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Consonantes indoeuropeas y su reflejo en las lenguas derivadas
Tr
ad
.
PI
E
PIE
glotal
Sánscri
toAvéstico O.C.S. Lituano Arenio Al!ano
Tocari
o"itita #riego Lat$n
Antiguo
irlandés
Proto
ger.Espa%ol
* p
*p⁽ʰ⁾ p [p] p [p] p [p] p [p] h [h] ;
w[w] 1 p [p] p [p] p [p] p [p] p [p]
Ø; ch [x] 2
*f ; * β 3;*p 4
p [p] ; b [b, β] 8
*t *t ⁽ʰ⁾ t [t] t [t] t [t] t [t] t ʽ [t ] ʰ t [t] t [t] ;c[c]
5t ; z 5 t [t] t [t]
t [t] ; t h [θ] 8
*θ ; * ð 3;*t 4
t [t] ; d [d,δ]8
* k
* k ⁽ʰ⁾
ś [ ] ɕ s [s] s [s] š [ ] ʃ s [s] th [θ] ; k [k] 9
k ; ś [ ] ɕ 9
k [k] k [k] k [k] c [k] ;ch [x]
8
*x ; * ɣ 3;k 4
c [k] , [θ] ;g [g, γ] 8
* k
*k ⁽ʰ⁾
k [k] ;c[c] 5
k [k] ;c [ ] ʧ 5
k [k] ; č [ ] ʧ 5; c [ ʦ
] 10k [k] k ̒ [k ] ʰ
k [k]
* k ʷ
*k ̫ ⁽ʰ⁾
k [k] ; s[ s] 5; q [
c] 10ku[k
] ʷ p; t 5; k 6
qu [k ] ʷ ; c [ k] 7
c [k] ;ch [x]
8
*x ̫ ;* ɣʷ,*w3; kʷ 4
qu, c [k] ;c u [kw] ,gu [
γw] 8
* b
*p’ b [b] b [b] b [b] b [b] p [p] b [b] p [p] p [p] b [b] b [b] b [b] *p b [b] , [β] ;
Ø 8
* d
*t’ d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] t [t] d [d] ; d
h[ð] 8
ʦ [ ] ʦ ;
ś[ ] ɕ 5
t [t] d [d] d [d] d [d] ;dh [ð]
8*t
d [d] , [] ;Ø 8
* ĝ
* ’ k ! [ ] ɟ z [z] z [z] " [ ] ʒ c [ ] ʦ dh [ð] ;g 9
k [k] ;ś[ ] ɕ
9
k [k] g [g] g [g] g [g] ;gh [ ] ɣ
8*k
g [g] , [γ] ,[x] ; Ø 8
* g
*k’ g [g] ;
! [ ] ɟ 5g [g] ; ! [ ] ʤ 5
g [g] ; " [ ] ʒ 5; dz [
] ʣ 10
g [g] k [k] g
* g ʷ
*k ’ ʷ g [g] ; z [z] 5; g! [
] ɟ 10
ku[k ] ʷ
b [b] ; d [ d] 5; g [g]
u [w] ; gu [ g ] ʷ 15
b [b] ;#,
bh[w]
*k ̫ u [w] ; gu[g ] ʷ
http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_glotal&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_glotal&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%A9sticohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_eslavo_eclesi%C3%A1sticohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lituanahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_armeniahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lengua_albana&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocariohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocariohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hititahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_irland%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_irland%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A1nicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A1nicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1nscritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%A9sticohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_eslavo_eclesi%C3%A1sticohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lituanahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_armeniahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lengua_albana&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocariohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocariohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hititahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_irland%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiguo_irland%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A1nicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A1nicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_glotal&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teor%C3%ADa_glotal&action=edit&redlink=1
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6 8
* bʰ
*b⁽ʰ⁾ &*pʰ
bh [b ] ʱ
b [b] b [b] b [b] b [b] ;
w[w] 8 b [b] p [p] p [p] ph [p ] ʰ f [f] ; b 8
b [b] ;#,
bh[#,w] 8
*βb [b, β] ; $,
f [b, β,f] ;Ø 8
* d ʰ
*d ⁽ʰ⁾ &*t h
dh [d ] ʱ
d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] t [t] ;c[c]
5t [t] th [t ] ʰ
f [f] ; d 8; b [b] 14
d [d] ;dh [ð]
8*ð
f [f] ; Ø 8; b[b, β]
* ĝ ʰ
*ĝ ⁽ʰ⁾ &* k ʰ
h [ ] ɦ z [z] z [z] " [ ] ʒ ! [ ] ʣ ;
z[z] 8dh [ð] ;d[d] 9
k [k] ;ś[ ] ɕ 5
k [k] ch [k ] ʰ h [h] ; h [h]
/ g[g] 9g [g] ;gh [ ] ɣ
5* ɣ
h,Ø [%] ; g[g,γ, x] , Ø8
* g ʰ
*g ⁽ʰ⁾ &*k h
gh [g ] ʱ ; h[ ] ɦ 5
g [g] ; ǰ [ ] ʤ 5
g [g] ; " [ ] ʒ 5; dz [
]] ʣ 10g [g]
g [g] ;[ ] ǰ ʤ 5
g [g]
* g ʷ ʰ
*g ̫ ⁽ʰ⁾ & * k ̫ ʰ
g [g] ; z [z] 5; g! [
] ɟ 10ku[k
] ʷ
ph [p ] ʰ ; t h[t ] ʰ 5; ch
[k ] ʰ 6
f [f] ; g [g] /u[w] 8; gu [
g ] ʷ 15g [g] * ɣʷ
f [f] / b [b, β] ; u [w] ,g
u [g ] ʷ
*
s
*ss [s] ;s &[ ] ʂ 1
1
h [h, x] ; s[s
] 2
; š [ ] ʃ 11
s [s] ; x [
x] 11
s [s] ;
š[ ] ʃ 11
h [h] ;s[s] 2;
[%] 8
sh [ ] ʃ ; g
![ ] ɟ 12
s [s] ;
s &[ ] ʂ š [s]
h [h] ; s [
s] 2
; [%] 8 s [s] ; ' [']
8 s [s] *s; *
z 3
s [s] ; ' [', '
(]
* m
*m # [#
] # [#]
# [#] ; ) [] 13
# [# ] ;+ [+ ] 13
# [#] ;+[+] 13
# [#] ;Ø13
# [ #] ;Ø 13
# [# ] ;+ [+
] 13# [#] ; +
[+] 13 # [#]
b [b] ;#,
bh[#,w] 8; + [
+] 13
*#;Ø 13
# [#]
*
n
*n + [+] + [+] + [+] + [+] + [+] + [+] + [+] ; [
] ɲ
+ [+] + [+] + [+] + [+] *+ + [+]
*l *l ' ['] (dial. -
[-] )' ['] - [-] - [-]
- [-] , ɫ [ . ] ɫ ɣ
- [-] ; -- [ ɫ ] 8
- [-] - [-] - [-] - [-] - [-] *- - [-]
* r
*r ' ['] ' ['] ' ['] ' ['] ' [ ] ɹ ' [ ] ɾ ' ['] ' ['] ' ['] ' ['] ' ['] *' ' [', '(]
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* i * i / [!] / [!] ! [!] ! [!] Ø g! [ ] ɟ ; Ø / [!] / [!]
z [0zd1 ʣ.
z] / h [h] ;Ø8
2 [!] ; Ø 8 Ø *! / [!] ; ! [x]
* u
* u $ [ ] ʋ $ [w] $ [$] $ [ ] ʋ g [g] /
w[w] $ [$]
w [w ]
w [w ]
w . h 1 Ø [w .
h 1 %]
u [w . $] f [f] ;
Ø / w
[w] 8
*w $ [b, β]
PI
E
Tr
ad
.
