xf}``k i|zejp|f} l` mze|`zef} mfbpk`} u yp` }` l`}egkik
b`leik|` iagk }bjfaf f }egkf}* $Ip}pj`a! 954=? 39! u }` ilype`z`k i |zis} l`
lf} xzfm`}f}? cfzbimek u i}ebeaimek+
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@k ai cfzbimek l` mfkm`x|f}! ai} mizim|`z}|emi} l`a mfkm`x|f }` fj|e`k`k
b`leik|` ai `tx`ze`kmei lez`m|i! `k }pm`}esi} `|ixi} l` cfzbpaimek u xzp`ji l`
dex|`}e}> z`|fbiklf ai xiaijzi x`af|i! }` lem` yp` `a kef ilype`z` `a }egkecemilf
g`kzemf l` ai xiaijzi! u `}` }bjfaf }ezs` mfbf }egkecemik|` xizi `a mfkm`x|f
mpa|pzia x`af|i! `}|ija`me`klf pki `ypesia`kmei `k|z` `a }bjfaf u }p} i|zejp|f}+ L`
`}` bflf af} kef} ixz`kl`k `a mfkm`x|f l` x`af|i i |zis} l` sizef} `kmp`k|zf}
mfk }p x`af|i u ai} l` f|zf} kef}+
@a ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f} xfz i}ebeaimek }` xzflpm` i b`leli yp` `a kef
ibxai }p sfmijpaizef! xp`} af} i|zejp|f} l` af} mfkm`x|f} }` l`cek`k p}iklf ai}
mfbjekimefk`} le}xfkeja`} `k ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi> xfz `aaf! `a kef xflz
le}|ekgpez le}|ek|f} mfafz`}! |ibif} u icezbiz yp` }` |zi|i l` pki x`af|i mpiklf s`i
lemdf fjo`|f `k mpiaype`z bfb`k|f+
Ixz`kleio` l` xzfxf}emefk`}+ @}|` |exf l` ixz`kleio` `teg` mix|iz `a
}egkecemilf l` ai} el`i} `txz`}ili} `k cfzbi l` xzfxf}emefk`} f czi}` ` ebxaemi ai
mfbjekimek u z`aimek l` sizei} xiaijzi}! l` |ia cfzbi yp` ai el`i z`}pa|ik|` `}
b} yp` ai }pbi l` af} }egkecemilf} l` `}i} xiaijzi}! xzflpme`klf pk kp`sf
}egkecemilf yp` `} i}ebeailf i ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgkf}me|esi+ @} l`mez! yp` pkixzfxf}emek xf|`kmeiab`k|` }egkecemi|esi! `txz`}ili s`zjiab`k|`! mfbf pki
l`maizimek yp` xf}`` }egkecemilf l`kf|i|esf $ai} mizim|`z}|emi} `sfmili} ia fz af}
mfkm`x|f} u mfkkf|i|esf $ai mizgi `bf|esi! im|e|plekia ` el`f}ekmz|emi xzfsfmili
xfz af} mfkm`x|f} l` af} mfkm`x|f} eksfapmzilf}! ek|`zim|i mfk ai} el`i}
z`a`sik|`} ui `}|ija`meli} `k ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgkf}me|esi u! l` `}i ek|`zimmek!
