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CARBOHYDRATESBy : Rahmayuni Fitrianti
30101206722
SGD 12
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CONTENTS
Definition of carbohydrate
Classification : Monosaccarides, Disaccarides,
Polysaccarides
The role of carbohydrates in body Carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrate absorption
Glucose homeostasis
Disease conditions related to carbohydrateconsumption
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DEFINITION
A carbohydrate is an organic compound that is
composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in a ratio of 1 carbon atom, 2 hydrogen
atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
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CLASSIFICATION
Monosaccharides : single sugars
Disaccharides : 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides : chains of
monosaccharides
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MONOSACCHARIDES
Monosaccharrides are single
sugars
All isomers of C6H12O6
Glucose serves as the essentialenergy source, and is commonly
known as blood sugar or dextrose.
Fructose is the sweetest, occurs naturally in honey
and fruits, and is added to many foods in the form ofhigh-fructose corn syrup.
Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a single sugar.
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DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides are pairs of monosaccharides,one of which is always glucose Condensation reactions link monosaccharides together.
Hydrolysis reactions split molecules and commonly occur
during digestion. Maltose consists oftwo glucose units. It is produced
during the germination of seeds and fermentation.
Sucrose is fructose and glucose combined. It is madefrom sugarcane and sugar beets, and tastes sweet.
Lactose is galactose and glucose combined. It is foundin milk and milk products.
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Polysaccharides :
chains of monosaccharides
Starch is a long (100's) polymer of
Glucose molecules, where all the sugars
are oriented in the same direction.
Starch is one of the primary sources of
calories for humans.
Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules.
In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down".This small difference in structure makes a big difference in
the way we use this molecule.
Glycogen : Glycogen is a stored energy source, found in
the Liver and muscles of Humans. Glycogen is different
from both Starch and Cellulose in that the Glucose chain isbranched or "forked".
POLYSACCHARIDES
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THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES
IN THE BODY
As a source of energy
Protein-sparing action
Essential for Fat Oxidation
Role in gastro-intestinal function
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CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
Begins in mouth chewing releases saliva
enzyme amylase hydrolyzes starch to polysaccharides and
maltose
Stomach no enzymes available to break down starch
acid does some breakdown
fibers in starch provide feeling of fullness
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Small intestine
majority of carbohydrate digestion takes place here
pancreatic amylase reduces carbs to glucose chains ordisaccharides
specific enzymes finish the job maltase
maltose into 2 glucose
sucrase
sucrose into glucose and fructose
lactase
lactose into glucose and galactose
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Large intestine 1-4 hours for sugars and starches to be
digested
only fibers remain attract water, which softens stool
bacteria ferment some fibers water, gas, short-chain fatty acids (used for
energy)
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CARBOHYDRATE
DIGESTIONINTHE GI TRACT
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION
glucose can be absorbed in the mouth
majority absorbed in small intestine
active transport
glucose and galactic
facilitated diffusion
fructose
smaller rise in blood glucose
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GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
Maintaining an even balance of glucose is
controlled by insulin and glucagon
Insulin : moves glucose into the cell
Glucagon : brings glucose out of storage
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MAINTAINING
BLOOD
GLUCOSE
HOMEOSTASIS
IntestineWhen a person eats,
blood glucose rises.
1
2
Insulin stimulates the uptake of
glucose into cells and storage
as glycogen in the liver and
muscles. Insulin also stimulates
the conversion of excess
glucose into fat for storage.
3
4
5
6
7 Blood glucose begins torise.
a
The stress hormoneepinephrine and other hormonesalso bring glucose out of storage.
Glucose
Insulin
Glucagon
Glycogen
Glucagon stimulates liver
cells to break down glycogen
and release glucose into the
blood.a
Liver
Low blood glucose stimulates
the pancreas to release
glucagon into the bloodstream.
As the body's cells use
glucose, blood levels decline.
Glucagon
Pancreas
Fat cell
Liver
Muscle
High blood glucose stimulates
the pancreas to release insulin.
Pancreas
Insulin
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DISEASECONDITIONSRELATEDTO
CARBOHYDRATECONSUMPTION
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia
Lactose Intolerance
Galactosemia Dental Caries
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SOURCE
http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-
information/directory/c/carbohydrates
http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htm
http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htmhttp://www.rawfoodexplained.com/carbohydrates/http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrateshttp://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/c/carbohydrates -
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Thank you for
your attention!