PIE
#lotal
Sánscri
toAvéstico A. E. E. Lituano Arenio Al!ano
Tocari
o"itita #riego Lat$n
Irlandés
antiguo
Proto
ger.Espa%ol
Notas:
•1 !s"#$s d! %o&al.
•2 't! #a "losi%a ( p, t, k ).
•3 't! #a %o&al o ti&a (!+ d! !-!- ).
•4 -as #a -i&ati%a ("-oto!-i&a) (s, f ).
•5 't! #a %o&al at!-io- ("-otoido!#-o"!a) (2, ).
• 6 't!s o t-as #a %o&al () u.
•7 't!s o t-as las %o&al!s () , u.
•8 t-! %o&al!s.
•9 't! #a -!soat!.
•10 't! %o&al!s s!da-ias at!-io-!s ( ta-do).
•11 -as ', u, k, 2 ().
•12 't! %o&al ti&a.
•13 'l ial d! "ala-a.
•14 -as u, ' o at! ', - .
•15 -as +.
http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ley_de_Verner&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ley_de_Verner&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonora_(sonido)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonora_(sonido)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonora_(sonido)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_sonido_Rukihttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_sonido_Rukihttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ley_de_Verner&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonora_(sonido)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_sonido_Ruki
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'ocales y consonantes silá!icas!dita- ]
vocales y consonantes silá!icas protoindoeuropeas( y su reflejo en las lenguas derivadas
Antigua
rec.
)ueva
rec.Sánscrito Avéstico A. E. E. Lituano Arenio Al!ano Tocario "itita #riego Lat$n
Irlandés
ant.#*t
*e
*e
5 5
!, 2,
,2 ; !5 12
6 , 2 2 ; 52
*h₁e
*a
+*a ,-
5
5 h5, 5 7 h5,
5 5 5 5
5
*h₂e
*o
*h₃e
, 5
5
5, 5
*o 5, 7 4 5, 7 4
*ə
*h₁
2 2, Ø
Ø Ø
5, Ø 7
5
5 5 5,*h₂ h 5
*h₃
*-
*h₁
Ø Ø
8509
Ø Ø
5 89
Ø Ø Ø*h₂ 5 h5 5
*h₃ 5 5,
h5
*ē *ē 7 7 : 2 , u5 51
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*ā
+*ā ,-
5
5 51< 5,
5h 7 . < 7 7
7
*eh₂
*ō
*ō
u u 517< 8 5 ? ? 7; > 8
*eh₃
*i *i 2 2 @ 2
2
2 ; 10 6
2
2 2 2 2
*ī
*ih₁
= =
2
/
2
2 =
= =
2 [
*ih₂
2 o- 8!95< 7 /7
= o- 8!97< 7
*ih₃ = o- 8!9?< 7
*ei
*ei
< ?2 , 5
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*āi *eh₂ei : 72 . > / > / ; 2 8
u >
> > >*uh₂
u o- 8w95< 7 w7
> o- 8w97< 7
*uh₃ > o- 8w9?< 7
*eu
*eu
? uə , 5 4
!u 25u
/
u
u
u
>
>5; ? 9
2u
*h₁eu
*ou
*ou
u u 5 , 5u
u
5u
*h₃eu
*au
+*au ,-
5w 5u 5u
*h₂eu
*ēu *ēu
7u 7u
u 25u >< 5u
*ōu *ōu ?
* m * m 5 5
C
2# D ; u# D 14
5# 5 6# 5# 5 # #,
5#
u#* m
*mH
7 7 E#; F# 14 5#5 #7 #
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•9 't! %!la-!s + toa.
•10 't! #a 7 ! la slaa si#i!t!.
•11 't! #a 2 ! la slaa si#i!t!.
•12 slaa &!--ada.
•13 &!-&aa d! laial!s.
•14 &!-&aa d! laio%!la-!s.