}pzg`k af} }egkecemilf} l` ai kp`si xzfxf}emek+
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:+@}|ilf l`a iz|`? mfekmel`kmei} `k `a xzfm`}f+
@}|` ixiz|ilf dim` z`c`z`kmei i iagpkf} l` af} `}|plef}! eks`}|egimefk`} uxpjaemimefk`} `kmfk|zili} `k |fzkf ia fjo`|f l` eks`}|egimek! z`aimefkili} ia
l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei! |ik|f `k `a
xaikf kimefkia mfbf `k `a ek|`zkimefkia+
I+ Xix`a l` ai `k}`iki mfbf b`lef xizi `a ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei
Aegilf ia ixz`kleio` l`a iapbkf `}| ai `k}`iki l`a lfm`k|`> xfz |ik|f! ai
ek|`zimmek bi`}|zf"iapbkf xz`sia`me`k|` `k `a xzfm`}f `}mfaiz }` mfk}el`zi pk
l`|fkik|` `k `a afgzf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai |fli} ai} i}egki|pzi} `k
g`k`zia! x`zf `}x`mcemib`k|` `k ai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei> ui yp` ai} `k}`iki} l`
af} lfm`k|`} z`ype`z`k `}|iz `kmibekili} i pk cek u! l` imp`zlf mfk Gfka`
Zes`zi $:880! ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei l`}`bx`i pk xix`a `}`kmeia `k ai
mfkcfzbimek l`a mfkfmebe`k|f yp` |flf `}|pleik|` z`ype`z` |`k`z xizi }p ek}`zmek
`k `a bpklf mf|eleikf+ U mfk}el`zi k`m`}izef kf x`zl`z l` se}|i ai z`aimek l`
lemdi bi|`zei mfk `lpmimek msemi u g`fgzici! xfzyp` `a mfkfmebe`k|f kf xiz|` l`
m`zf! u }` pjemi `k pk l`|`zbekilf `}ximef g`fgzcemf yp` a` li }`k|elf ia d`mdf
de}|zemf+ Xfz |ik|f! `} iyp lfkl` zilemi ai `}`kmei l` |flf xzfc`}fz$i xizi
g`k`ziz }e|pimefk`} l` `k}`iki ixz`kleio` yp` aa`s`k ia afgzf l` af xaik`ilf+
Zici`a Ia|ibezi $me|ilf xfz Xzi|}! 9555 }`iaiji yp`? *ai ekmap}ek ^l` aide}|fzei `k af} xaik`} l` `}|plefR fj`l`m`! mfk cz`mp`kmei! b} yp` i pk
l`}ek|`z`}ilf ibfz xfz ai de}|fzei be}bi! i zifk`} xfa|emi} f l` xi|zef|e}bf! yp`
a` dim`k }`z xzekmexiab`k|` pki zibi l` af yp` }` l`kfbeki ek}|zpmmek msemi*+ @}
l`mez! ai de}|fzei kf }af `} pki }`ze` l` d`mdf} ie}ailf}! }ekf yp` |e`k` me`z|f bi|e
xfa|emf> xfz pk ailf! }` s` i ai de}|fzei u }p ixizemek `k `a }e}|`bi `lpmi|esf mfbf
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ai cfzbi l` ek|`k|iz mfkcegpziz ai mfkme`kmei l` af} meplilikf} ia fcz`m`za`} pki
se}ek l`a xi}ilf yp` }ezs` xizi cfz|ia`m`z }`k|ebe`k|f} xi|ze|emf}! |zi|iklf l`
siafziz mfk `tm`}esf kci}e} ai} gafzei} kimefkia`}+ Xfz f|zf! }` a` s` mfbf `a `o`
cpklib`k|ia `k `a xzfgz`}f u |zik}cfzbimek l` ai} }fme`lil`}+
Dimei `}|` xpk|f! aaib ai i|`kmek `a d`mdf l` mfkm`jez i ai de}|fzei mfbf
pk ek}|zpb`k|f xzesea`geilf xizi ai cfzbimek l` meplilikf} aejz`} u mfk `}xze|p
mz|emf+ Af mpia dim` mfk}el`ziz i ai de}|fzei mfbf pki i}egki|pzi `lpmi|esi yp`
z`ype`z` p|eaeiz les`z}i} `}|zi|`gei} xizi ixz`kl`z i ikiaeiz mz|emib`k|` `a
xz`}`k|`! u im`zmiz}` i ai mfbxz`k}ek l`a xi}ilf l`}l` pki xf}emek ek|`a`m|pia!