ProtoIndoEuropean consonants and t/eir refle0es in selected IndoEuropean daug/ter languages
PIE S1r. Av. O.C.S. Lit/. Al!. Ar. "itt. Toc/. #ree1 #ree123j4 LatinOld
Iris/#ot/ic Englis/
5p "; "D16 "; 17 "D;
w1" "t "
E;
&D =]2;
F]3;
%, 8
5sp o-al d!%!lo"!t o /s/G/"/ o-al d!%!lo"!t o /s/G/"/ s"
5t t; tD16 t; H17 t t ʿtI]t;
J ts]5t;
& &]5t
s; tt/ss1
tt;
tD H]8
K H];
d L];3
t4
tD;
d;3
t4
5t2t 3tst
4tt; ttD16 st; sH17< st s s< Jt tst] ss< st ss ss o- st
5st o-al d!%!lo"!t o /s/G/t/sDt I
t]o-al d!%!lo"!t o /s/G/t/ st
516 M I] s I]tD H];
k9s
k
k;
M I]9
k & k]
& k];
&D =]8D;
I]3
D;
E;8
+3
51 k; & tI];5
kD16k; & tI];
5
=17
k;
O tI];5
& ts]10
k k k ʿkI]
51ʷ k; k# "; P# kI]; I I]; wD;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language
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s;5
P &]10t;5
k6& k]7 w, w3 w3
5s16 QD; QQD1 s< sk < D
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5g7
D ];ɡʱ
D ]ɦ 5
; @ d ];ʒ5
U18
;
T ];ʒ 5
dJ10
;
ǰ d ]ʒ 5
5g77
;
J;5
@ ] ɟ 1
0
k#
"D " ];ʰ
tD t ];ʰ 5
&D k ]ʰ 6
;21
/
# w];8
# ]ɡʷ 15
;
;21
w;8
w15
;
;21
w8
5s
sD D, =];
s2s
sD ] ʃ
;
@ ]; ɟ12
D;
s;2
E8 s]
s;
s V ]ʂ
D;21
s;22, 13
E;8
W]23
is;
- 8s s];
D]8s;
J3s;
- 3
s V ]ʂ 11 ] ʃ 11 = =]11 ] ʃ
11
5 i ];
w X]8
58, Y Z] E [[ E
5n ;
Y Z]13
;
\ ] ɲ i
5l - (dial. l) - l
l;
ll ]ɫ 8
l /
ɫ ɫA ]ɣ
l il l
5r - - ];ɾ
-- -]8- i- -
5i + @] @ @]@ ]; ɟ
EE + @]
J Jd A dJ A
J] /
D;
E 8
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•1 't!- a %ow!l.
•2 >!o-! a "losi%! (", t, k).
•3 ollowi a #st-!ss!d %ow!l (!-!-^s law).
•4 't!- a () sto" o- s.
•5
>!o-! a () -ot %ow!l (i, !).
•6 >!o-! o- at!- a () #.
•7 >!o-! o- at!- a () o, #.
•8 >!tw!! %ow!ls.
•9 >!o-! a soo-at.
•10 >!o-! s!&oda-+ ("ost[) -ot[%ow!ls.
•11 't!- -, #, k, i (#ki so#d law).
•12 >!o-! a st-!ss!d %ow!l.
•13 't tD! !d o a wo-d.
•14 't!- #, - o- !o-! -, l.
•15 't!- .
•16 >!o-! a o-iial la-+!al.
•17 >!o-! a &osoat o- o-iial la-+!al.
•18 _o#!- '%!sta, at!- a %ow!l.
•19 't!- -, l, , , t, d, "ossil+ otD!- &osoats<
•20 't!- (C-!!k) tD.
•21 't tD! !ii o a wo-d.
•22 >!o-! o- at!- a ost-#!t (", t, k, !t&.; s).
•23 >!o-! o- at!- a -!soat (-, l, , ).
•24 >!tw!! %ow!ls, o- !tw!! a %ow!l ad -, l (o !itD!- sid!).