fjo`|esi! }ek |fbiz xiz|elf xfz |`kl`kmei iagpki+ Ipkyp` mfbf }po`|f} ekb`z}f} `k
`}|i }fme`lil mibjeik|`! z`}pa|i `k fmi}efk`} lecmea+
@k g`k`zia! ai de}|fzei xf}`` `a ia|f xfl`z cfzbi|esf `k af} cp|pzf}
meplilikf}! idfzi iapbkf} u iapbki} `k cfzbimek> xfz |ik|f! xf|`kmeiz `a
ixz`kleio` `k `}|i ebxaemi bf|esiza`} i x`k}iz u mfbxz`kl`z mbf }` `aijfzi
lemdf mfkfmebe`k|f> af} siafz`} z`aimefkilf} mfk }|`! }p ekcap`kmei `k ai seli
mf|eleiki `k `a ipai! `a ibje`k|` cibeaeiz u }fmeia! u ai} im|e|pl`} |emi} u msemi}
xz`}`k|`} `k `a le}mpz}f! ipkilf} i af} xzfm`}f} l`a x`k}ibe`k|f yp` `}|ebpaik }p`}|plef! af mpia z`x`zmp|ez i cek l` mp`k|i} `k ai b`ofzi l` }p} ixz`kleio`}
`}mfaiz`} `k |fzkf i ai bi|`zei+
Xizi `aaf! `k}`iz u ixz`kl`z de}|fzei z`ype`z` ez b} iaa l`a xaikf l`a
kimefkiae}bf $Ax` Cimia! :883 u i}pbez mfbf lfm`k|`} pki x`z}x`m|esi mz|emi!
mfbxzfb`|eli mfk ai `bikmeximek }fmeia ` ek|`a`m|pia l` ai} cp|pzi} g`k`zimefk`}+
U s`z ai de}|fzei mfbf pki cfzbi l` mfk}`zsiz ai b`bfzei l` af yp` di }pm`lelf `k
`a bpklf $de}|fzei pkes`z}ia! f l` af} apgiz`} mfkmz`|f} lfkl` `}|i }` l`}izzfaai
$pki kimek! pki mfbpkelil! pki meplil f `k ai} ek}|e|pmefk`} yp` `k `aai
}fjz`}ia`k $ai Ega`}ei! ai ae|`zi|pzi! `a l`z`mdf! `|m+ f af yp` di xi}ilf i
l`|`zbekili} x`z}fki}+
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@}|f `} ix`ki} `a mfbe`kf> }ek `bjizgf! xfz iagf `bxe`i ai mfk}|zpmmek
l`a bfl`af l` meplilikf fze`k|ilf i }p xzfxei ip|fcfzbimek u ip|fixz`kleio`+
Xfz `aaf! cp` k`m`}izef afgziz yp` af} `}|pleik|`} l` 0 gzilf l` `lpmimek xzebizei
afgz`k }`z mz|emf}! z`ca`tesf}! u ixz`klik xfz }e be}bf}> il`b} }` x`k} `k pki
`}|zi|`gei yp` x`zbe|e`zi xf|`kmeiz `a l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} l`
de}|fzei! af mpia a`} f|fzgp` `}i `bikmeximek ek|`a`m|pia z`yp`zeli+
Xfz }p xiz|` Xzi|} $:888% `k }p iz|mpaf? Lecempa|il`} xizi ai `k}`iki l`
ai de}|fzei def pki z`ca`tek im`zmi l` af} xzfja`bi} yp` }` |e`k`k `k @}xii mfk
z`aimek i ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei! u ai mfbxizi|esi l` mbf }` xz`}`k|ik `k
Ai|ekfibzemi u f|zi} xiz|`} l` @pzfxi+ Lemdf `}|plef xzfxp}f z`|fbiz ai de}|fzei
mfbf pki i}egki|pzi `}mfaiz mfk pk ia|f gzilf l` xf}ejeaelil`} `lpmi|esi}>
`kci|e yp` ia `k}`iz }` m`k|zi `a ixz`kleio` `k ai mfk}|zpmmek l`a mfkfmebe`k|f
de}|zemf xfz b`lef l` }e|pimefk`} l` }ebpaimek l` ai ekligimek de}|zemi> l`}|im
yp` af} fj}|mpaf} zilemik! `k|z` f|zi} mf}i}! `k ai ebxf}ejeaelil l` z`xzflpmez
d`mdf} mfkmz`|f} l`a xi}ilf+
Xfz f|zf ailf! Bizef Mizz`|`zf u }p} mfaijfzilfz`} `k `a aejzf @k}`iki u
b`bfzei mfa`m|esi$:883 ijfzl! `k cfzbi l` leafgf mfk les`z}f} eks`}|egilfz`}l` @pzfxi ` Ej`zfibzemi! `a mbf }` sik mfk}|zpu`klf ai b`bfzei u ai de}|fzei! u
l` mbf `aaf ekmel` `k ai `k}`iki `}mfaiz+ @k `a ixiz|ilf 9= l` lemdf aejzf! Af}
lfm`k|`} l` de}|fzei ik|` `a l`}icf l` `k}`iz xizi ai mfbxz`k}ek! Mizz`|`zf
mfbxeai ai xiz|emeximek Ape} F}iklk `k `a ]`gpklf ]`bekizef l` ai Z`l Iaci
@k}`iki l` ai De}|fzei u B`bfzei Mfa`m|esi! z`iaeilf `k ai PIB! af} li} 99 u
9: l` kfse`bjz` l` :88
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`k|z` af} yp` l`}|imik? mbf `} yp` af} mpzzmpaf} mfk|`bxfzk`f} `k|e`kl`k ai
cpkmek l` ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei dfu `k li6! mbf }fk mfbxz`kleli} ai}
kp`si} fze`k|imefk`} mpzzempaiz`} im`zmi l` ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei xfz af}
lfm`k|`}6! yp xi}iz mfk ai} mfbxz`k}efk`} l`}izzfaaili} xfz af} `}|pleik|`}
cekiab`k|`6
@k `}|` be}bf }`k|elf! Iklz} Igpezz` Opz` $:88=! xz`}`k| }p |zijiof l`
eks`}|egimek |e|pailf? Se`oi} }fapmefk`} i xzfja`bi} kp`sf}? de}|fzei! mfbf
z`}pa|ilf l` }p |`}e} l` bi`}|zi `k miaelil l` ai `lpmimek! z`iaeili `k ai
Pkes`z}elil l` ai} Ibzemi} l` Xp`jai+ @k `aai xzfxp}f ai `}|zi|`gei l` ai}
kizzimefk`} de}|zemi} xizi mfbxz`kl`z ai de}|fzei! u z`mfkfme yp` `k Btemf! u `k
bpmdi} xiz|`} l`a bpklf! kf `te}|`k }pceme`k|`} `}|plef} }fjz` ai xzfja`b|emi l`
ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei u }fk b`kf} ipk af} yp` ai ijfzl`k l`}l` `a
ixz`kleio` l` ai be}bi+ ]`ia il`b} yp` `}|i} xzfja`b|emi} }` dik lilf i af
aizgf l`a }egaf TT! u af yp` si l`a TTE+
@k }k|`}e}! ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei! aegili ia ixz`kleio`! mfk}|e|pu` pk
xix`a `}`kmeia `k ai mfkcfzbimek l`a mfkfmebe`k|f yp` |fli x`z}fki k`m`}e|i xizi
l`}`ksfas`z}` `k }p seli mf|eleiki! z`ca`tefkiklf }fjz` af} d`mdf} l`a xi}ilf xizimfbxz`kl`z `a xz`}`k|`+ Il`b}! `k `a xzfm`}f l` ai `k}`iki }` |fb `k
mp`k|i `a xix`a cpklib`k|ia l`a lfm`k|` xizi xzfbfs`z af} ixz`kleio`} l` }p}
iapbkf}+ U mfk}el`ziklf af yp` Igpezz` Opz` $:88=! bikec`}| im`zmi l` ai xfmi
`te}|`kmei l` `}|plef} b`temikf} yp` ijfzlik ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei u
bpmdf} b`kf} af} yp` ai i}pb`k l`}l` `a ixz`kleio`! af mpia af z`aimefki i `}|i
eks`}|egimek+
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J+ @k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei! iu`z u dfu? pk se}|if ia `t|`zefz
Ai `k}`iki u `a ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei `k Btemf! u `a bpklf!mfk}|e|pu`k pk }pm`}f z`a`sik|` xizi ai mfbxz`k}ek l`a be}bf+ @k `}|` ixiz|ilf
}` `txfk`k iagpki} l` ai} eks`}|egimefk`}! `}|plef} u xpjaemimefk`} yp` z`}xialik
`a xz`}`k|` |zijiof+
Pki l` ai} xzeb`zi} eks`}|egimefk`} mfzz`}xfkl` i pk iz|mpaf l` Iaj`z|f
Ape} Gb` $9557% |e|pailf Zpbjf} z`me`k|`} xizi ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei `k
gzik jz`|ii? `a ijzif cfzbiae}|i ia mpa|pziae}bf+ @}|` lfmpb`k|f ijfzli ai
`k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei `k Gzik Jz`|ii! i xiz|ez l` af} if} }`}`k|i}! lfkl` }`
op}|ecemi `a siafz cfzbi|esf l` ai i}egki|pzi u `a apgiz yp` `}|i fmpxi `k af} kes`a`}
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`}|plef} xizi ai `lpmimek xzebizei seg`k|` l`}l` 955=+
@}` lfmpb`k|f }`iai yp` l`}l` b`leilf} l`a }egaf TET di}|i ai lmili l`
af} mekmp`k|i! `k `a }egaf TT! `k Gzik Jz`|ii ai de}|fzei b} yp` `k `a ixz`kleio`
}` m`k|z `k ai `k}`iki! u ai }`a`mmek l` mfk|`kelf} }` z`iae x`k}iklf `ki}x`m|f} yp` imilbemib`k|` }` }pxfkik l` ek|`z}> xfz |ik|f! ai lelm|emi }`
mfkmeje mfbf pk xzfm`}f l` |zik}be}ek l` lemdf} mfk|`kelf}! ipkyp` }`
cfzbpaizfk b`|i} u fjo`|esf} le}mexaekizef} mfk}el`ziklf ai k`m`}elil l` iop}|izaf}
ia gzilf l` l`}izzfaaf `sfap|esf l` af} iapbkf}af yp` im|piab`k|` mfzz`}xfkl` `k
kp`}|zf xi} i ai gzilimek l` af} |`bi} u ai xzfcpklelil mfk yp` }fk ijfzlilf}
`k mili gzilf u memaf `}mfaiz> }ek `bjizgf! lemdi mfk`tek `zi b} |`zemi yp`
xzm|emi+
Ia |zbekf l` ai ]`gpkli Gp`zzi Bpkleia! Gzik Jz`|ii ek|zflpof
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jp}miz mze|`zef} yp` z`}xfkle`zik i pk `k|`klebe`k|f b} lekbemf l` ai
`k}`iki! mfk ai yp` }` xz`|`kli kf }faib`k|` xz`xiziz i af} iapbkf} xizi `a
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l`}`bx`f l` pki |iz`i aijfzia! }ekf |ibjek cfzbiza`} l`}l` pk xpk|f l` se}|i
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ek|`gzilfz`} `k lf} f b} i}egki|pzi}+ ]e`klf `a mi}f l` Btemf ai} bi|`zei} l`
de}|fzei! g`fgzici u mese}bf! }ek l`oiz l` ailf bi|`b|emi} mfk `a mfk|`f l` }egaf}
u ai ak`i l`a |e`bxf! i} mfbf `a `}xifa mfk ai a`m|pzi u ai mfbxz`k}ek l` af}
}pm`}f} de}|zemf} yp` }` z`ype`z` afgz`k af} iapbkf}+
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xzfu`m|f} ek|`zle}mexaekizef} yp` }` ek|`z`}izfk b} `k af} xzfm`}f} yp` `k af}
xzflpm|f}> }ek l`}miz|iz ai i|`kmek l` af} cek`} l` ai `k}`iki u ai k`m`}elil l`
z`mpzzez i ai} le}mexaeki} me`k|cemi} xizi }`a`mmefkiz iyp`aaf yp` cp`}` }egkecemi|esf
`k `a afgzf l` ai} b`|i} msemf"cfzbi|esi} mfbf ai} l` de}|fzei+
]`gk Gffl}fk $9574 `k `}i xfmi }` xp}f `k bizmdi `k Ekgai|`zzi `a
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mibxf l` af} b|flf}> i |zi|iz l` mfkmeaeiz ai} k`m`}elil`} l` af} ilfa`}m`k|`} u
kf }af |fbiz `k mp`k|i ai `}|zpm|pzi l`a xzfxef mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+ U i x`}iz
l` }p zxeli lecp}ek! `}|` xzfu`m|f }` `kcz`k| i lf} gzikl`} lecempa|il`}? xfz pk
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f|zf! `a d`mdf l` xaik|`iz}` pk be}bf |exf l` `tb`k`} xizi |flf}! fxp`}|f ia
kp`sf mfkm`x|f l` `k}`iki"ixz`kleio` }pjuim`k|` ia xzfxef Xzfu`m|f De}|fzei+
Lemdf xzfu`m|f xzfxfki pk bfl`af lelm|emf ia mpia }` l`kfbek Kp`si
De}|fzei> mp`}|efk ia bfl`af lelm|emf |zilemefkia m`k|zilf `k af} xzflpm|f}+
Xz`}| i|`kmek i mbf }` xzflpm` `a mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf xizi aa`sizaf ia ipai
b`leik|` `a `bxa`f l` `}|zi|`gei} l` ekligimek yp` xp}e`zik ia }`zsemef l` af}
cek`} x`z}`gpelf} af} mfk|`kelf} u af} b`lef} yp` fc`z|iji pki de}|fzei `k|`kleli
l` bik`zi b} |`b|emi yp` mzfkfagemi u sekmpaili i f|zi} le}mexaeki} u f|zf}
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`a xi}+
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Xizi 9544 }` z`fze`k|izfk ai} xzfxp`}|i} u }` xzfbpag pki kp`si a`u
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mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf $]d`bea|! 9548+ L` af yp` }` |zi| cp` yp` af} iapbkf}
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i af} mze|`zef} l` }`a`mmek u fzgikeimek l` af} mfk|`kelf}+ ]ek `bjizgf! |zi} ai}
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gz`bef pkes`z}e|izef l` de}|fzeilfz`} yp` kf s`i z`mfkfmeli }p le}mexaeki mfbf |ia umbf }` diji yp`lilf `k ai xzeb`zi ci}` l`a Xzfu`m|f De}|fzei+
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ijfzliz ai de}|fzei! u yp` z`meje`zfk lpzik|` }p x`zflf l` cfzbimek+
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ek}|e|pmefkiaeili> u `k `}|` }`k|elf! ai xzfxp`}|i l` de}|fzei }` `kmibek i afgziz
ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k af} iapbkf} u iapbki}! mfk ai cekiaelil l` z`}mi|iz `a
siafz cfzbi|esf l` ai bi|`zei! kf }af mfbf `a`b`k|f mpa|pzia yp` cisfz`m` ai
fzgikeimek l` f|zf} mfkfmebe`k|f}! }ekf |ibjek mfbf cim|fz yp` mfk|zejpu` i ai
ilype}emek l` siafz`} |emf} x`z}fkia`} u l` mfkses`kmei }fmeia u i ai icezbimek
mfk}me`k|` u bilpzi l` ai el`k|elil kimefkia $]@X! 955=? 59%+
M+ Ai de}|fzei `k `a bje|f `}mfaiz b`temikf
Mfbf }` b`kmefk `k `a mix|paf 9! `a mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf cfzbi xiz|` l`
ai seli mpa|pzia u }fmeia l` ai} x`z}fki}> `} l`mez! i |zis} l` ai de}|fzei }pzg`k ai}
le}|ek|i} mfzze`k|`} mpa|pzia`} u }fmeia`} yp` bizmik `a l`}izzfaaf l` ai dpbikelil u
ai |zik}cfzbimek l`a bpklf> af mpia kf }af }` z`xzflpm` ia ek|`zefz l` pki `}mp`ai
u l` pk ipai! }ekf `k `a `k|fzkf }fmeia `k yp` mili ekleselpf }` l`}`ksp`as`!
ekmapelf} af} iapbkf} u iapbki} ype`k`}! }ek }`z `k fmi}efk`} mfk}me`k|`} l` `aaf!`}|k mfkcfzbiklf pki se}ek l` af de}|zemf `k }p seli mfbf ek|`gzik|` l` ai
}fme`lil yp`! `k ai biufzi l` af} mi}f}! kf mfekmel` mfk ai de}|fzei `}mfaiz f ai
de}|fzei mfk|`keli `k af} aejzf} l` |`t|f! be}bi yp` `}| sekmpaili i af} mfkm`x|f} u
ai se}ek yp` `a de}|fzeilfz |e`k` l`a xi}ilf! mfk z`aimek ia xz`}`k|` `k yp` }` }e|i
`a mfk|`t|f l` ixz`kleio`+
Pkf `o`bxaf yp` isiai ai se}ek l`a de}|fzeilfz! af mfk}|e|pu` `a Imp`zlf
Kimefkia xizi ai Bfl`zkeimek l` ai @lpmimek J}emi }p}mze|f xfz ai ]@X u `a
]K\@ `a 94 l` biuf l` 955:! `a mpia ek|`gz af} memaf} l` ai `lpmimek j}emi u
xzfxp}f les`z}f} xzfgzibi} u b`leli} xizi i}`gpziz ai miaelil l` af} }`zsemef}
`lpmi|esf}+ Af mpia }` sef z`ca`oilf `k pk xzfm`}f l` z`kfsimek l` ai `lpmimek
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Kimefkia xfz sizef} if}+ Ai ekkfsimek ebxaemili `k `}|i bfl`zkeimek `lpmi|esi
ijizm ai `k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei! }e|pimek yp` kf xplf yp`liz cp`zi l`a ek|`z}
l`a de}|fzeilfz u l` ai de}|fzefgzici im|pia+
I xiz|ez l` `}i z`cfzbi `lpmi|esi! `k Btemf ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei `k ai
`}mp`ai xzebizei }af mp`k|i mfk 9+0 dfzi} }`bikia`} `k `a mpzzmpapb im|pia! xizi
pk |f|ia l` 38 dfzi} ikpia`}! |e`bxf yp`! mfk|zi}|ilf mfk ai} :
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de}|fzei pkes`z}ia! se}|i `}|i kf mfbf iagf `}||emf! }ekf `k bfsebe`k|f mfk|ekpf
yp` a` x`zbe|` ia ekleselpf `a l`}izzfaaf l` }p mfkme`kmei+
L+ Se}ek u b`lef} xizi `a afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}
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af} b`lef} yp` `bxa`` xizi afgziz ixz`kleio`} l` de}|fzei! }`z ai cfzbi `k yp` }`
i}pbik l` bik`zi }egkecemi|esi f kf xfz xiz|` l` }p} iapbkf}+ Ia z`}x`m|f! }`
dim` z`c`z`kmei i lf} xpjaemimefk`} yp` ijfzlik lemdf} i}x`m|f}+
@k `a xzeb`zf l` `aaf}! pk aejzf |e|pailf? Mbf ixz`kl` ai g`k|`? m`z`jzf!
b`k|`! `tx`ze`kmei u `}mp`ai! xpjaemilf `k `a if :888! xfz ai Imil`bei Kimefkia
l` Me`kmei} l` @}|ilf} Pkelf} mfbf xzflpm|f l`a |zijiof l` af} mfbe|} l`a
Mfk}`of Kimefkia l` Eks`}|egimek xizi `a L`}izzfaaf l` ai Me`kmei l`a Ixz`kleio`
u xizi ai Eks`}|egimek l`a Ixz`kleio` u ai Xzm|emi @lpmi|esi+
@}` aejzf z`s`a af} l`}mpjzebe`k|f} l` bpmdi} zibi} l` ai me`kmei yp`ipb`k|ik mfk}el`zija`b`k|` ai mfbxz`k}ek }fjz` af yp` }egkecemi }ij`z> l`}l`
af} xzfm`}f} k`pzfkia`} yp` fmpzz`k lpzik|` `a ixz`kleio`! di}|i ai ekcap`kmei yp`
|e`k` ai mpa|pzi `k af yp` ai g`k|` x`zmej` u i}ebeai+ Il`b}! bp`}|zi ai}
ebxaemimefk`} yp` `}f} l`}mpjzebe`k|f} |e`k`k z`}x`m|f l` af yp` }` `k}`i! mbf
}` `k}`i u mbf }` `siai af yp` af} kef} ixz`kl`k+
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`k}`iki l` ai de}|fzei! Zfj`z| J+ Jiek $:88: mfk}el`z yp` ixz`kl`z de}|fzei `k
`a ipai `}mfaiz ebxaemi `k}`iz i af} iapbkf} i x`k}iz l` bik`zi le}|ek|i i mfbf
g`k`ziab`k|` }p`a`k dim`zaf+ Xfz |ik|f! xizi iupliz i af} `}|pleik|`} i ixz`kl`z
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lfm`k|` l`a gzpxf f}|`k|` mfkfmebe`k|f! dijeaelil`} u im|e|pl`} yp` a` x`zbe|ik
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xzfc`}fz f xzfc`}fzi mfbx`|`k|` xizi l`}izzfaaiz ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k }p}
iapbkf}+
Jiek $:88: xiz|e l` ai} le}xf}emefk`} mpzzempaiz`} u x`ligfgi |zilemefkia`}
`k @}|ilf} Pkelf}> pjem ai eks`}|egimek `k ai ek}|zpmmek p|eaeiklf pk `}|plef l`
mi}f g`k`zilf `k |fzkf i af} `}|plef} yp` z`iaeizfk }p} iapbkf} im`zmi l` Mfak!
mfkm`k|zklf}` `k mbf af} bi`}|zf} xp`l`k mfks`z|ez af} fjo`|esf} mpzzempaiz`}
`k xzfja`bi} de}|fzefgzcemf} yp` mfbxzfb`|ik i af} `}|pleik|`} `k `a
x`k}ibe`k|f l` ai de}|fzei+
Ai }`gpkli xpjaemimek cp` pk iz|mpaf l` Opiki Bi+ ]ikmdf Gea |e|pailf
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ikae}e} z`iaeilf `k |fzkf i af} z`}pa|ilf} l` XE]I l` ai Pkes`z}elil l` Jizm`afki!
u }` xaik|`i ai k`m`}elil l` im`zmiz}` i ai xzfja`b|emi l` ai `k}`iki
}`mpklizei mfk pki kp`si bezili u l` cfzbi mfbxa`oi+
Xzeb`zf ikiae xfz yp af} z`}pa|ilf} l`a `}|plef XE]I a`sik|ik fai} l`xz`fmpximek u mfk|zfs`z}ei `k af} xi}`} yp` kf ixiz`m`k `k af} xzeb`zf} xp`}|f}
l` ai ae}|i! i ai s` yp` }` le}mp|`k ai} aebe|imefk`} l` ai} xzp`ji} l` xix`a u axe+
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ixz`kl`! i} mfbf ai ek