Vowels and syllabic consonants!dit]
ProtoIndoEuropean vo9els and sylla!ic consonants( and t/eir refle0es in t/e IndoEuropean daug/ter languages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_sound_laws&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_sound_laws&action=edit§ion=2
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Trad.
PIELaryng. PIE S1r. Av. O.C.S. Lit/. Ar. Al!. Toc/. "itt. #ree1 Latin8:
Proto
Celtic#ot/ic8;
Old Englis/8:
noral ulau
5e 5e( 5/₁e
a
!
@!,
i!, !,
i; @a12` !, i ! i; a ]ɛ 2 !; !o21 i; i!
5a +5a,-( 5/₂e
o a
a Da, a Da,
aa
a
b; a;22 !a21 !; i!
5o
5/₃e
o, a
a
a, ! a o
5o a; 4
5>8?
5/₁8?
i i, E
E
a, E
a !
a a, E5/₂8? D a
5/₃8? o
5
5/₁8@
E
! (a
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5i 5i i i
i
i; !10 `
i
i i; a ]ɛ 2 i
5D
5i/₁
f
i
+ i ]ː
i
i f
f !i i ]ː f 5i/₂
i
o- (@)a
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5u 5u
#
# ia# ! h< i# eo
5u 5u a g # ea
57mmmmmmmmmmm 57mmmmmmmmmmm a
i X ; # X14
a
a
` a a !
!,
a
# # +577mmmmmmmmmmm
5/₁
m; n14 aa
e
5/₂ A
e15
5/₃ g
57
mmmmmmmmmmm 57
mmmmmmmmmmm a /j i; #14 a a ! a
5n7nnnnnnnnnnn 5n
7nnnnnnnnnnn a
i\; #\14 a ` a a ! !, a
# # +5n77nnnnnnnnnnn
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Trad.
PIELaryng. PIE S1r. Av. O.C.S. Lit/. Ar. Al!. Toc/. "itt. #ree1 Latin8:
Proto
Celtic#ot/ic8;
noral ulau
Old Englis/8:
)otes
•1 >!o-! w5.
•2 >!o-! ', h. CotDi&, #t ot otD!- C!-ai& la#a!s, !-!s /!/ ad /i/.
•3 D! !=ist!&! o o[allo"Doi& 5 is dis"#t!d.
•4 o"! s+llal!s (>-#a^s law).
•5 d!- st-!ss.
•6 >!o-! "alatal &osoats.
•7 D! so[&all!d -!aki is dis"#t!d (t+"i&al !=a"l!s a-! *"-oti[D₃k o[ʷ A !d. p'Ht=k5# B Ck. pqrpuv; * iDʷ ₃ o[u A !d. !=$H% B
'-. k5+kP , Ck. rx; *d#D₂-o[ A !d. d>'H% B '-. 'k5' , Ck. δyqrx)
•8 a ial s+llal!.
•9 >!o-! %!la-s ad #st-!ss!d
•10 >!o-! 7 i tD! ollowi s+llal!.
•11 >!o-! 2 i tD! ollowi s+llal!.
•12 a &los!d s+llal!.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-umlauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugmann's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-umlauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugmann's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_breaking
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•13 tD! !iDo#-Dood o laials.
•14 tD! !iDo#-Dood o laio%!la-s.
•15 7 A !o-! 2 , = , o- /@/ i tD! !=t s+llal! i -oto[C!-ai& (2 [#la#t).
•21 >!o-! h, w , o- !o-! ', - "l#s a &osoat (z-!akiz).
•22 >!o-! a a&k %ow!l i tD! !=t s+llal! (5 -!sto-atio).
•23 >!o-! a o[DiD %ow!l i tD! !=t s+llal! (5[#tatio).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-umlauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-umlauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology#Breaking_and_retractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology#Breaking_and_retractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening#A_restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening#A_restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening#A_restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-umlauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology#Breaking_and_retractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening#A_restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation