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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAINSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS LÍNEASCARABOBO I Y CARABOBO II ENLACE QUE UNE A LAS SS/EE
CARABOBO Y PEDRO CAMEJO PARA ADECUAR LOSESQUEMAS A LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS
Trabajo Es!"#a$ %! Gra%o r!s!&'a%o "o(o r!)*#s#'o ar"#a$ ara o'ar a$
T+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a
Valenca! a"#$%# &'()
1
A*%#+ - A$!ja&%ro Bra.oT*%#+ Aca,-.c#- I&, E%,ar N01!2
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APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR ACADÉMICO
E& (# "ar3"'!r %! T*'or A"a%4(#"o %!$ Trabajo Es!"#a$ %! Gra%o5r!s!&'a%o "o(o r!)*#s#'o ara $a ob'!&"#6& %!$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro
E$!"'r#"#s'a or !$ "#*%a%a&o Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$5 '#'*$ar %! $a
C4%*$a %! I%!&'#%a% N7 V89:;;<=9= "*>o '+'*$o !s- IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE
PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS L2NEAS CARABOBO I 3
CARABOBO II ENLACE 4UE UNE A LAS SS5EE CARABOBO 3 PEDRO
CAME0O PARA ADECUAR LOS ES4UEMAS A LAS NUEVAS
TECNOLOG2AS Co&s#%!ro )*! !s'! r!0&! $os r!)*#s#'os > (4r#'oss*?#"#!&'!s ara s!r !.a$*a%o or ar'! %!$ j*ra%o !@a(#&a%or %!s#,&a%o
E& $a "#*%a% %! Va$!&"#a a $os 9 %+as %!$ (!s %! a,os'o %! <9
I&, E%,ar N01!2CI V8=;=
DEDICATORIA
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A D#os To%oo%!roso or a"o(a1ar(! !& 'o%o (o(!&'o > ,*#ar (#s
asos
A (#s a%r!s > (# !r(a&o5 or ao>ar(! > (o'#.ar(! a s!,*#r "a%a %+a
a"#a a%!$a&'!5 or br#&%ar(! !$ ao>o (ora$ > !"o&6(#"o ara $o,rar (+s*!1o %! s!r *& ro?!s#o&a$5 or s*s "o&s!jos5 s* !%*"a"#6& > s*s .a$or!s5
'o%o !s'o a"! )*! "o& *(#$%a% *!%a %!%#"ar !s'! $o,ro a !$$os
A (#s "o(a1!ros %! !s'*%#o5 )*#!&!s s#!(r! "o(ar'!& s*
"o&o"#(#!&'o "o&(#,o > s*s "o&"!jos ara s!r *& b*!& ro?!s#o&a$ > *&a
,ra& !rso&a
A (#s Ab*!$as or s#!(r! s!r *& (o'#.o a s!,*#r a%!$a&'!5 >a )*! as'a
!& !$ !or (o(!&'o (a&'#!&!& s* so&r#sa #&'a"'a
Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$
AGRADECIMIENTOS
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A D#os5 or %ar(! $a .#%a > %ar(! $a oor'*&#%a% %! '!r(#&ar $a "arr!ra5
(os'rar(! )*! a> *& (a1a&a or !$ "*a$ s!,*#r a%!$a&'!5 r!arars! > s!r
(!jor !rso&a
A (#s a%r!s5 J*a& C Bra.o > D#r&a Y Pa$a"#os5 )*#!&!s s#!(r! (!%#!ro& s* ao>o > "o&?#a&2a #&"o&%#"#o&a$(!&'! !& 'o%o (o(!&'o >
r#&"#a$(!&'! "*a&%o (3s $os ! &!"!s#'a%o5 > sobr! 'o%as $as "osas5 or
%ar(! $a !%*"a"#6&
A (# !r(a&o > 'o%os $os (#!(bros %! (# ?a(#$#a5 )*! s#!(r!
(a&#?!s'aro& s* #&'!r4s !& .!r(! s*r,#r "o(o !rso&a
A $os I&,!&#!ros Mar#o A,*#$ar > E$#2ab!' M!%#&a5 or s* as!sor+a5
ao>o > "o&?#a&2a !& $a !$abora"#6& %! !s'! 'rabajo > r#&"#a$(!&'! or %!(os'rar )*! so& (*> b*!&os ro?!s#o&a$!s
A $os TSU Jos4 B!'a&"o*r' > G*s'a.o Esa1a5 or 'o%o s* ao>o5 s*
'#!(o > $os (*"os "o&s!jos )*! a>*%aro& a "*$(#&ar !s'! 'rabajo %!
asa&'+as > a "r!"!r5 'a&'o "o(o !rso&a5 "o(o ro?!s#o&a$
A (# "o(a1!ro %! asa&'+as E$+as G*!.ara5 or (os'rar s* ao>o ara
o%!r "o&"$*#r !s'a !'aa
A (# '+o Da&#!$ Cas'#$$o or s* "o$abora"#6& a$ (o(!&'o %! #(r#(#r !s'!
ro>!"'o
A 'o%os (#s "o(a1!ros %! !s'*%#o5 Jor,! Go&23$!25 Joa& G*2(3&5
Fra&"#s"o V#$$!,as5 Car$os M!%#&a5 A$!@a&%!r Barr!'o5 A@!$ !ra5 L*#s
Na.arro5 R!>&a$%o a(ora > R#"ar% ao&'!
Y a 'o%as $as !rso&as )*! a& !"o os#b$! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! !s'!
'rabajo5 )*! (! a& ao>a%o (ora$ > ?+s#"a(!&'!
A %#,#$! .*c6a$ "+aca$
Ale/an,+# 0#$- B+a1# Palac#$
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2NDICE GENERAL
L#s'a %! C*a%ros HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
L#s'a %! F#,*ras HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL#s'a %! E"*a"#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
R!s*(!&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
I&'ro%*""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
CAP2TULO
I7 EL PROBLEMAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Co&'!@'*a$#2a"#6& %!$ Prob$!(aHHHHHHHH
Obj!'#.os %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
General HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
EspecíficosHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
J*s'#?#"a"#6& %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHH
II7 MARCO RE8ERENCIALHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
A&'!"!%!&'!s %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Bas!s T!6r#"asHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Bas!s L!,a$!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
D!?#&#"#6& %! T4r(#&os B3s#"osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
III7 MARCO METODOLÓGICOHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Mo%a$#%a% %! I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHH
D#s!1o %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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Pob$a"#6& > M*!s'ra HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Va$#%!2 %!$ I&s'r*(!&'oHHH
T4"&#"as ! I&s'r*(!&'os %! R!"o$!""#6& %! Da'osHHHHHHHHH
Fas!s %! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
IV7 RESULTADOSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Fas! IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Fas! IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Fas! IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Fas! IVHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHFas! VHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
CONCLUSIONES 3 RECOMENDACIONESHHHHHHHHHHH
Co&"$*s#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
R!"o(!&%a"#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
RE8ERENCIAS BIBLIOGR98ICASHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
ANEXOSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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LISTA DE CUADROS
9 C$as!s %! r!"#s#6& %! $os Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! T!&s#6&HHHH C$as!s > Usos %! $os Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! M!%#%aHHHHHHH Por"!&'aj! %! ?a$$as !& !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"oHHHHHHH G!&!ra%or!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH; I&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH= Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a !$!.a%orHHHHHHHHHHHH: Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a r!%*"'orHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Tra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH99 Uso %! $os &0"$!os %!$ s!"*&%ar#o !& $os TPHHHHHHHHH
9Tra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Uso %! $os &0"$!os %!$ s!"*&%ar#o %! $os TCHHHHHHHHH9Sa$#%as %! $+&!as P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Car,as (3@#(as !& a(!r#os %! S/E P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHH9Cara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %!$ r!$4 %! ro'!""#6& LHHHHH9;Es'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$a S/E P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHH9=I(!%a&"#as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $as $+&!asHHHHHHHHHHH9:Da'os %! $a S/E CaraboboHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Es'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$a %! $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& P!%ro Ca(!joHH9Va$or!s bas! %!$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#oHHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#oHHHHHHAor'! 'r#?3s#"o %! $as SS/EE #&.o$*"ra%asHHHHHHHHHHAor'! (o&o?3s#"o %! $os SS/EE #&.o$*"ra%asHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&osHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as r!?!r#%as a $a bas! &*!.aHHHHHHHHHHH;I(!%a&"#a %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os !& or *&#%a%HHHHHH=Vo$'aj!s %! $os &o%os %!$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHH:Corr#!&'!s !& or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Corr#!&'!s r!a$!s %!$ s#s'!(aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Co&'r#b*"#o&!s %! "a%a ar'! #&.o$*"ra%a a$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$aHCorr#!&'!s %! "o&'r#b*"#6& !& .a$or!s r!a$!sHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.asHHHHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#as !& s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHFr!"*!&"#as %! ?a$$asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"as %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a S#!(!&sHHHHHHHH;Pro'!""#6& r#&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=Pro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:Aj*s'!s or 2o&as %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHH<Cos'o %! $os !)*#osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Tasa %! "obro %! Coro!$!" a &#.!$ #&%*s'r#a$HHHHHHHHH
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Pro(!%#o %! oras %! $as ?a$$asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCa$"*$o %! $o %!ja%o %! ?a"'*rar or !$ '#!(o s#& s*(#&#s'rar
!&!r,+aCo(ara"#6& %! #&.!rs#6& > ?a"'*ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHH
B!&!?#"#o %! $a !(r!saHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCab$!s r!)*!r#%os !&'r! !$ 'ab$!ro %! ro'!""#6& > (a&%oHHHH;D#s'r#b*"#6& %! '#!(o %! #($!(!&'a"#6&HHHHHHHHHHH=Co&!@#6& %!$ !)*#o %! r*!ba "o& !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&H:Pr*!ba %! %#saro %!$ r!$4 S#!(!&s ara *&a ?a$$a %! *&a
$+&!a a '#!rra
LISTA DE 8IGURAS
9 S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH E$!(!&'os %! *& S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHH L+&!as %! Tra&s(#s#6& P$a&'a "!&'ro5 CaraboboHHHHH S/E E$4"'r#"aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHH
D#s>*&'or o I&'!rr*'or %! Po'!&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHH; D#a,ra(a %! b$o)*!s %! *& s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHH= Co&!@#6& %! *& Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#a$HHHHHHHH: Cor'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TT Mo&o?3s#"oHHHHHHHHHHH9<Cor'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TP Caa"#'#.oHHHHHHHHHH99 Es)*!(a %! *& Tra&s?or(a%or %! T!&s#6& Caa"#'#.o9Tra&s?or(a%or %! Po'!&"#a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Tra&s?or(a%or %! Corr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Co&!@#6& %! *& TCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9 I%!&'#?#"a"#6& %! bor&!s !& TCHH9R!$4 %! A'ra""#6& E$!"'r6&#"aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9;R!$4 T#o Ba$a&"+&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9=D#a,ra(a %! b$o)*! %!$ r!$4 &*(4r#"oHHHHHHHHHHH9:o&as %! Pro'!""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<o&as %! Pro'!""#6& "o& 'ras$aoHHHHHHHHHHHHH9o&as %! Pro'!""#6& s#& 'ras$aoHHHHHHHHHHHHHT#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! '#!(o
#&s'a&'3&!o5 '#!(o %!?#&#%o > '#!(o #&.!rsoKHHHHHHHH
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C*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! $os r!$4s %! !s'a%o s6$#%oHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% %! $os r!$4s %! '#!(o %!?#&#%oHHHHHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% "o& r!$4 %! '#!(o #&.!rsoHHHHHHHHHHHS!$!"'#.#%a% "o& r!$4 %! '#!(o #&.!rso ! #&s'a&'3&!oHHHHH
;Co&!@#6& R!$4 Sobr!"orr#!&'!H…………………..……HHH=Co&!@#6& %! *& R!$4 Sobr!"orr#!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHH:$+&!as ara$!$as ro'!,#%as or r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!sHHHHHHH<A"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o& ?a$$a a"#a a%!$a&'!HH9A"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o& ?a$$a a"#a a'r3sHHHHR!$4 !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"o '#o ba$a&2aHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*raHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*ra <7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! "*a%ra'*ra 7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!$4 #$o #$o'oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;Co&!@#6& %! *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
=R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *&a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aH:R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *&a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a !&!$ $a&o %! #(!%a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
<Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9o&as %! ro'!""#o&!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHo&a %! b$o)*!o %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#a "o& *&#%a% %#r!""#o&a$HHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o a*'o o$ar#2a%aHHHHHHHCara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o "o& %!s$a2a(#!&'o > *&#%a%
%#r!""#o&a$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > r!sa$%oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;Pro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > r!sa$%oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=T#os %! Cor'o"#r"*#'osHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%orHHHHHHHHHHH<Co(o&!&'!s s#(4'r#"asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9I(!%a&"#a %! *&a $+&!a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&HHHHHHHHHHHI(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!s %! *&a $+&!a 'r#?3s#"aHHHHHHHHR!%!s %! s!"*!&"#a !& "o&!@#o&!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!sHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a (o&o?3s#"a a '#!rraCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a b#?3s#"aHHHHHCo&!@#6& %! r!% %! s!"*!&"#a ara *&a ?a$$a b#?3s#"a a '#!rraHH;R!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *& ?asorHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
=A&,*$o !&'r! ?asor!sHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:G!&!ra%or5 $a&'a P!%ro Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<I&'!rr*'or %! o'!&"#a (ar"a S#!(!&sHHHHHHHHH9Tra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a FORTUNER ELECHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a ALSTOMHHHHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$ AREVAHHHHHHHHHHHHTra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'! ASEAHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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Car,as (3@#(as %! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !& $a S/E P!%ro
Ca(!joCar,as (3@#(as %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& !& $a S/E P!%ro
Ca(!joHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;C#r"*#'os %! D#s'r#b*"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o ar'! ?ro&'a$HHHH:Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& %! #$o #$o'o ar'! 'ras!raHHHHHHH;<Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& L ar'! ?ro&'a$HHHHHHHHHH;9Es)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& L ar'! 'ras!raHHHHHHHHH;C*r.a '#o MO %!$ r!$4 LHHHHHHHHHHHHH;E'aas %! ro'!""#6& %! LHHHHHHHHHHHHH;Pa'#o S/E CaraboboHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;D#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar *'#$#2a%o ara !$ "3$"*$oHHHHHHHHHH;D#a,ra(a %! #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHH
;;D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHH;=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6&HHHHHH=<D#a,ra(a %! s#(*$a"#6& %! $a ?a$$a F !& $a barra %! 99VHHH=9D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! $os ,!&!ra%or!sHHHHHHHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as $+&!as
Sa& D#!,o I > IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as $+&!as
Carabobo I > II=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a Va$!&"#aHHHH=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a P$a&'a %!$ Es'!H=C#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! ara !$ !s'*%#o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o (o&o?3s#"oH=;D#a,ra(a %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH==D#a,ra(a ara !$ "3$"*$o *'#$#2a&%o '!.!&#&HHHHHHHHH=:T!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:<D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aHHHHHHHHH:9T!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHHHHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! '!.!&#& %! s!"*!&"#a "!roHHHHH:D#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&!@#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHH:Es'a%+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 LHHHHHHHHHHHH:Pr*!ba a$ r!$4 L "o& ?a$$as a"'*a$!sHHHHHHHHHHHH:;I(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#aHHHHHHHHHHH:=L+&!as ara$!$as "o& ?$*jo %! A a"#a BHHHHHHHHHHHH::Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! *&a ?a$$a r!s#s'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9<< Co(ara"#6& %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a r!s#s'#.a "o& !$ r!$4 %!"*r.a %! o!ra"#6& '#o (oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9<9Co(ara"#6& %! *&a "*r.a (o "o& *&a "*a%r#$a'!ra$HHHHH9< C*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a S#!(!&sH
9<Co(ara"#6& %! "*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ "o& "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a
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r!s#s'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Pr*!bas %! ?a$$as "o& "*r.a %! r!$4 S#!(!&sHHHHHHHHH9< Aj*s'!s %!$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHH9< Ca$"*$o %! aj*s'! or 2o&asHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9<; E)*#o %! r*!ba O(#"ro&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9<= Co(ara"#6& ro'!""#6& "*r.a (o "o& "*r.a "*a%r#$a'!ra$HHH9<: Va$or!s (!%#%os or !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&HHHHHHHH
LISTA DE ECUACIONES
9 R!$a"#6& %!$ Va$or U(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH R!$a"#6& %!$ Va$or *(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Va$or U(bra$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 ?#&a$ %! $+&!aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 "o(#!&2o %! $+&!aHHHHHHHHHHHHH
R!$a"#6& !&'r! '#!(os %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHH; Tor)*! %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH= Tor)*! %! r!s'r#""#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH: Co&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9<Co&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH99 Co&%#"#6& o!ra'#.aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Vo$'aj! %! ?a$$aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9L!> %! o(HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Ca&'#%a% or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Ca&'#%a% or *&#%a%HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9 I(!%a&"#a @HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9; I(!%a&"#a bas! @HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9=I(!%a&"#as ,!&!ra%as or $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&osHHHHHHHH9:Ca(b#o %! bas!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH<Ca(b#o %! bas!HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9Corr#!&'! r!a$ %!$ s#s'!(aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHCorr#!&'! %! ?a$$aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAINSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
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IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE PROTECCIONES NUMÉRICAS EN LAS L2NEASCARABOBO I 3 CARABOBO II ENLACE 4UE UNE A LAS SS5EE
CARABOBO 3 PEDRO CAME0O PARA ADECUAR LOSES4UEMAS A LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOG2AS
L+&!a %! I&.!s'#,a"#6&- D#s!1o E$4"'r#"o5 Pro'!""#o&!s E$4"'r#"as
A*%#+ - A$!ja&%ro Bra.o
T*%#+ Aca,-.c#: E%,ar N01!2
Re$*.en
E$ r!s!&'! Trabajo %! Gra%o '#!&! "o(o obj!'#.o r#&"#a$I($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II!&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5 (!%#a&'! !$ *so %!&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s
A$ r!s!&'ars! *&a ?a$$a5 %!b#%o a )*! &o s! "*!&'a "o& $a '!"&o$o,+ar!)*!r#%a5 !s'a &o !s a#s$a%a !& !$ '#!(o (+&#(o &!"!sar#o5 'a$ !.!&'*a$#%a%s! %!b! 'a(b#4& a $a obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !)*#os )*! "o&?or(a& $os!s)*!(as a"'*a$!s $os !$!(!&'os %! !s'! !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& '#!&!&aro@#(a%a(!&'! *&os < a1os %! ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a?!"'a&%o !$ s#s'!(a !&,!&!ra$ )*! !& !s'! "aso or !s'ar !& *&a 2o&a #&%*s'r#a$ !s ?*&%a(!&'a$ >r!)*#!r! $a (!&or "a&'#%a% %! ?a$$as os#b$!s5 !s or !$$o )*! s*r,! $a
&!"!s#%a% %! a"!r $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s!$4"'r#"as5 ar'#!&%o %! $a ?as! I "o& *& %#a,&os'#"o o %!'!""#6& %!&!"!s#%a%!s5 !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !& $a ?as! II s! .a& a&a$#2ar $os %a'os ob'!&#%os !&!$ %#a,&os'#"o !"o a&'!r#or(!&'!5 ob'!&#!&%o %a'os #(or'a&'!s >a )*! a'ra.4s %! !s'os s! s!$!""#o&a $a ro'!""#6& a *'#$#2ar5 !& $a ?as! III s!roo&!& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 !& $a ?as!IV s! a"! *&a !.a$*a"#6& %! $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"o8!"o&6(#"a %!$ "a(b#o %!ro'!""#o&!s > !& $a V ?as! s! $a&'!a $a I($!(!&'a"#6& %! Pro'!""#o&!sN*(4r#"as5 (!%#a&'! !$ Ca(b#o %! I&,!&#!r+a > E)*#os ara a%!"*ar $os
Es)*!(as a $as N*!.as T!"&o$o,+asDe$c+;%#+e$: S*<e$%ac#ne$! P+#%ecc#ne$ El-c%+ca$! Rel-7
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INTRODUCCIÓN
E& $+&!as ,!&!ra$!s5 $a (a>or+a %! $os !@!r'os5 !&'r! !$$os $os
#&,!&#!ros !$4"'r#"os "o&s#%!ra& )*! $as ?a$$as !& $os s#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %!
&*!s'ro a+s5 "a%a .!2 s! (*$'#$#"a& Las (#s(as so& o"as#o&a%as or
"or'o"#r"*#'os5 sobr!"ar,a5 !&.!j!"#(#!&'o5 r!"a$!&'a(#!&'o5 or a""#6& %!
a,!&'!s )*+(#"os5 arbo$!s5 %!s"ar,as a'(os?4r#"as5 !&'r! o'ras E& !s'! or%!& %! #%!as ara %ar r!s*!s'a a $as ?a$$as (!&"#o&a%as
!@#s'!& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 $os "*a$!s "o&s'#'*>!& *& "o&j*&'o %!
%#sos#'#.os #&s'a$a%os %! (a&!ra !s'ra'4,#"as sobr! !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a
"o& $a ?#&a$#%a% %! #&'!rr*(#r !& ?or(a #&(!%#a'a !$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a
"*a&%o s! r!s!&'a& %#"as ?a$$as > ara !$$o "o(0&(!&'! s! ro'!,! a$s#s'!(a %#.#%#!&%o !& 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& a ?#& %! )*! s! %!s#&"oror!&
so$a(!&'! $os s!"'or!s a?!"'a%os or ?a$$as5 %!ja&%o !$ r!s'o %!$ s#s'!(a
o!ra'#.o Es %! r!sa$'ar )*! ara so$*"#o&ar $a rob$!(3'#"a %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o
or#,#&a%o or !s'as ?a$$as5 $os !@!r'os r!"*rr!& a $a r!#&,!&#!r+a5 !($!a&%o
$os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& &*(4r#"a ara a%!"*ar$os a $as &*!.as
'!"&o$o,+as D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o s! %!s'a"a& $as %!b#$#%a%!s )*! !@!r#(!&'a&
$as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !& *& &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %! 99 V5 !&$a"!
)*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5 !s'as r!s!&'a& %!'!r#oro
or !$ '#!(o !& s!r.#"#o > ?*&"#o&a& !& *& (*> bajo or"!&'aj!5 $o "*a$ a"!
)*! !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o baj! s* "a$#%a% > o&,a !& !$#,ro $a .#%a 0'#$ %!
!s'os !)*#os Par'#!&%o %! $o a&'!s !@*!s'o5 !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& '#!&! "o(o obj!'#.o
#($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as ara a%!"*ar $os !s)*!(as a $as
&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $as $+&!as %!s"r#'as "o& a&'!r#or#%a% Para *&a (!jor "o(r!&s#6& %!$ !s'*%#o5 !$ (#s(o s! %#.#%! !& "*a'ro
Ca+'*$os5 s#!&%o !$ Ca+'*$o I5 !$ r!?!r#%o a $a "o&'!@'*a$#2a"#6& %!$ rob$!(a
> abar"a s* j*s'#?#"a"#6& * $os obj!'#.os ,!&!ra$!s > !s!"+?#"os5 )*!
(ar"ara& !$ "a(#&o a s!,*#r !& !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ !s'*%#o E$ Ca+'*$o II 'ra'a
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a"!r"a %!$ (ar"o '!6r#"o5 !$ "*a$ "o&s#%!ra $a r!.#s#6& %! a&'!"!%!&'!s
r!$a"#o&a%os "o& $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 #&"$*>! a%!(3s $as bas!s
'!6r#"as5 "o&"!'*a$!s > $!,a$!s )*! ?*&%a(!&'a& !$ !s'*%#o E$ Ca+'*$o III
"orr!so&%! a $a %!s"r#"#6& %! $a (!'o%o$o,+a )*! s! !($!ar3 !& $a#&.!s'#,a"#6&5 > r!?#!r! a$ '#o %! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 !$ "*a$ ob!%!"!r3 a *&
ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 !$ %#s!1o s! r!a$#2ar3 bajo !$ !&?o)*! %! "a(o %! '#o
%!s"r#'#.o5 > s! %!sarro$$ar3 !& 'r!s ?as!s- Fas! I- #&"$*>! !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %!
$a s#'*a"#6& > !$ !s'*%#o %! $as !s'a%+s'#"as %! ?a$$as5 $a Fas! II- !& $a "*a$ s!
#%!&'#?#"a $a #&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$! a"'*a$ a 'ra.4s %!$ a&3$#s#s %! $os %a'os
r!"o#$a%os !& !$ %#a,&6s'#"o5 !& $a ?as! III- s! roo&!& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as
!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara ,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as%! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5 o'#(#2a&%o !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& > $os aj*s'! !& $os
ar3(!'ros5 !& $a Fas! IV- s! !.a$0a $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"a > !"o&6(#"a %!$
ro>!"'o > $a Fas! V- !& !s'a s! a$#"ar3 $a r!#&,!&#!r+a > $as r*!bas ara $a
*!s'a !& s!r.#"#o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >
II5 !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo As#(#s(o5 $a (!'o%o$o,+a a"! r!?!r!&"#a a $a ob$a"#6& a !s'*%#ar5
'4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os ara r!"o$!"'ar $a #&?or(a"#6&5 .a$#%!2 > "o&?#ab#$#%a%
%!$ #&s'r*(!&'o5 > $a ?or(a "o(o s! a&a$#2ara& $os %a'os r!"aba%os Por 0$'#(o s! #&"orora& $as r!?!r!&"#as b#b$#o,r3?#"as "orr!so&%#!&'!s
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CAP2TULO I
EL PROBLEMA
C#n%e=%*al>ac?n ,el P+#<le.a
E& $a a"'*a$#%a% $as 'ra&s?or(a"#o&!s > $os "a(b#os a& asa%o a s!r *&!$!(!&'o ?*&%a(!&'a$ !& $a so"#!%a% > $a !"o&o(+a5 %! a$$+ )*! $as
!(r!sas ! #&s'#'*"#o&!s %!b!& a%a'ars! > a%!"*ars! a $os (#s(os5 >a &o
so$o r!a""#o&a&%o a&'! $os !"os "o&s*(a%os %! $a (a&!ra (3s r3#%a >
?$!@#b$! os#b$!5 s#&o a%!(3s a&'#"#3&%os! !s'ra'4,#"a(!&'! a !$$os5 s# %!
.!r%a% )*#!r!& 'r#*&?ar (!%#a&'! *&a (a>or r!&'ab#$#%a% > (!jorar
r!s*!s'as %! sa'#s?a""#6& a $os "$#!&'!s
Es %! a"!r &o'ar )*! a !s'! !s"!&ar#o %!s"r#'o s! $! s*(a& $os
a"!$!ra%os "a(b#os %!(o,r3?#"os > !& !$ "*a$ !$ &#.!$ %! !@#,!&"#a %! b#!&!s
> s!r.#"#os or ar'! %! $os *s*ar#os a !@!r#(!&'a%o *&a "r!"#!&'!
%!(a&%a sobr! 'o%o s# s! 'ra'a %! a)*!$$os )*! so& #&%#s!&sab$!s ara
sa'#s?a"!r $as &!"!s#%a%!s5 "o(o $o !s !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o "o&s#%!ra%o !$
(o'or ?*&%a(!&'a$ )*! (*!.! 'o%as $as a"'#.#%a%!s %! "*a$)*#!r a+s5
&a"#6& o !s'a%o D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o !s #(or'a&'! %!s'a"ar )*! !$ ro"!so a 'ra.4s
%!$ "*a$ $a !&!r,+a s! 'ra&s?or(a !& !$!"'r#"#%a% r!)*#!r! 'a&'o %! *&"o&'#&,!&'! %! !rso&as "a$#?#"a%as "o(o %! *& "o&j*&'o %! r!"*rsos
(a'!r#a$!s %!&'ro %! $os "*a$!s s! !&"*!&'ra& %#.!rsos !)*#os5 s#& $os
"*a$!s $a !$!"'r#"#%a% &o *%#!ra $$!,ar as'a 'o%os $os *s*ar#os5 or 'a&'o $os
(#s(os 'a(b#4& &!"!s#'a& %! *& "o&s'a&'! (a&'!&#(#!&'o ara s* %!b#%a
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ro'!""#6&5 "o& (#ras a as!,*rar s* ?*&"#o&a$#%a%5 6'#(o r!&%#(#!&'o > .#%a
0'#$ D!&'ro %! $os !)*#os a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os !s'3& $os !s)*!(as %!
ro'!""#6&5 $os "*a$!s s! *'#$#2a& !& $os s#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %! o'!&"#a ara!.#'ar $a !r(a&!&"#a %! ?a$$as )*! o%r+a& #&#"#ars! %! (a&!ra s#($! >
!@'!&%!rs! s#& "o&'ro$ Los !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& %!b!& a#s$ar $a ar'!
%o&%! s! a ro%*"#%o $a ?a$$a b*s"a&%o !r'*rbar $o (!&os os#b$! $a r!%5
!.#'ar !$ %a1o a$ !)*#o ?a$$a%o Los !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& os!!& "ara"'!r+s'#"as (*> ar'#"*$ar!s
"o(o so& s!$!"'#.#%a%5 s!,*r#%a%5 .!$o"#%a%5 s#($#"#%a% > !"o&o(+a
Por o'ra ar'!5 $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& s! *!%!& *'#$#2ar !&ro'!""#o&!s %! ,!&!ra%or!s5 !& (o'or!s5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s > $+&!as %!
'ra&s(#s#6& LTK s#!&%o 4s'a 0$'#(a %! 0'#$ #(or'a&"#a !& *& s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a > !s'3& %!s'#&a%as a 'ra&sor'ar $a !&!r,+a5 %!s%! s* ,!&!ra"#6&
as'a !$ *&'o %! %#s'r#b*"#6& ara s* "o&s*(o
R!?#r#4&%os! a$ "aso %! V!&!2*!$a5 $a !(r!sa !&"ar,a%a %! $$!.ar !$
s!r.#"#o %! !$!"'r#"#%a% as'a $os *s*ar#os !s $a Corora"#6& E$4"'r#"a
Na"#o&a$ CORPOELECK5 "o(ara&%o s* "aa"#%a% %! ,!&!ra"#6& #&s'a$a%a!& $as "!&'ra$!s !@#s'!&'!s5 "o& !$ a"!$!ra%o "r!"#(#!&'o %! $a %!(a&%a %!
!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 s! obs!r.a )*! !@#s'! *& ,ra& %4?#"#' %! %#"a "aa"#%a%
#&s'a$a%a Es'o s! a .!&#%o r!?$!ja&%o "o& $as ?r!"*!&'!s #&'!rr*"#o&!s !&
!$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 $o "*a$ 'ra! "o(o "o&s!"*!&"#a5 $a
&!"!s#%a% %! %!sarro$$ar "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& )*! "*!&'!& "o& !s)*!(as
%! ro'!""#6& a%!"*a%os a $os r!)*!r#(#!&'os
Co(o !ra %! !s!rars!5 %!&'ro %! $a ,!o,ra?+a V!&!2o$a&a !$ !s'a%o
Carabobo5 *b#"a%o !& $a r!,#6& "!&'ro &or'! %!$ a+s > "o&'a&%o "o& $a 2o&a
#&%*s'r#a$ (3s ,ra&%! %! 'o%o !$ a+s5 &o )*!%a !@!&'o %! $as ?a$$as r!!'#%as
$as "*a$!s o"*rr!& !& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o %! $os %#?!r!&'!s (*&#"##os )*! $o
"o&?or(a&
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E& $a 2o&a #&%*s'r#a$ %! Va$!&"#a s! !&"*!&'ra *&a S/E $$a(a%a P!%ro
Ca(!jo !r'!&!"#!&'! a CORPOELEC5 4s'a r!"#b! $+&!as 'ra&s(#s#6& %! $as
SS/EE Va$!&"#a5 P$a&'a %!$ Es'!5 Sa& D#!,o > Carabobo5 !r'!&!"#!&'!s a$
S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o Na"#o&a$ %! V!&!2*!$a "o(o *!%! .!rs! !& !$ %#a,ra(a*&#?#$ar V!r a&!@o AK D#"a S/E 'a(b#4& aor'a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a$ S#s'!(a
I&'!r"o&!"'a%o Na"#o&a$ a 'ra.4s %! s* $a&'a %! ,!&!ra%ora5 "o& a$r!%!%or
%! << M !s'os !&.#a%o %!s*4s %! s!r !$!.a%os a *&a '!&s#6& %! 99 V
a $a S/E Sa& D#!,o a 'ra.4s %! %os $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 !ro 'a(b#4&
"o&s'a "o& s* a'#o %! %#s'r#b*"#6& !$ "*a$ !s %! *&a ,ra& #(or'a&"#a >a )*!
a$#(!&'a !(r!sas (*> #(or'a&'! !& !$ s!"'or #&%*s'r#a$5 ,ra"#as a s*
*b#"a"#6& !s'a S/E !s r#or#%a% %!$ S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o Carabob!1o 'a&'o or !$ "o&s*(o %! %#"as !(r!sas "o(o $a "o&!@#6& )*! $o,ra a"!r5
!&'r!$a23&%os! "o& $a S/E Carabobo > %3&%o$! as+ $a s!,*r#%a% a !s'a 2o&a
'a& #(or'a&'! ara !$ %!sarro$$o > $a !"o&o(+a %! &*!s'ro !s'a%o
Es %! a"!r &o'ar 'a(b#4& )*! !s'a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo .#!&!&
r!s!&'a%o %!'!r#oros !& $os !)*#os a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 >a )*! "*!&'a "o&
(3s %! < a1os %! $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o > !$ (a&'!&#(#!&'o a s#%o r!$a'#.o5
$o,ra&%o !s'o )*! $os !)*#os s! !&"*!&'r!& obso$!'os > ?*&"#o&a&%o !& *&
or"!&'aj! (*> bajo5 $o )*! "o$o"a !& !$#,ro !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o &a"#o&a$ >
a s* .!2 $os !)*#os )*! $a "o&?or(a&
Es as+ "o(o !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II5 !s'3& o"*rr#!&%o
#rr!,*$ar#%a%!s or#,#&a%as or *& "o&j*&'o %! %!b#$#%a%!s )*! obs'a"*$#2a& !$
"*($#(#!&'o !?#"a2 > !?#"#!&'! %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o D#"as %!b#$#%a%!s
!s'3& aso"#a%as %! (a&!ra %#r!"'a "o& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s
#&s'a$a%os a"'*a$(!&'! ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$- #$o #$o'o > ro'!""#6& %!
r!sa$%o- %! %#s'a&"#aK5 $os "*a$!s &o a& a"'*a%o %! (a&!ra "orr!"'a a&'!$as ?a$$as )*! s! r!s!&'a& !& $a a"'*a$#%a%
As#(#s(o $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& )*! "o(*&#"a& $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo
"o& $a S/E Carabobo5 "*!&'a& "o& *&a $o&,#'*% %! <<('s5 s#!&%o !s'a
%#s'a&"#a (*> "or'a > $a ro'!""#6& so$aa $as %!(3s ro'!""#o&!s r!?!r#%as a
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$as $+&!as O'ra %! $as "a*sas or $o "*a$ s! %a or#,!& a $a rob$!(3'#"a !s
)*! !$ !s)*!(a %! %#?!r!&"#a$ %! #$o P#$o'o or !s'ar ?*!ra %! $a S/E
abor%a%a5 ?*! obj!'o %! *r'o > or $o 'a&'o s! !&"*!&'ra& ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o5
%! a$$+ )*! $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ &o !s'4 'rabaja&%o s#!&%o $a ro'!""#6& %!r!sa$%o $a 0&#"a !& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a*&)*! !s'a "*!&'a "o& *& '!"&o$o,+a
>a &o (*> *'#$#2a%a
Por o'ro $a%o5 $o (!&"#o&a%o5 $$!,a as'a $+(#'!s a$ar(a&'!s >a )*! &o
s! "*!&'a "o& $a '!"&o$o,+a r!)*!r#%a > s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o s! .*!$.!
#(r!"#so5 $as "a*sas "o(o >a a&'!s s! (!&"#o&aro& s! %!b!& !&'r! o'ros
(o'#.os a $a obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !)*#os %! ro'!""#6&5 'o%os !s'os
!s)*!(as >a asa& $a .#%a 0'#$5 &o soor'a& (3s r!ara"#o&!s or s!r s*(a(!&'! %!$#"a%os5 >a &o s! !&"*!&'ra& r!*!s'os !& !$ (!r"a%o > or
s**!s'o &o "*($!& "o& $a s*!r.#s#6& > "o&'ro$ )*! s! r!)*#!r! ara $a
ro'!""#6& %! $os !)*#os > %!$ s#s'!(a5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $as ?a$$as a&
!.o$*"#o&a%o a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 $o,ra&%o &o s!r %!'!"'ab$! or $os !)*#os
#&s'a$a%os !& $a a"'*a$#%a%
To%a !s'a s#'*a"#6& 'ra! "o(o r!s*$'a%o5 r!'raso !& $as r!ara"#o&!s or
"*a&'o $a &o'#?#"a"#6& %! $as ?a$$as &o $$!,a a '#!(o o &o %!$#(#'a s* or#,!&5
'a(b#4& 4r%#%a %! '#!(o %!$ !rso&a$ !& b*s"ar "*3$ %! $os !)*#os s!
!&"*!&'ra %a1a%o >/o )*! ?a$$a r!s!&'a Es'a s#'*a"#6& !r(#'! )*! !$
a&3$#s#s %! ?a$$as s!a (*> $!&'o $o "*a$ or#,#&a )*! s! r!#'a& $as (#s(as
a&'!s %! %!'!r(#&ar s* or#,!& > $o,rar so$*"#o&ar$a ara )*! &o o"*rra
&*!.a(!&'! O'ra "o&s!"*!&"#a !s )*! $os !)*#os s*?r!& (3s %! $o &or(a$
> *!%!& $$!,ar !& 'a$ "aso a %a1ars! or "o($!'o $o "*a$ s*(ar+a o'ra
rob$!(3'#"a (3s
Es %! a"!r &o'ar )*! or $a *b#"a"#6& %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo > $a#&'!r"o&!@#6& "o& $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& %!$ (#s(o &o(br!5 %!s!j!s &o
s!$!"'#.os 'ra!r+a& "o(o "o&s!"*!&"#a 4r%#%as %! ,ra&%!s b$o)*!s %!
"ar,a !& !$ S#s'!(a I&'!r"o&!"'a%o Na"#o&a$ SINK
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Fr!&'! a $os $a&'!a(#!&'os !@*!s'os5 "ab! ?or(*$ars! $as s#,*#!&'!s
#&'!rro,a&'!s-
Q*4 a""#o&!s s! %!b!& !j!"*'ar ara "orr!,#r $as %!b#$#%a%!s !&"o&'ra%as
!& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo IIC*3$!s !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& #($!(!&'ar ara (!jorar $a r!s*!s'a
a&'! $as ?a$$as )*! ?r!"*!&'a& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >
Carabobo II
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O</e%1#$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n
O</e%1# "ene+al
I($!(!&'ar ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I >
Carabobo II !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5
(!%#a&'! !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s
O</e%1#$ e$;ec@c#$
9 D#a,&os'#"ar $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %!
ro'!""#6& a"'*a$!s !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !&$a"! )*!
*&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo
A&a$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros ob'!&#%os ara obs!r.ar !$ "o(or'a(#!&'o %!
$os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s #&s'a$a%os a"'*a$(!&'! r!a$#2a&%o
!s'*%#os %! "or'o"#r"*#'os
Proo&!r &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara
,ara&'#2ar !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o a&'! ?a$$as %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5
o'#(#2a&%o !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& > $os aj*s'!s !& $os ar3(!'ros
E.a$*ar $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% T4"&#"a8E"o&6(#"a %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $as
ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II
Ej!"*'ar !$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os r!a$#2a&%o r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& ara $a
*!s'a !& s!r.#"#o %! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as
Carabobo I > Carabobo II %! '!"&o$o,+a &*(4r#"a0*$%cac?n ,e la n1e$%"ac?n
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E& $os 0$'#(os a1os5 !$ s!r.#"#o %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a s! a .#s'o a?!"'a%o
or *&a ,ra& "a&'#%a% %! #&'!rr*"#o&!s %!b#%o a )*! $as ro'!""#o&!s
a"'0a& "*a&%o &o %!b!r+a& a"!r$o5 !s'o a "o&s!"*!&"#a %! $a
obso$!s"!&"#a %! $os !s)*!(as a"'*a$!s > !$ "r!"#(#!&'o %! $a %!(a&%a !&$os "#r"*#'os a 'ra.4s %!$ '#!(o5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& s! .! a?!"'a%o !$ s!r.#"#o
!$4"'r#"o or ?a"'or!s "$#(3'#"os )*! %!s(!jora& !$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $os
!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s
La r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 "o&'!($a $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! !s)*!(as
%! ro'!""#o&!s ara a%a'ar $os a"'*a$!s a $as &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as5 a 'ra.4s
%! $a r!"o#$a"#6& %! #&?or(a"#6& &!"!sar#a > %! %#a,&6s'#"os !& $a (!%#"#6&
%! ar3(!'ros %! o!ra"#6& > !.a$*a&%o ?a$$as )*! s! a>a& r!s!&'a%o5ara as+ o%!r (a&'!&!r $a "o&'#&*#%a% %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o r!s'a%o or $a
!(r!sa s*(#&#s'ra%ora %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a CORPOELEC
Es'a (o%!ra"#6& $o,r6 *&a (!jora !& !$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a5
!r(#'#!&%o %!'!r(#&ar "*3&%o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a !& !$ s#s'!(a "o& (3s
r!"#s#6&5 s! #($!(!&'6 *& s#s'!(a %! "o(*&#"a"#6& 0&#"o !& $as
ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as )*! $o,ra ?a"#$#'ar $a (!%#"#6&5 $a s*!r.#s#6& > !$
"o&'ro$ %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o5 ro'!,#!&%o %! *&a (!jor (a&!ra $os !)*#os5
> a$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a o%!r %!'!r(#&ar "o& !@a"'#'*% %o&%! s! *b#"a >
"*3$ !s $a "a*sa )*! $a or#,#&a
To%o !s'o s! !?!"'*6 "o& !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $os !s)*!(as
%! ro'!""#6&5 $as r*!bas %! 'o%os $os !s)*!(as "o& $os !r(#sos
r!)*!r#%os > $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o5 %a&%o as+ *&a so$*"#6& a $a rob$!(3'#"a
$a&'!a%a
D!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a so"#a$5 !@#s'! *& b!&!?#"#o "o&"r!'o 'a&'o ara $a
!(r!sa "o(o ara $os *s*ar#os %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 >a )*! s! (#&#(#26$as #&'!rr*"#o&!s )*! a?!"'a& "o& ?r!"*!&"#a $as %#?!r!&'!s a"'#.#%a%!s %! $a
.#%a "o'#%#a&a5 !& "!&'ros "o(!r"#a$!s5 !s"o$ar!s5 so"#a$!s > !s!"#a$(!&'!
!& 2o&as #&%*s'r#a$!s5 #&"#%#!&%o !& $a "a$#%a% %!$ s!r.#"#o > as+ "o(o
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'a(b#4& !& $a "a$#%a% %! .#%a %! $os *s*ar#os5 j*s'#?#"3&%os! as+ $a r!a$#2a"#6&
%!$ !s'*%#o
D!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a a"a%4(#"o5 $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! bas6 !&
r!*&#r $a !@!r#!&"#a %! .ar#os !s!"#a$#s'as %! !(r!sas !$4"'r#"as5$abora'or#os5 #&,!&#!r+as > *&#.!rs#%a%!s5 "*>os !s?*!r2os !s'3&
"o&"!&'ra%os b3s#"a(!&'! !& !@$#"ar5 %! ?or(a '!6r#"a > r3"'#"a $a
o'#(#2a"#6& %! !)*#os %! ro'!""#6& bas3&%os! !& &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as D!
!s'! (o%o "obra #(or'a&"#a !$ aor'! )*! *!%! s#,&#?#"ar ara o'ros
!s'*%#os s#(#$ar!s )*! s! r!a$#"!& !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o
Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5 s#r.#!&%o %! r!?!r!&"#a a !s'*%#a&'!s > %o"!&'!s %!
#&,!&#!r+a %! !s'a > o'ras "asas %! !s'*%#o As+ "o(o 'a(b#4& s! r!'!&%!)*! $os r!s*$'a%os > "o&"$*s#o&!s %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s#r.a& %!
"o($!(!&'o a $a ?or(a"#6& a"a%4(#"a %!$ #&.!s'#,a%or > !r(#'a s*
"r!"#(#!&'o !rso&a$ > ro?!s#o&a$
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CAP2TULO II
MARCO TEÓRICO RE8ERENCIAL
An%ece,en%e$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n
To%a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! %!b! %!sarro$$ar !& s* ?as! #&#"#a$5 r!"o#$a&%o5!@a(#&a&%o > "o&s*$'a&%o 'o%o !$ (a'!r#a$ b#b$#o,r3?#"o )*! *!%a aor'ar
%a'os5 '!or+as o #%!as )*! !r(#'a& "$ar#?#"ar > br#&%!& a$,0& $#&!a(#!&'o a $a
#&.!s'#,a"#6& or r!a$#2ar Es or !$$o )*! a$ $$!.ar a "abo *&a r!.#s#6& %! $os
a&'!"!%!&'!s r!$a"#o&a%os "o& $a rob$!(3'#"a $a'!a%a5 ?*! os#b$!
"o&s'a'ar 'a&'o a &#.!$ &a"#o&a$ "o(o #&'!r&a"#o&a$5 $a !@#s'!&"#a %! a$,*&as
#&.!s'#,a"#o&!s a ?#&!s "o& !$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o
Es as+ "o(o $.ar!25 J <9K !& s* Trabajo %! Gra%o r!a$#2a%o !& $a
Es"*!$a Po$#'4"&#"a Na"#o&a$5 ara o'ar or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a5
!$ "*a$ $$!.a or '+'*$o- “Estudio e implementación del sistema de
protecciones eléctricas de los alimentadores primarios de la subestación La
Carolina de EMELNORE !."# $uito Ecuador% Es'! !s'*%#o '*.o "o(o
obj!'#.o !s'*%#ar ! #($!(!&'ar s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as %! $os
a$#(!&'a%or!s r#(ar#os %! $a S/E s!1a$a%a
D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ !s'*%#o ar'#6 %! $a &!"!s#%a%
%! r!.#sar $os ?$*jos %! o'!&"#a > "or'o"#r"*#'o "o& !$ s#(*$a%or CYMDIST ara+2 %! *& "o&j*&'o %! ?a$$as !.#%!&"#a%as !& $os a$#(!&'a%or!s r#(ar#os
a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os5 s#'*a"#6& )*! "o&%*jo a$ #&.!s'#,a%or a !.a$*ar !$
s#s'!(a a"or%! a $a r!,*$a"#6& << /<9 %!$ CONELEC %! "a$#%a% %!$
ro%*"'o !& "*a&'o a &#.!$ %! .o$'aj! ara $o "*a$ s! !($!6 r!"o&!"'a%or!s
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!)*#os ro"!%#6 a $a o(o$o,a"#6& %! ?*s#b$!s5 ara $as %!r#.a"#o&!s
ro'!""#o&!s ara $a 'ro&"a$ > r!"o&!"'a%or!s %o&%! ?*!s! ?a"'#b$! r!a$#2ar$o
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!& $o )*! a ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as s! r!?#!r!5 $os r!$4s5 *!s !s'os s! *'#$#2a&
!& !$ ro"!so %! ro'!""#6& > $a (a>or+a %! $as .!"!s so& *sa%os "o& !$ro6s#'o %! br#&%ar *& (!jor s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 sa'#s?a"!r $as %!(a&%as %!
$os *s*ar#os5 $o )*! r!%*&%ara !& *&a (!jor "a$#%a% %! $os (#s(os5 (3@#(o
"*a&%o !& $os 0$'#(os (!s!s5 !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o a s#%o s!r#a(!&'!
"*!s'#o&a%o or ,ra& ar'! %! $os ab#'a&'!s5 sobr! 'o%o %!$ !s'a%o
Carabobo5 !& !$ "*a$ $as "o&'#&*as #&'!rr*"#o&!s (a&'#!&!s !& 2o2obra a $as
!rso&as !& %#?!r!&'!s "o(*&#%a%!s
O'ro %! $os 'rabajos r!$a"#o&a%os "o& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s !$ %! O$#.!'5
A <9<K )*#!& $$!.o a "abo *& Trabajo %! Gra%o %!&o(#&a%o “&ropuesta de
redise'o de las protecciones eléctricas en los circuitos de salida del
transformador uno ()*# S/E uno ()* en "limentos &olar Comercial &lanta
Limpie+a% 5 r!a$#2a%o !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5
ara o'ar or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a
E$ obj!'#.o %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& ?*! roo&!r !$ r!%#s!1o %! s#s'!(as %!
ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as !& $os "#r"*#'os %! sa$#%a %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or *&o 9K
S/E *&o 9K !& A$#(!&'os Po$ar Co(!r"#a$5 P$a&'a $#(#!2a Es'! !s'*%#o s!%!sarro$$6 s#,*#!&%o $os $#&!a(#!&'os %! *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 bajo *&
!&?o)*! %! #&.!s'#,a"#6& %! "a(o
Por ob!%!"!r a *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! !s'! s! !?!"'*6 !& 'r!s K ?as!s $a
?as! I !r(#'#6 !$aborar *& %#a,&6s'#"o %! "ar,as !$4"'r#"as ara .!r#?#"ar !$
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!s'a%o a"'*a$ %! $as (#s(as E& $a ?as! II s! ro"!%#6 a "a$"*$ar $as
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$a&'!6 !$ r!%#s!1o %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as
Los r!s*$'a%os !.#%!&"#aro& )*! $as ?a$$as r!s!&'a%as &o ?*!ro&%!'!"'a%as or $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$5 'a$ !.!&'*a$#%a% !& $a $a&'a $#(#!2a
s! r!?$!j6 !& !$ #&'!rr*'or r#&"#a$ %! sa$#%a %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or5 $o "*a$
o"as#o&6 )*! $os s#!'! ;K "#r"*#'os a$#(!&'a%os )*!%ara& s#& s!r.#"#o
!$4"'r#"o O'ra %!b#$#%a% %!'!"'a%a !s $a r!?!r#%a a )*! a$,*&as ro'!""#o&!s
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r!.4 $a a($#a"#6& %! $a $a&'a %! %!'!r,!&'!s5 !s'o r!)*#!r! %! &*!.as
"ar,as5 $o )*! $$!.a a a*(!&'ar $a "aa"#%a% #&s'a$a%a E& .#r'*% %! 'o%as $as ?a$$as %#a,&os'#"a%as !s )*! !$ a*'or $$!,a a $a
"o&"$*s#6& %! roo&!r *& r!%#s!1o %! s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s "o& $a
?#&a$#%a% %! ,ara&'#2ar $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5 "o&?#ab#$#%a% > ra#%!2 %!$ '#!(o %!
%!s!j! !.#'a&%o as+ %a1os a $os !)*#os > r!s!r.a&%o $a #&'!,r#%a% %! $as
!rso&as )*! $abora& !& %#"a $a&'a
Es %! %!s'a"ar )*! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6& r!s!&'a%a s! !&"*!&'ra
r!$a"#o&a%a "o& !s'! !s'*%#o or "*a&'o $as %os !rs#,*!& obj!'#.os
s!(!ja&'!s %!b#%o a )*! !s'*%#a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& "o(o *&a %!
$as so$*"#o&!s (3s r3#%a ara %ar r!s*!s'a !& (!&or '#!(o a$
r!)*!r#(#!&'o > %!(a&%as %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 )*! r!"$a(a& $os *s*ar#os
As#(#s(o a(bos a*'or!s r!'!&%!& ro'!,!r $os !)*#os !& $as %#.!rsas
SS/EE ar'#!&%o %! $a .#%a 0'#$ %! $os (#s(os5 (3s a*& s# s! 'o(a !& "*!&'a
)*! !s'os '#!&!& (3s %! 9 a1os %! s!r.#"#o
Ta(b#4& G6(!25 F <<:K r!a$#2o *& Trabajo %! Gra%o '#'*$a%o- Estudio
de la coordinación de protección en los e,uipos de ))- /# 01.- / 2 )0.3 /
en la S/E ocu2ito de COR&OELEC# re4ión 5 +ona Carabobo%. E$ (#s(o ?*!
!$abora%o !& !$ I&s'#'*'o U&#.!rs#'ar#o Po$#'4"&#"o Sa&'#a,o Mar#1o5 ara o'ar
or !$ '+'*$o %! I&,!&#!ro E$!"'r#"#s'a E$ !s'*%#o '*.o "o(o obj!'#.o !s'*%#ar $a
"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s !& $os !)*#os %! 99 V5 V > 9= V
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!& $a S/E To"*>#'o %! CORPOELEC
E$ !s'*%#o s! !&(ar"o bajo $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! > s! a"o,#6
a *& %#s!1o %! "a(o S! !?!"'*6 !& 'r!s K ?as!s $a r#(!ra ?as! !r(#'#6
a$ a*'or r!"o#$ar 'o%a $a #&?or(a"#6& '4"&#"a r!?!r!&'! a $os !)*#os )*!"o(o&!& $a S/E (!&"#o&a%a5 $a s!,*&%a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 !$ so?'ar!5 $o
"*a$ ?a"#$#'o !$ "o&o"#(#!&'o %! ro,ra(as r!so&sab$!s %! $a o!ra"#6& %!
$os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& > !& $a '!r"!ra ?as!5 s! r!a$#26 !$ !s'*%#o %!
"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s a$#"a&%o !$ ro,ra(a S#s'!(a I&'!,ra%o %!
D#s'r#b*"#6& SIDK
E& !s'! s!&'#%o $os a$$a2,os %!s'a"aro& $a &!"!s#%a% %! aj*s'ar $a
ro'!""#6& a %#s'a&"#a %! $as $+&!as !s'*%#a%as !& 99V > a$ #%!&'#?#"ar "o&.!ra"#%a%5 $as .ar#ab$!s #&?$*>!&'!s !& $a so$*"#6& %! $a rob$!(3'#"a5 or $o
"*a$ s! "o&"$*>! )*! !s #(os'!r,ab$! br#&%ar (a>or "o&?#ab#$#%a% >
"o&'#&*#%a% !& !$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a $os ob$a%or!s %!$
(*&#"##o L#b!r'a%or5 !s'a%o Carabobo5 a 'ra.4s %!$ !s'*%#o %! $a
"oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as
Cab! r!sa$'ar )*! !@#s'! *&a .#&"*$a"#6& %#r!"'a !&'r! !$ !s'*%#o r!.#sa%o
> $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& >a )*! a(bos abor%a& !$!(!&'os sobr! $as
ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as5 'a& &!"!sar#as !& aras %! $o,rar !$ a%!"*a%o
?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& $os %#.!rsos a(b#!&'!s %o&%!
s*"!%! $a rob$!(3'#"a5 !& !s'! "aso !& $a S/E To"*>#'o > !$ !&$a"! )*! *&!
$as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo %! CORPOELEC
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Ba$e$ %e?+ca$
S$%e.a ,e P#%enca
E$ 6nstitute of Electrical and Electronics En4ineer (6EEE* "o&'!($a )*!
!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a s! %!?#&! "o(o *&a r!% ?or(a%a or *&#%a%!s
!$4"'r#"as5 "ar,as >/o $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %! o'!&"#a5 #&"$*>!&%o !$ !)*#o
aso"#a%o5 "o&!"'a%o !$4"'r#"a(!&'! o (!"3&#"a(!&'! a $a r!% V!r ?#,*ra 9K
Las 'ar!as %! *& S#s'!(a %! Po'!&"#a so& r!a$#2a%as !& V!&!2*!$a or
$a Corora"#6& E$4"'r#"a Na"#o&a$ CORPOELECK5 > $as a"'#.#%a%!s )*! $o
"o&?or(a& so&-
9 G!&!ra"#6&
Tra&s(#s#6& D#s'r#b*"#6&
Los s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a so& !s'r*"'*ras "o($!jas > !@'!&sas5 >
%!b#%o a (0$'#$!s ?a"'or!s !s'ra'4,#"os5 !"o&6(#"os5 !&'r! o'rosK &o
o!ra& %! (a&!ra a#s$a%a s#&o )*! or !$ "o&'rar#o5 s! !&"*!&'ra&
r!$a"#o&a%os !&'r! s+5 "o&s'#'*>!&%o $o )*! s! %!&o(#&a *& S#s'!(a
I&'!r"o&!"'a%o
U& s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o so& %os o (3s s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a )*! s!
!&"*!&'ra& "o&!"'a%os !$4"'r#"a(!&'! !&'r! s+5 $os "*a$!s so& $a&#?#"a%os >o!ra%os %! (a&!ra )*! s! *!%a s*(#&#s'rar $a !&!r,+a %! *&a ?or(a
"o&?#ab$! > !"o&6(#"a a s*s "ar,as > "o&s*(#%or!s5 "o(b#&a&%o5 "o& $os
$a&!s %! !@a&s#6&5 (!jora > (a&'!&#(#!&'o %! "a%a s#s'!(a5 "o& !$
obj!'#.o %! $o,rar "r!"!r a $a ar %! $a "ar,a
Las #&'!r"o&!@#o&!s ?a"#$#'a& $a "oor%#&a"#6& %! $as a"'#.#%a%!s %!
$a&#?#"a"#6& > o!ra"#6& %! $os s#s'!(as %! ,!&!ra"#6& > 'ras(#s#6& %! $os
s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 #&'!,ra $os s*bs#s'!(as a !?!"'os %! !@a&%#r > o!rar !$ s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o Y as+ sa'#s?a"!r $a %!(a&%a %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a
Las ar'!s ?*&%a(!&'a$!s )*! "o&?or(a& *& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !&
V!&!2*!$a so&- "!&'ra$ %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 S/E %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 $+&!as %!
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'ra&s(#s#6&5 S/E %! 'ra&s(#s#6& o !&$a"!5 S/E %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 "ar,as o
"o&s*(#%or!s > !$ s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6&
Figura 1: Sistema de Potencia. Fuente: Dialineth Corrales (2012).
Ele.en%#$ ,e *n S$%e.a ,e P#%enca
E& $a ?#,*ra s! r!r!s!&'a& !& ?or(a !$!(!&'a$ *& s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a5 "o&s#s'! !s!&"#a$(!&'! %! *&a "!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora5 *& s#s'!(a %!
'ra&s(#s#6&5 *& s#s'!(a %! s*b'ras(#s#o& > *& s#s'!(a %! %#s'r#b*"#6& E& $a !s'a"#6& ,!&!ra%ora $os ,!&!ra%or!s G9 > G 'ra&s?or(a& !&!r,+a
(!"3&#"a !& !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a E$ .o$'aj! %! sa$#%a %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s
,!&!ra$(!&'! !s'3 "o(r!&%#%o !&'r! 9=V > V La '!&s#6& %! $os
,!&!ra%or!s s! !$!.a (!%#a&'! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s T95 T ara )*! $a
!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a *!%a s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a a %#s'a&"#as "o&s#%!rab$!s "o&
4r%#%as ra2o&ab$!s Los .o$'aj!s %! 'ra&s(#s#6& so& (*> .ar#ab$!s5 s#!&%o
'+#"os $os .a$or!s 99V5 <V5 <<V > =<<V ;VK Las $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6W& L95 L $!.a& !&!r,+a %! $a "!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora
a $a S/E S s#'*a%a !& *& *&'o #&'!r(!%#o !&'r! $a "!&'ra$ > !$ "!&'ro %!
"o&s*(o E& !s'a S/E !$ .o$'aj! s! r!%*"! (!%#a&'! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s T
> T E$ .o$'aj! %! sa$#%a !& S 'a(b#4& !s .ar#ab$!5 s#!&%o '+#"os $os .a$or!s
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<V5 99V5 :V > 5V
La S/E S a$#(!&'a .ar#as $+&!as %! s*b'ra&s(#s#o&5 %! $as "*a$!s s!
a& #&%#"a%o L5 L > LK F#&a$(!&'!5 (*> "!r"a a$ *&'o %! "o&s*(o s!
a"! *&a &*!.a r!%*""#6& %! .o$'aj! (!%#a&'! !$ 'ra&s?or(a%or T E$ .o$'aj!%! sa$#%a %! T !s .ar#ab$!5 s#!&%o '+#"o !$ .a$or 9=V Es'! 0$'#(o
'ra&s?or(a%or a$#(!&'a .ar#as $+&!as %! %#s'r#b*"#6& "o(o T > T; La '!&s#6&
%! sa$#%a %! !s'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!!&%! %!$ '#o %! "ar,a- r!s#%!&"#a$ o
#&%*s'r#a$ S# $a "ar,a !s r!s#%!&"#a$ !$ .o$'aj! !s "as# s#!(r! %! 9<V/<=V
9< V !&'r! ?as! > &!*'ro > <=V !&'r! $+&!asK S# $a "ar,a !s #&%*s'r#a$ s!
*!%!& '!&!r .ar#os .a$or!s %! .o$'aj! s#!&%o !$ (3s '+#"o !$ .a$or %! =<V
Figura 2: Elementos de un Sistema de Potencia. Fuente: Carlos Romero (U!).
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Gene+ac?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca
Es !$ ro"!so (!%#a&'! !$ "*a$ s! ob'#!&! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a ar'#r %!
o'ras ?or(as %! !&!r,+a5 !& s# s! or#,#&a !& *& ,!&!ra%or %! !&!r,+a
!$4"'r#"a (!%#a&'! *&a (a)*#&a (o'r#2 )*! %a $a %!&o(#&a"#6& a$ '#o %!"!&'ra$ ,!&!ra%ora Los '4r(#&os "!&'ra$ o $a&'a !$4"'r#"a s! a&
,!&!ra$#2a%o > s! !&'#!&%! )*! so& $os $o"a$!s %o&%! s! ,!&!ra $a !&!r,+a
E$ s#s'!(a %! ,!&!ra"#6& !s $a ar'! b3s#"a %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5
!s'a s! !&"ar,a %! !&'r!,ar $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a$ s#s'!(a5 !s'o a ar'#r %! $a
'ra&s?or(a"#6& %! %#s'#&'os '#os %! !&!r,+a r#(ar#a Es'as s! *b#"a&
%!!&%#!&%o $as "o&%#"#o&!s ?+s#"as %! $a ?*!&'! r#(ar#a %! *'#$#2a"#6&
T+an$.$?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca
La *b#"a"#6& %! "!&'ra$!s %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 ob$#,a& a 'ra&sor'ar ,ra&%!s
b$o)*!s !&!r,4'#"os ,!&!ra%os a 'ra.4s %! $ar,as %#s'a&"#as5 %! (a&!ra )*!
$$!,*!& a $os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(o
Los ,ra&%!s r!"*rsos #%r3*$#"os !& V!&!2*!$a s! *b#"a& !& $a r!,#6& %!
G*a>a&a5 (#!&'ras )*! $as "!&'ra$!s '4r(#"as s! !&"*!&'ra& !& $a 2o&a
"!&'ra$5 %! 'a$ ?or(a )*! ara *&#r 'o%as !s'as ?*!&'!s %! ,!&!ra"#6& "o& $os
%#s'r#b*#%os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(os5 s! !($!a $as r!%!s %! 'ras(#s#6& %!
o'!&"#a !$4"'r#"a
E& V!&!2*!$a $as 3r!as )*! "o&?or(a& !$ S#s'!(a I&'!r"o&!"'a%o
Na"#o&a$ SINK s! !&"*!&'ra& *&#%as a 'ra.4s %! *& s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&
)*! a$"a&2a $os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& %! 995 <5 << > ; V
Ca%a *&o %! !s'os s#s'!(as r!"#b! !$ &o(br! %! $a r!% 'ro&"a$ %!
'ra&s(#s#6& r!s!&'a&%o $o&,#'*%!s ar!"#ab$!s "o(o !$ !&$a"! )*! !@#s'!
!&'r! G*a>a&a8C!&'ro )*! os!! aro@#(a%a(!&'! < (
La (#s#6& %! !s'a ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s 'ra&sor'ar $os
,ra&%!s b$o)*!s %! !&!r,+a %!s%! $os "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& a 'o%os $os
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*&'os %!$ s#s'!(a5 a%!(3s %! #&'!r"o&!"'ar $as %#?!r!&'!s "!&'ra$!s >/o
%#?!r!&'!s s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a
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soor'ar > "o&%*"#r s#& "a$!&'ars! or !?!"'o jo*$! Ta(b#4& a$ %*$#"ar .o$'aj!
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'!&s#o&!s %! o!ra"#6& so& (a>or!s5 !s %!"#r5 a> (3s os#b#$#%a% %!
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'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 )*! !$!.a& !$ .o$'aj! %! ,!&!ra"#6& a o'ro (3s a$'o5 *&
'!&%#%o %! "o&%*"'or!s soor'a%os or !s'r*"'*ras !s!"#a$!s5 > SS/EE
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.o$*(!& %! $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a 'ra&sor'ar
La ?#,*ra (*!s'ra *&a $+&!a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& a *& &#.!$ %! < V
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Figura ": #neas de $ransmisi%n Planta Centro& Cara'o'o. Fuente: !na D#a (2011).D$%+<*c?n ,e Ene+"@a El-c%+ca
E& !s'a ?as! %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a s! !&"*!&'ra& $as '4"&#"as >
s#s'!(as !($!a%os ara $a "o&%*""#6& %! $a !&!r,+a as'a $os *s*ar#os
%!&'ro %!$ 3r!a %! "o&s*(o
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(a,&#'*% o a$ (!&os *&a "a&'#%a% "o&s#%!rab$! > !& a$'as '!&s#6& %!s%! !$*&'o %! ,!&!ra"#6& as'a !$ 3r!a %o&%! s! r!'!&%! %#s'r#b*#r$a5 %! a+ )*!
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&#.!$!s %! *'#$#2a"#6&
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a&'!s %! $$!,ar a $os "o&s*(#%or!s Es'a ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a !s'3 "o(*!s'o
%! $+&!as > %#sos#'#.os ara %#s'r#b*#r $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a as'a $os *s*ar#os
Es'os asos %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& %a& $*,ar a $as %#?!r!&'!s !'aas %!$ s#s'!(a
%! %#s'r#b*"#6&
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b#!& %#?!r!&"#a%os-
9 S#s'!(a %! D#s'r#b*"#6& Pr#(ar#o S#s'!(a %! D#s'r#b*"#6& S!"*&%ar#o
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D! a"*!r%o a s* "o&?#,*ra"#6& $os s#s'!(as %! %#s'r#b*"#6& *!%!& s!r-
9 Ra%#a$- (*> !"o&6(#"o > *'#$#2a%o !& s#'#os r*ra$!s > %! baja "ar,a La2o o a&#$$o- s! *sa !& "ar,a (!%#as Co& (!%#a&a "o&?#ab#$#%a%
S*<e$%ac#ne$ El-c%+ca$
Las SS/EE !$4"'r#"as so& $as #&s'a$a"#o&!s !&"ar,a%as %! r!a$#2ar
'ra&s?or(a"#o&!s %! $a '!&s#6&5 %! $a ?r!"*!&"#a5 %!$ &0(!ro %! ?as!s o $a
"o&!@#6& %! %os o (3s "#r"*#'os5 *!%!& *b#"ar ,ra&%!s o !)*!1os
!sa"#os %!!&%#!&%o s* &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > s* *'#$#2a"#6&
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9 SS/EE .ar#a%or!s %! '!&s#6&-a S/E !$!.a%orab S/E r!%*"'ora
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"o& *& %#s!1o 'a& s!&"#$$o "o(o s!a os#b$! 4s'! 0$'#(o %!b! roor"#o&ar
*& a$'o &#.!$ %! "o&'#&*#%a% %! s!r.#"#o > "o&'ar "o& (!%#os ara ?*'*ras
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E& $a ?#,*ra s! obs!r.a !$ a'#o %! *&a S/E !$4"'r#"a !&?*&"#o&a(#!&'o
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Figura : S5E El-c%+ca7 8*en%e: Pa%# S5E San Diego (201).L@nea$ ,e %+an$.$?n
Es $a ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a %! s*(#&#s'ro !$4"'r#"o "o&s'#'*#%a or $os
!$!(!&'os &!"!sar#os ara $$!.ar as'a $os *&'os %! "o&s*(o > a 'ra.4s %!
,ra&%!s %#s'a&"#as $a !&!r,+a ,!&!ra%a !& $as "!&'ra$!s !$4"'r#"as
E& ,!&!ra$ $os !$!(!&'os !s!&"#a$!s %! *&a $+&!a %! 'ras(#s#6&5 so& $os
s#,*#!&'!s-
9 Torr!s o !s'r*"'*ras Ca%!&as %! a#s$a%or!s > !rraj!s Co&%*"'or!sK5 "ab$!sK %! ,*ar%a > *!s'a a '#!rra
Para 'ra&s(#'#r $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %!s%! $os *&'os %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 s!
r!)*#!r! %! $+&!as !$4"'r#"as5 )*! %!b!& o!rar a *& .a$or %! '!&s#6& )*! !s
%#r!"'a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a r!)*!r#%a ara s* 'ra&sor'! > a $a
"orr#!&'! !$4"'r#"a &!"!sar#a !& !$ !@'r!(o %! $a "ar,a Para $$!,ar a $os
.a$or!s %! '!&s#6& ara s* "o&s*(o or $as #&%*s'r#as o $as "asas ab#'a"#6&5
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s! r!%*2"a (!%#a&'! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s !$4"'r#"os !s'! ro"!so %!
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*&'o %! ,!&!ra"#6& > $a !&!r,+a %!(a&%a%a or !$ "!&'ro *rba&o o
#&%*s'r#a$
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s*s"!'a&"#a > $a "o&%*"'a&"#a > !& !s'! "aso s! r!r!s!&'a "o(o *&
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$os "o&%*"'or!s > $os a#s$a%or!s5 !s'a !s r3"'#"a(!&'! %!sr!"#ab$! or $o
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'ra&s?#!r! $a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %! *& *&'o %!$ s#s'!(a "o&!"'a%o a $a ?*!&'!
%! !&!r,+a5 a o'ro "o&!"'a%o a $a "ar,a5 .ar#a&%o ,!&!ra$(!&'!5 ar3(!'ros
%! !&'ra%a .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'!K ara a%a'ar$os a$ "!&'ro %! "o&s*(o V!r
?#,*ra K
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Figura *: $rans+ormador de Potencia. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
E$ 'ra&s?or(a%or !s *& %#sos#'#.o )*! !r(#'! (o%#?#"ar o'!&"#a
!$4"'r#"a %! "orr#!&'! a$'!r&a "o& *& %!'!r(#&a%o .a$or %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!
!& o'ra o'!&"#a %! "as# !$ (#s(o .a$or !ro5 ,!&!ra$(!&'! "o& %#s'#&'os
.a$or!s %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'! Es *&a (a)*#&a !s'3'#"a %! bajas !r%#%as >'#!&! *& *so (*> !@'!&%#%o !& $os s#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %! 'ra&s(#s#6& >
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D$*n%#+ # In%e++*;%#+ ,e ;#%enca
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Es *& !)*#o %! o'!&"#a %#s!1a%o ara abr#r o "!rrar *&o o (3s
"#r"*#'os !$4"'r#"os5 bajo "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %! o!ra"#6& o %! ?a$$as V!r
?#,*ra K
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"o&'ra sobr!"ar,as Para o%!r "*($#r "o& $a ?*&"#6& %! ro'!""#6& r!.#s'a
$os %#s>*&'or!s %!b!& s!r !)*#a%os "o& %#sara%or!s o r!$4s5 !s'os asa& a
?or(ar ar'! %!$ %#s>*&'or > a"'0a& %#r!"'a(!&'! sobr! !$ (!"a&#s(o %!
a!r'*ra %!$ (#s(o
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a""#o&a%a or $a s!1a$ %! *& r!$4 !&"ar,a%o %! .#,#$ar !$ a%!"*a%o%!s!(!1o %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o5 %o&%! !s'3 "o&!"'a%o D#"as s!1a$ *!%!
s!r "o&'ro$a%a a "r#'!r#o %!$ *s*ar#o
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Se"n el %;# ,e e=%nc?n e=$%en cnc# ) %;#$:
9 A"!#'!-a P!)*!1o .o$*(!&b Gra& .o$*(!& %! a"!#'!
A#r! "o(r#(#%o So$a%o (a,&4'#"o Va"+o !@a?$or*ro %! a2*?r! FK
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Figura : Dis/untor o nterrutor de Potencia. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
E&'r! $os #&'!rr*'or!s a*'o(3'#"os %! o'!&"#a (3s "o&o"#%os '!&!(os-
Las "ara"'!r+s'#"as )*! %!?#&!& a *& #&'!rr*'or so&-
9 Vo$'aj! &o(#&a$ VK N#.!$ b3s#"o %! a#s$a(#!&'o a$ #(*$so VBILK T#o %! !@'#&"#6& %!$ ar"o !$4"'r#"o Corr#!&'! &o(#&a$ AK Corr#!&'! %! '#!(o "or'o AK Car,a #&'!rr*'#.a AK; T#!(o %! #&'!rr*"#6& "#"$osK
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Se"n $* .ecan$.# ,e acc#na.en%#:
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E$ (!"a&#s(o %! a""#o&a(#!&'o %! *& #&'!rr*'or5 s! "o&s#%!ra a$
"o&j*&'o %! !$!(!&'os !$!"'ro(!"3&#"os )*! !r(#'!& a$(a"!&ar > %#so&!r
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$os "o&'a"'os %! o'!&"#a5 >a s!a ab#!r'os o "!rra%os %!&'ro %! .a$or!s %!'#!(o %! (a&#obr! > %! r!s#s'!&"#a %! "o&'a"'os )*! ?a.or!2"a& $a
o!ra"#6& "orr!"'a %!$ !)*#o
Los (!"a&#s(os (3s "o&o"#%os so&-
9 M!"a&#s(o %! R!sor'! M!"a&#s(o N!*(3'#"o M!"a&#s(o #%r3*$#"o
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br#&%a&%o *&a (a>or s!,*r#%a%
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(a&!ra !s'ra'4,#"a sobr! !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a "o& $a ?#&a$#%a% %!
#&'!rr*(#r !& ?or(a #&(!%#a'a !$ s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a "*a&%o s! r!s!&'!&?a$$as Co(0&(!&'! s! ro'!,! a$ s#s'!(a %#.#%#4&%o$o !& 2o&as %!
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or $a ?a$$a %!ja&%o !$ r!s'o %!$ s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6& o!ra'#.o
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U& ro"!so %! ro'!""#6& *!%! r!s*(#rs! !& 'r!s !'aas-
9 D!'!"'ar "orr#!&'!s > '!&s#o&!s (!%#"#6&K A&a$#2ar s# !sos .a$or!s so& o &o !rj*%#"#a$!s a$ s#s'!(a $6,#"aK
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ro'!""#6&5 !&'r! o'ras5 "*>a ?*&"#6& r#(or%#a$ !s (a&'!&!r *&a (!%#"#6&
!r(a&!&'! %! $os ar3(!'ros %! $a r!% ara "o(arar$os "o& $os .a$or!s %!
aj*s'! > !s'ab$!"!r as+ *&a "o&%#"#6& %! ?a$$a5 %! (a&!ra )*! s! *!%a
or%!&ar $a a!r'*ra %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s aso"#a%os !& *& '#!(o r!.#a(!&'!
!s'ab$!"#%o5 ! #&?or(ar (!%#a&'! s!1a$!s5 a$ar(as > r!,#s'ros $a "o&%#"#6&
a&or(a$
D! !s'o s! *!%! %!%*"#r )*! $a ?*&"#6& b3s#"a %! *&a ro'!""#6& !s
%!'!"'ar *&a "o&%#"#6& a&or(a$ !& L+&!as %! Tra&s(#s#6&5 G!&!ra%or!s5
Tra&s?or(a%or!s5 !&'r! o'ros5 > a"'*ar ara %!s!jar !s'a "o&%#"#6& > as+
%#s(#&*#r $os !?!"'os )*! *!%a 'ra!r !& %#"os !)*#os
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9 Fa$$a 'r#?3s#"a Fa$$a Fas! a Fas!
Fa$$as a '#!rra-
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9 Fa$$as ?as! a '#!rra Fa$$as %ob$! ?as! a '#!rra Tr#?3s#"as a '#!rra
Ca*$a ;#+ la$ c*ale$ ;*e,en #c*+++ *na alla E& *& s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o $as ?a$$as *!%!& o"*rr#r or a$,*&as "o&%#"#o&!s
)*! s! #%!&'#?#"a& a "o&'#&*a"#6&-
9 Sobr!'!&s#o&!s o %!s"ar,as a'(os?4r#"as Es'a !s $a "a*sa r#&"#a$
%! ?a$$as !& $+&!as a4r!a D!'!r#oro %!$ a#s$a(#!&'o or sobr!'!&s#o&!s5 or r!"a$!&'a(#!&'o5 or
!&.!j!"#(#!&'o5 or $a a""#6& %! a,!&'!s )*+(#"os5 or !s?*!r2os
(!"3&#"os > "*a$)*#!r o'ro ?a"'or Ma&#obras #&"orr!"'as o !rror!s5 "o(o !&!r,#2ar *&a $+&!a )*! !s'4
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'!&!r "*!&'a !$ os#b$! #&"r!(!&'o %! '!&s#6& !& !$ !@'r!(o r!"!'or
%!b#%o a $a "aa"#'a&"#a %! $a $+&!a A""#%!&'!s5 "o(o 3rbo$!s )*! a"!& "o&'a"'os "o& $+&!as5 a&#(a$!s
!&'r! o'ros
De%ecc?n e n%e++*;c?n ,e alla$
U&a ?a$$a s! *!%! %!'!"'ar or !$ "a(b#o s0b#'o )*! 'ra! a $os
ar3(!'ros %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a Los ar3(!'ros (3s *'#$#2a%os "o& !s'!
?#& so&-
9 Corr#!&'! Vo$'aj! A&,*$o !&'r! .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'! D#r!""#6& %! ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a
I(!%a&"#a Fr!"*!&"#a; Va$or!s %! .ar#a"#o&!s %! $as "a&'#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s
Para o%!r *'#$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s !s &!"!sar#o (!%#r$os Es'a
(!%#"#6& s! a"! (!%#a&'! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a5 $os "*a$!s
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r!ro%*"!& a !s"a$! r!%*"#%a $os .o$'aj!s > "orr#!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a Es'os .a$or!s r!%*"#%os s! a$#"a& a $os r!$4s )*! s! !&"ar,a& %!
a&a$#2ar$os > %!'!r(#&ar s# !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s'3 o!ra&%o
&or(a$(!&'! o5 s# or !$ "o&'rar#o5 a o"*rr#%o *&a ?a$$a E& $a ?#,*ra ; s!!@$#"a !& ?or(a !s)*!(3'#"a $o %#"o a&'!r#or(!&'!
T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e Me,,a
E$ 'ra&s?or(a%or !s *&a (a)*#&a !s'3'#"a "*>a ?*&"#6& !s 'ra&s?!r#r
!&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %! *& s#s'!(a a o'ro Los %! (!%#%a so& %!s'#&a%o a $a
a$#(!&'a"#6& %! #&s'r*(!&'os %! (!%#%a5 "o&'a%or!s5 r!$4s %! ro'!""#6&5
!&'r! o'ros5 !r(#'#!&%o as+ *&a s!ara"#6& ,a$.3&#"a !&'r!s $os #&s'r*(!&'os> $a r!% !$4"'r#"a %! a$'a '!&s#6&
Figura : Diagrama de 'lo3ues de un es3uema de rotecci%n. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Los aara'os %! (!%#%a > $os r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& &o *!%!& soor'ar or
$o ,!&!ra$5 &# !$!.a%as '!&s#o&!s &# !$!.a%as "orr#!&'!s5 >a )*! %! $o
"o&'rar#o5 s! !&"ar!"!r+a sobr!(a&!ra s* "o&s'r*""#6& Por o'ra ar'! !s
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"o&.!&#!&'! !.#'ar $a r!s!&"#a %! !$!.a%as '!&s#o&!s !& a)*!$$os
%#sos#'#.os )*! .a& a !s'ar a$ a$"a&"! %! $as !rso&as
So& 4s'as $as r#&"#a$!s ra2o&!s ara $a *'#$#2a"#6& %! $os
'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a > ro'!""#6&5 a 'ra.4s %! $os "*a$!s s! *!%!&$$!.ar s!1a$!s %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!5 %! *& .a$or roor"#o&a$ (*> #&?!r#or a$
.a$or &o(#&a$5 a $os %#sos#'#.os %! (!%#%a > ro'!""#6& S! "o&s#,*!
a%!(3s *&a s!ara"#6& ,a$.3&#"a %! $os !$!(!&'os !r'!&!"#!&'!s a $os
"*a%ros %! (a&%o5 (!%#%a > ro'!""#6& "o& $as "o&s#,*#!&'!s .!&'ajas !&
"*a&'o a s!,*r#%a% %! $as !rso&as > %!$ !)*#o s! r!?#!r!
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r!?!r#%as5 !& 0$'#(a #&s'a&"#a5 a $a ar!"#a"#6& %! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!5 s!%#so&! %! %os '#os ?*&%a(!&'a$!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a > ro8
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9 Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a$ TPK Tras?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK
T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e ;#%encal
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s!"*&%ar#a %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %! o!ra"#6& !s
r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a5 a*&)*! *& o"o %!s?asa%a
S* r#&"#a$ ?*&"#6& !s 'ra&s?or(ar $a '!&s#6& > a#s$ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os %!
ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& "o&!"'a%os a $os "#r"*#'os %! a$'a '!&s#6& E$ r#(ar#o
%!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o a$ "#r"*#'o or "o&'ro$ar > !$
s!"*&%ar#o !& ara$!$o "o& $as bob#&as %! '!&s#6& %! $os aara'os %!
(!%#"#6& > ro'!""#6& V!r ?#,*ra =K
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Figura 4: Cone5i%n de un $rans+ormador de Potencial. Fuente: !utoC!D.
S!,0& E&r#)*! Mar"o(bo 9::K5 U& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& !s *&
%#sos#'#.o %!s'#&a%o a $a a$#(!&'a"#6& %! aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > /o
ro'!""#6& "o& '!&s#o&!s roor"#o&a$!s a $as %! $a r!% !& !$ *&'o !& !$ "*a$
!s'3 "o&!"'a%o E$ r#(ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o "o& !$ "#r"*#'o or
"o&'ro$ar > !$ s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& ara$!$o "o& $as bob#&as %! '!&s#6&
%! $os %#?!r!&'!s aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > %! ro'!""#6& )*! s! r!)*#!r!
!&!r,#2ar Ca%a 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& '!&%r35 or $o 'a&'o5 '!r(#&a$!s
r#(ar#os )*! s! "o&!"'ar3& a *& ar %! ?as!s o a *&a ?as! 2 '#!rra5 >
'!r(#&a$!s s!"*&%ar#os a $os "*a$!s s! "o&!"'ar3& a)*!$$os aara'os E&
!s'os aara'os $a '!&s#6& s!"*&%ar#a5 %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s &or(a$!s %!
o!ra"#6&5 !s r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a5 a*&)*!
$#,!ra(!&'! %!s?asa%aD!sarro$$a& %os ?*&"#o&!s- 'ra&s?or(ar $a '!&s#6& > a#s$ar $os
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'!&s#6&
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Los TP or $o ,!&!ra$ os!!& *&o 9K o %os K &0"$!os s!"*&%ar#os5 >
*!%!& s!r %! %os K '#os-
9 D! '#o #&%*"'#.o5 *'#$#2a%o ,!&!ra$(!&'! !& .o$'aj!s %! 9= > V%o&%! 'a&'o !$ r#(ar#o "o(o !$ s!"*&%ar#o so& %!.a&a%os > a#s$a%os
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U& Tra&s?or(a%or %! T!&s#6& I&%*"'#.o TTK "o&s#s'! !& *& arro$$a(#!&'or#(ar#o > *& arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o %#s*!s'os sobr! *& &0"$!o (a,&4'#"o
"o(0& Los '!r(#&a$!s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o s! "o&!"'a& a *& ar %!
?as!s %! $a r!%5 o a *&a ?as! > a '#!rra o &!*'ro Los '!r(#&a$!s %!$
arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a& a $os aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > / o
ro'!""#6& )*! "o&s'#'*>!& $a "ar,a La '!&s#6& r#(ar#a %! *& TT !s !$!,#%a
%! a"*!r%o a $a '!&s#6& %! $a r!% a $a "*a$ !s'3 %!s'#&a%o La '!&s#6& &o(#&a$
s!"*&%ar#a %! *& TT %!!&%! %! $a 2o&a o a+s5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& !$
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9<< V o 99<. E$ 'a(a1o %! $os TT !s'3 ?*&%a(!&'a$(!&'! %!'!r(#&a%o or $a
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!& .o$*(!& a$ arro$$a(#!&'o (#s(o
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'!&s#6& %!b! !s'ar %#s'r#b*#%a *&#?or(!(!&'! a 'ra.4s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o5 $o
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,ra&%!s rob$!(as ara '!&s#o&!s a$'as Esos rob$!(as so& so$*"#o&a%os
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"o& $os TT !& "as"a%a r!ar'#!&%o $a '!&s#6& r#(ar#a !& .ar#as !'aas
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E& $a ?#,*ra : s! (*!s'ra *& "or'! !s)*!(3'#"o %! *& TT (o&o?3s#"o
Figura 6: Corte es3uem7tico de un $$ mono+7sico. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).
Par'!s %!$ TT (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra :-
9 Bor&! '!r(#&a$ r#(ar#o F*!$$! (!'3$#"o %! !@a&s#6& Ta6& or#?#"#o $$!&a%o a"!#'! A#s$a%or %! or"!$a&a Caja %! bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os Bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os; V3$.*$a %r!&aj! a"!#'!= T!r(#&a$ %! '#!rra: P$a"a %! sa$#%a "ab$!s9<Oja$!s ara #2aj!99 I&%#"a%or &#.!$ %! a"!#'!
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Cla$cac?n ,e l#$ %+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e %en$?n7
La "$as#?#"a"#6& r#&"#a$ %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& s! basa !& !$
%!s'#&o o *'#$#2a"#6& %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or %#s'#&,*#4&%os! $os s#,*#!&'!s '#os-
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?*&"#o&a(#!&'o !& $a #&%*""#6& %! *&a '!&s#6& !& bor&!s %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o
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a""!so a $a '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a %!$ %#.#sor %! '!&s#6& s! "o&!"'a *&
'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a# #,*a$ )*! *&o #&%*"'#.o5 a 'ra.4s %! *&a
#&%*"'a&"#a )*! "o(!&sa $a r!a"'a&"#a "aa"#'#.a %!$ %#.#sor E$
'ra&s?or(a%or *!%! '!&!r 95 o s!"*&%ar#os %! *'#$#2a"#6& s!,0& $os
"asos > (o%!$os V!r ?#,*ra 9<K
Es'! '#o %! 'ra&s?or(a%or s! *!%! *'#$#2ar !@a"'a(!&'! #,*a$ )*! *&
'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&%*"'#.o5 "o& $a sa$.!%a% %! )*! !& !s'! "aso s!
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r!s!&'a& o'ros ?a"'or!s )*! a?!"'a& a $a r!"#s#6& %!$ (#s(o5 "o(o or
!j!($o5 .ar#a"#o&!s %! ?r!"*!&"#a5 .ar#a"#o&!s %! '!(!ra'*ra > !s'ab#$#%a%
!& !$ '#!(o La r!s*!s'a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o !&
r4,#(!& 'ra&s#'or#o &o !s 'a& r3#%a "o(o $a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or #&%*"'#.o5or $o )*! &o s! r!"o(#!&%a s* *'#$#2a"#6& "*a&%o $as !@#,!&"#as %! $as
ro'!""#o&!s s!a& $as %! *&as r!s*!s'as r3#%as or ar'! %!$
'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& S#& !(bar,o5 aar'! %! s* *'#$#2a"#6& ara (!%#%a
> ro'!""#6&5 $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! '!&s#6& !r(#'!& *'#$#2ar $a $+&!a %! a$'a
'!&s#6& ara "o(*&#"a"#6& > '!$!(a&%o %a%a s* !s!"#a$ "aa"#%a% ara $a
s#&'oa"#6& %! o&%as or'a%oras %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#a
Es'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s! ?abr#"a& ara s!r.#"#o #&'!r#or o !@'!r#or5 > a$#,*a$ )*! $os %! "orr#!&'!5 s! ?abr#"a& "o& a#s$a(#!&'os %! r!s#&as s#&'4'#"as
ara '!&s#o&!s bajas o (!%#as5 (#!&'ras )*! ara a$'as '!&s#o&!s s! *'#$#2a&
a#s$a(#!&'os %! a!$5 a"!#'!5 or"!$a&a o "o& ,as SF
E& $a ?#,*ra 99 s! *!%! ar!"#ar *& !s)*!(a b3s#"o %! *&
'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o- %o&%! U9 !s $a '!&s#6& !& !$ $a%o
r#(ar#o5 U# '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a5 U '!&s#6& !& !$ $a%o s!"*&%ar#o5 C9 > C
"o&%!&sa%or!s %!$ %#.#sor %! '!&s#6&5 L# #&%*"'a&"#a %! "o(!&sa"#6&5 TT#
'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& #&'!r(!%#a5 > $a #(!%a&"#a )*! r!r!s!&'a $a
"ar,a
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Figura 10: Corte es3uem7tico de un $P Caacitio. Fuente: Encicloedia CE!C.
E$ 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& "aa"#'#.o !s'ar3 "o(*!s'o %! *&o o .ar#as
*&#%a%!s "aa"#'#.as %!!&%#!&%o %!$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %o&%! r!s'ara
s!r.#"#o
E$ a#s$a%or !s ?#ja%o a$ 'a&)*! or (!%#o %! *&a br#%a (!'3$#"a $a "*a$ !s
a%!r#%a a $a or"!$a&a Es'! '#o %! (o&'aj! o'or,a *&a a$'a r!s#s'!&"#a
(!"3&#"a a $os !s?*!r2os %! s#s(#"#%a% E$ a*(!&'o %! '!&s#6& !& !$
'ra&sor'! %! !&!r,+a a"! )*! $os &#.!$!s %! a#s$a(#!&'o5 s!,*r#%a% >
"ara"'!r+s'#"as (!"3&#"as s!a& "a%a .!2 (3s !@#,!&'!s To%o !s'o a
"o&%*"#%o $a b0s)*!%a %! &*!.os (o%!$os %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s )*! %!& *&a
r!s*!s'a a%!"*a%a a $os rob$!(as $a&'!a%os
38
9 Ma&6(!'ro %! r!s#6& %! a"!#'! U&#%a%!s "o&%!&sa%oras A"!#'! a#s$a&'! A#s$a%or %! or"!$a&a S!$$o D#a?ra,(a !$3s'#"o ara !@a&s#6&%! a"!#'!; Ta&)*!= C#r"*#'o %! a(or'#,*a(#!&'o "o&'ra!?!"'os ?!rrorr!so&a&'!s: Tra&s?or(a%or #&%*"'#.o %! (!%#a'!&s#6&9< Caja %! '!r(#&a$!s s!"*&%ar#os5
N > '!r(#&a$!s %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#a99 I&%*"'a&"#a s!r#!
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Figura 11: Es3uema de un trans+ormador de tensi%n caacitio. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).
E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! obs!r.a *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! o'!&"#a$ *b#"a%o !& $a
S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo
Figura 12: $rans+ormador de Potencial. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e c#++en%e
Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! TCK s! *'#$#2a& ara 'o(ar (*!s'ra %!
"orr#!&'! %! $a $+&!a > r!%*"#r$a a &#.!$ s!,*ro > (!%#b$!5 ara $as ,a(as
&or(a$#2a%as %! #&s'r*(!&'os5 aara'os %! (!%#%a5 * o'ros %#sos#'#.os %!
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"o&'ro$ Los .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'!s
r#(ar#as a "orr#!&'! s! %!?#&!& "o(o r!$a"#o&!s %! "orr#!&'!s r#(ar#as a
"orr#!&'!s s!"*&%ar#as U&as r!$a"#o&!s '+#"as %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %!
"orr#!&'! o%r+a& s!r <</5 =<</59<<</ Los .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s %!$s!"*&%ar#o %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! so& %! A > 9A V!r ?#,*ra
9K E& a$,*&os !)*#os5 $a s!1a$ %! sa$#%a !s %! (#$#.o$'#os (VK
Figura 1": $rans+ormador de Corriente. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
S!,0& $a !&"#"$o!%#a CEAC5 $os 'ras?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a %! "orr#!&'!
So& aara'os !& )*! $a "orr#!&'! s!"*&%ar#a5 %!&'ro %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s
&or(a$!s %! o!ra"#6&5 !s r3"'#"a(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a $a "orr#!&'! r#(ar#a5
a*&)*! $#,!ra(!&'! %!s?asa%a D!sarro$$a& %os '#os %! ?*&"#6&- 'ra&s?or(ar
$a "orr#!&'! > a#s$ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os %! ro'!""#6& > (!%#"#6& "o&!"'a%os a
$os "#r"*#'os %! a$'a '!&s#6& E$ r#(ar#o %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or5 )*! "o&s'a %! (*>
o"as !s#ras5 s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o& !$ "#r"*#'o "*>a #&'!&s#%a% s! %!s!a
(!%#r > !$ s!"*&%ar#o s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o& $as bob#&as %! "orr#!&'! %! $os
aara'os %! (!%#"#6& > %! ro'!""#6& )*! r!)*#!ra& s!r !&!r,#2a%os Las
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!s#ras %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o s*!$!& s!r *&a o .ar#as5 $as "*a$!s s!
*!%!& a s* .!2 %#.#%#r !& %os ar'!s #,*a$!s > "o&!"'ars! !& s!r#! o
ara$!$o ara "a(b#ar $a r!$a"#6&5 > a'ra.#!sa& !$ &0"$!o (a,&4'#"o5 "*>a
?or(a s*!$! s!r "!rra%a '#o 'oro#%a$ o *!%! '!&!r *& "#!r'o !&'r!#!rro5sobr! !$ "*a$ s! arro$$a& $as !s#ras %!$ s!"*&%ar#o %! *&a ?or(a *&#?or(!5
"o&s#,*#!&%o as+ r!%*"#r a$ (+&#(o !$ ?$*jo %! %#s!rs#6& Es'! arro$$a(#!&'o
!s !$ )*! s! !&"ar,a %! a$#(!&'ar $os "#r"*#'os %! #&'!&s#%a% %! *&o o .ar#os
aara'os %! (!%#%a "o&!"'a%os !& s!r#! S! *!%! %ar 'a(b#4& $a !@#s'!&"#a
%! .ar#os arro$$a(#!&'os s!"*&%ar#os !& *& (#s(o 'ra&s?or(a%or5 "a%a *&o
sobr! s* "#r"*#'o (a,&4'#"o5 *&o ara (!%#%a > o'ro ara ro'!""#6& D! !s'a
?or(a &o !@#s'! #&?$*!&"#a %! *& s!"*&%ar#o sobr! o'ro S# !$ aara'o '#!&!.ar#os "#r"*#'os (a,&4'#"os5 s! "o(or'a "o(o s# ?*!ra& .ar#os
'ra&s?or(a%or!s %#?!r!&'!s U& "#r"*#'o s! *!%! *'#$#2ar ara (!%#"#o&!s )*!
r!)*#!r!& (a>or r!"#s#6&5 > $os %!(3s s! *!%!& *'#$#2ar ara ro'!""#6&
Por o'ro $a%o5 "o&.#!&! )*! $as ro'!""#o&!s %#?!r!&"#a$!s %! "ab$!s o
'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a > %! %#s'a&"#a s! "o&!"'!& a 'ra&s?or(a%or!s
%! "orr#!&'! #&%!!&%#!&'!s V!r ?#,*ra 9K
Los 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! *!%!& s!r %! (!%#"#6&5 %!
ro'!""#6&5 (#@'os o "o(b#&a%os
C#ne=?n ,e $ec*n,a+#$
Los bor&!s %! $os arro$$a(#!&'os r#(ar#o > s!"*&%ar#o %!b!& o%!r s!r
#%!&'#?#"a%os "o& ?#ab#$#%a% Para !$$o5 !& $a &or(a IEC <9= s! #&%#"a !$
"r#'!r#o a s!,*#r ara s* &o(!&"$a'*ra5 s#!&%o a)*!$$os bor&!s )*! !(#!"!&
"o& & > C $os %!$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o5 > $os )*! !(#!"!& "o& ! $os %!$
arro$$a(#!&'o s!"*&%ar#o E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! .#s*a$#2a& $os %#?!r!&'!s "asos9 Tra&s?or(a%or %! s#($! r!$a"#6& Tra&s?or(a%or "o& 'o(a #&'!r(!%#a !& !$ s!"*&%ar#o Tra&s?or(a%or "o& %os s!""#o&!s !& !$ arro$$a(#!&'o r#(ar#o ara s*
"o&!@#6& !& s!r#! o ara$!$o
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Tra&s?or(a%or "o& %os arro$$a(#!&'os s!"*&%ar#os > &0"$!os
#&%!!&%#!&'!s
Figura 1: Cone5i%n de un $C. Fuente !utoC!D.
E@#s'!& %os os#b#$#%a%!s %! #%!&'#?#"a"#6& %! $os bor&!s s!"*&%ar#os
To%os $os '!r(#&a$!s #%!&'#?#"a%os "o& P95 S9 > C9 %!b!& '!&!r $a (#s(a
o$ar#%a% !& !$ (#s(o #&s'a&'! Los bor&!s '!r(#&a$!s %!b!& (ar"ars! o
#%!&'#?#"ars! "$ara ! #&%!$!b$!(!&'! sobr! s* s*!r?#"#! o !& s* #&(!%#a'a
.!"#&%a% La #%!&'#?#"a"#6& "o&s#s'! %! $!'ras s!,*#%as5 o r!"!%#%as %o&%!
?*!ra &!"!sar#o5 or &0(!ros Las $!'ras %!b!& s!r s#!(r! (a>0s"*$as
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Figura 1*: denti+icaci%n de 'ornes en $C. Fuente: Enri3ue 8arcom'o (166).
Los TC so& 0&#"a(!&'! %!$ '#o #&%*"'#.o > %! a"*!r%o a s* %#s!1o *!%!&-
9 T!&!r *&a o .ar#as !s#ras !& !$ r#(ar#o )*! s! "o&!"'a !& s!r#! "o&
!$ "#r"*#'o "*>a #&'!&s#%a% s! %!s!a (!%#r
T!&!r r#(ar#os )*! s! "o(o&!& %! *&a5 %os o "*a'ro s!""#o&!s!r(#'#!&%o *&a5 %os o 'r!s #&'!&s#%a%!s r#(ar#as &o(#&a$!s
(!%#a&'! !$ a%!"*a%o a"o$a(#!&'o %! $as (#s(as". T!&!r *&o o .ar#os arro$$a%os s!"*&%ar#os bob#&a%os "a%a *&o sobr!
s# "#r"*#'o (a,&4'#"o o &0"$!oK D! !s'a (a&!ra &o !@#s'! #&?$*!&"#a
%! *& s!"*&%ar#o sobr! !$ o'ro
Cla$e$ ,e ;+ec$?n
Ta&'o $os TC "o(o $os TP os!!& %os K '#os %! &0"$!os-
9 N0"$!o ara M!%#"#6&- La "$as! %! r!"#s#6& s! %!s#,&a "o(o s!
(*!s'ra !& !$ "*a%ro
C*a,+# &
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Cla$e$ U$#$ ,e l#$ T+an$#+.a,#+e$ ,e Me,,a
Cla$e$ U$#$
C$as! <9 Labora'or#osC$as! < Pa'ro&!s or'3'#$!s > "o&'a%or!s %! ,ra& r!"#s#6&
C$as! < Co&'a%or!s &or(a$!s > aara'os %! (!%#%a
C$as! 9 Aara'os %! "*a%ro r!,#s'ra%or!sK
C$as! Para *so s#& r!"#s#6&
9ota: $omado del $ra'a-o de ;rado de ;%me& F (2006).
Para !$ "aso %! $os TC5 4s'os os!!& *& ?a"'or %! s!,*r#%a% !$ "*a$
,*ar%a r!$a"#6& "o& $a "*r.a %! sa'*ra"#6&5 $a %#sos#"#6& "o&s'r*"'#.a %! $os
&0"$!os > !$ (a'!r#a$ (a,&4'#"o *'#$#2a%o5 '!&%os! as+ )*! $os &0"$!os
ara M!%#"#6& #!r%!& $a r!"#s#6& a 9 @ I& s#!&%o I&5 $a #&'!&s#%a%
&o(#&a$K > s! sa'*ra& a @ I&5 "o& $a ?#&a$#%a% %! &o %a1ar $os #&s'r*(!&'os
"o& $as !$!.a%as "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$as Es'os &0"$!os or $o ,!&!ra$ (a&!ja&
o'!&"#as !$!.a%as %!$ or%!& %! < a < VA ara $os TC > %! 9<< a 9< VA
ara $os TP
N0"$!o ara ro'!""#6&- La "$as! %! r!"#s#6& s! %!s#,&a %! $a
s#,*#!&'! (a&!ra-
C$as! P "o& *& !rror %! 9X a I& > X a$ .a$or (3@#(o %! "orr#!&'!
#&%#"a%a5 or !j!($o- P< #&%#"a )*! !@#s'#r3 *& !rror %! X a <@$&
C$as! 9<P "o& *& !rror %! X a I& > 9<X a$ .a$or (3@#(o %! "orr#!&'!
#&%#"a%o5 or !j!($o-
9<P<5 #&%#"a )*! !@#s'#r3 *& !rror %! 9<X a <@9& Es'os &0"$!os(a&!ja& o'!&"#as %!$ or%!& 9< a VA ara $os TC > %! < a 9< VA
ara $os TP > ,ara&'#2a& $a !@a"'#'*% %! $as "orr#!&'!s %a ?a$$as ara $os
r!$4s %! ro'!""#6&
I.;#+%anca ,e *n e$*e.a ,e ;+#%ecc?n
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E$ obj!'#.o %! *& s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a !s ,!&!rar > s*(#&#s'rar
$a !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a a $os "o&s*(#%or!s E$ s#s'!(a %!b! !s'ar %#s!1a%o >
o!ra%o ara !&'r!,ar !s'a !&!r,+a a $os *&'os %! *'#$#2a"#6& 'a&'o "o&
"o&?#ab#$#%a% "o(o "o& !"o&o(+a S# $os "or'!s %! !&!r,+a so& ?r!"*!&'!s oro$o&,a%os5 s! .! a?!"'a%a $a r*'#&a &or(a$ %! $a so"#!%a%5 or $o )*! s!
%!b! a"!r 4&?as#s !& $a "o&?#ab#$#%a% > s!,*r#%a% %!$ s*(#&#s'ro Ya )*! $os
r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! "o&?#ab#$#%a% > !"o&o(+a so& a($#a(!&'! o*!s'os5 !$
%#s!1o %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !s #&!.#'ab$!(!&'! *& "o(ro(#so
U& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a "o(r!&%! %#.!rsos !$!(!&'os M*"os %!
!s'os !$!(!&'os so& (*> "os'osos5 or !so !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a
r!r!s!&'a *&a ,ra& #&.!rs#6& %! "a#'a$ Para (a@#(#2ar !$ r!'or&o %! !sa#&.!rs#6&5 !$ s#s'!(a %!b! *'#$#2ars! !& $o os#b$!5 %!&'ro %! $os "o&'ro$!s
a$#"ab$!s %! s!,*r#%a% > "o&?#ab#$#%a% %!$ s*(#&#s'ro M3s #(or'a&'!5 s#&
!(bar,o5 !s )*! !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a %!b! s!r o!ra%o %! *&a ?or(a
s!,*ra 'o%o !$ '#!(o
No #(or'a )*4 'a& b#!& %#s!1a%o s!a5 $as ?a$$as s#!(r! o"*rr#r3& !& *&
s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 > !s'as ?a$$as *!%!& r!r!s!&'ar *& !$#,ro ara $as
!rso&as >/o ara $as ro#!%a%!s E$ o%!r %!s'r*"'#.o %!$ ar"o %! *&a ?a$$a
%! a$'a "orr#!&'! !s bas'a&'! !$!.a%o *!%! ?*&%#r $os "o&%*"'or!s o so$%ar
$as $3(#&as %!$ &0"$!o %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s o ,!&!ra%or!s !& *& '#!(o
(*> "or'o5 !& '#!(os %! (#$#s!,*&%os A0& $!jos %! $a ?a$$a (#s(a5 $as a$'as
"orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$a *!%!& "a*sar %a1o !& *&a $a&'a s# !$$a "o&'#&0a or (3s
%! *&os o"os s!,*&%os La ro.#s#6& %! *&a ro'!""#6& a%!"*a%a ara
%!'!"'ar > %!s"o&!"'ar !$!(!&'os %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a !& !$ !.!&'o %!
*&a ?a$$a !s or $o 'a&'o *&a ar'! #&'!,ra$ !& !$ %#s!1o %!$ s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a So$o %! !s'a (a&!ra s! *!%!& "*($#r $os obj!'#.os %!$ s#s'!(a%! o'!&"#a > $a #&.!rs#6& *!%! !s'ar ro'!,#%a
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La ?*&"#6& r#&"#a$ %! *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& !s %!'!"'ar > a#s$ar $as
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9 S#($#"#%a%- "o&s'#'*>! o'ra %! $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os !s)*!(as
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%!sarro$$ar (*"os '#os %! r!$4s )*! r!so&%a& a .ar#as ?*&"#o&!s %! $as
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La ?*!r2a (!"3&#"a s! ,!&!ra a 'ra.4s %!$ ?$*jo %! "orr#!&'! !& *&o o (3s
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Figura 1: Rel< de !tracci%n Electromagn<tica. Fuente: ;um7n (201).
E& $a ?#,*ra 9; s! .! *& '#o %! r!$4 !$!"'ro(!"3&#"o %! #&%*""#6& "o& *&
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Figura 1: Rel< $io =alanc#n. Fuente: ;um7n (201).
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ob'!&!r "ara"'!r+s'#"as #&.!rsas )*! s! %#,a&
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$os r!$4s V!r ?#,*ra 9=K
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La "o&'#&*a r!%*""#6& !& !$ "os'o %! $os (#"roro"!sa%or!s > %! $os
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#($!(!&'a%as or !)*#os s!ara%os
Figura 14: Diagrama de 'lo3ue del rel< num<rico. Fuente: conceto '7sicos de
rotecciones (201").
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E& ,!&!ra$ $os r!$4s &*(4r#"os !r(#'!& *&a ,ra& ?$!@#b#$#%a% or "*a&'o
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ro'!""#6& ara or%!&ar $a a!r'*ra %! 'o%os $os #&'!rr*'or!s %o&%! s!
%!'!"'!& $os !?!"'os %! $a ?a$$a5 $o #%!a$ !s )*! !$ %!s!j! %!$ "or'o"#r"*#'oo"*rra abr#!&%o !$ (+&#(o &0(!ro %! #&'!rr*'or!s Es'o 0$'#(o s! $o,ra
%#.#%#!&%o !$ s#s'!(a %! ro'!""#6& !& or"#o&!s %!&o(#&a%as 2o&as %!
ro'!""#6&
Es'as 2o&as !s'3& %!?#&#%as or $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!
"orr#!&'! > or !$ '#o > "a$#bra"#6& %! $os r!$4s *'#$#2a%os
Las 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& s! s*!$!& %!?#&#r a$r!%!%or %! ,!&!ra%or!s
'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 barras > $+&!as5 'a$ "o(o s! #&%#"a !& $a ?#,*ra 9: C*a&%o
o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a %!&'ro %! *&a 2o&a %! ro'!""#6& %!'!r(#&a%a s! or%!&a $a
a!r'*ra so$a(!&'! %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s )*! )*!%!& %!&'ro %! $a 2o&a o )*!
!s'3& "o&'ro$a%os or !$$a
Por !j!($o5 ara $a ?a$$a F95 s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %!$ #&'!rr*'or 9 ara
$a ?a$$a F 'a(b#4& s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %! !s! #&'!rr*'or ara $a ?a$$a F
s! or%!&a $a a!r'*ra %! 95 > ara F s! abr!& > 5 > ara F s! abr!&
95 5 >
S! *!%! obs!r.ar !& $a ?#,*ra 9:5 )*! ara $a ?a$$a F s! abr!& (3s#&'!rr*'or!s %! $os )*! so& &!"!sar#os5 !s'o s! %!b! a )*! $a ?a$$a o"*rr#6
!& *& *&'o %o&%! !s'3& 'ras$aa%as $as 2o&as > E$ 'ras$ao %! $as
2o&as s! $o,ra "o$o"a&%o 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! !& a(bos $a%os %!
$os #&'!rr*'or!s S#( !(bar,o5 or ra2o&!s !"o&6(#"as5 !s "o(0& "o$o"ar
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!s'os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s a *& so$o $a%o5 "o(o !& $a ?#,*ra < !s'o 'ra! "o(o
"o&s!"*!&"#a )*! a$,*&as ?a$$as &o *!%!& s!r %!s!ja%as "o& $a .!$o"#%a%
%!s!a%a
Figura 16: >onas de roteccion. Fuente: !utoC!D.
E& $a ?#,*ra <5 s! *!%! .!r )*! $a o!ra"#6& %! $a 2o&a ro'!""#o&
%! barrasK5 &o %!s!ja $a ?a$$a F95 or)*! "o&'#&*ar#a a$#(!&'a%a %!s%! a S/E
B5 >a )*!5 %!b#%o a $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'!5 %#"a
?a$$a !s !@'!r&a !& 9 S# s! *b#!ra& "o$o"a%o $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %!
"orr#!&'! a a(bos $a%os %! $os #&'!rr*'or!s5 "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra
95 $a ?a$$a F95 "a!r#a !& $as 2o&as 9 > 5 > s!r#a %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o $os
#&'!rr*'or!s 9 >
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Figura 20: >onas de rotecci%n con traslao. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Figura 21: >onas de rotecci%n sin traslao. Fuente: !utoC!D.
P+#%ecc#ne$ en S$%e.a$ ,e T+an$.$?n
Es "o&.!&#!&'! a"$arar a$,*&as %!?#&#"#o&!s %a%as !& $a #&%*s'r#a
!$4"'r#"a r!s!"'o a$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& No !@#s'! *&a
%!?#&#"#6& *&#.!rsa$5 !ro s! aro@#(a a*&'a&%o )*! *& s#s'!(a %!
'ra&s(#s#6& "o(r!&%! a)*!$$a ar'! %! *& s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o %! o'!&"#a )*!
"o&!"'a $os "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& "o& $os "!&'ros %! "ar,as A*&)*!
!@r!sa%o as+5 s! !s'ar+a #&"$*>!&%o a$ s#s'!(a %#s'r#b*"#6& !& $a %!?#&#"#6&D!&'ro %! $a #&%*s'r#a !$4"'r#"a s! a 'ra'a%o %! !s'ab$!"!r *& !&'!&%#(#!&'o
,!&!ra$#2a%o %! $o )*! !s 'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& %! a"*!r%o a $os &#.!$!s
%! .o$'aj! !($!a%os > s! a !"o $a s#,*#!&'! "$as#?#"a"#6&-
9 D#s'r#b*"#6& #&%*s'r#a$- 5 V > (3s bajos .o$'aj!s
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S*b'ra&s(#s#6&- !&'r! 5 V > 99 V Tra&s(#s#6&- (a>or a 99 V A$'a '!&s#6&- 99 a < V E@'ra a$'a '!&s#6&- a ; V
U$'ra a$'a '!&s#6&- (a>or a 9<<< V
Los .a$or!s %! .o$'aj!s #&%#"a%os r!r!s!&'a& $os .o$'aj!s '+#"os ?as! a
?as! &o(#&a$!s > r(s %!$ s#s'!(a5 !ro &o "o&s'#'*>!& *& s'a&%ar%5 a0&
!@#s'!& !& %!'!r(#&a%os s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a .a$or!s %! .o$'aj! %#?!r!&'!s a
$os #&%#"a%os a&'!r#or(!&'!
E$ %#s!1o > $a s!$!""#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s ara !$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6&
!s %#?!r!&'! a$ %! $os s#s'!(as %! %#s'r#b*"#6& %!b#%o a $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %!
"a%a s#s'!(a5 %!'!r(#&a%as or $os &#.!$!s %! .o$'aj!5 $o&,#'*%!s %! $+&!as >
a$#(!&'a%or!s5 &#.!$ %! "ar,a 'ra&sor'a%a5 #(or'a&"#a5 $+&!as ra%#a$!s o
(a$$a%as5 !'" Por !$$o !s "o&.!&#!&'! 'ra'ar s!ara%a(!&'! $as ro'!""#o&!s
ara 'ra&s(#s#6& > a)*!$$as ara %#s'r#b*"#6& La ro'!""#o&!s ara s#s'!(as
%! s*b'ra&s(#s#6& *!%! r!s*$'ar !& *&a (!2"$a %! a$,*&as %! $as
!($!a%as ara 'ra&s(#s#6& "o& o'ras 'a&'as *'#$#2a%as ara %#s'r#b*"#6&
D!&'ro %!$ "o&j*&'o %! ro'!""#o&!s ara *& s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& s!'#!&!-
9 Pro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& Pro'!""#o&!s %! 'ra&s?or(a%or!s > r!a"'or!s Pro'!""#o&!s %! barras Pro'!""#o&!s "o&'ra %!?!"'o %! #&'!rr*'or Pro'!""#o&!s "o&'ra 4r%#%a %! s#&"ro&#s(o Pro'!""#o&!s %! sobr!'!&s#6&
Pro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&
9 R!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! R!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %#r!""#o&a$ R!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a > !s)*!(as *&#'ar#os o %! '!$!ro'!""#6& R!$4 %#?!r!&"#a$ %! #$o #$o'o
T;#$ ,e +el-$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n $e"n $* *nc?n
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E& $as SS/EE !@#s'!& *&a .ar#a%a ,a(a %! ro'!""#o&!s )*! '#!&!& *&a
%!'!r(#&a%a ?*&"#6& > !& s* "o&j*&'o "o&?or(a& *& !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&
)*! %!!&%!r3 %!$ !)*#o a ro'!,!r Es'os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& .a&
%!s%! $os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& %! 9= V as'a ; V ara ro'!,!r !)*#os'a$!s "o(o- a*'o'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 ,!&!ra%or!s5 "aa"#'or!s
!& ara$!$o o s!r#!5 $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 barras > r!a"'or!s
Es'os s! "$as#?#"a& !&-
Rel- ,e S#<+ec#++en%e
Los r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! so& %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& $os "*a$!s
a"'0a& "*a&%o Ia "orr#!&'! )*! (#%!& sobr! asa "#!r'o .a$or5 !s'! .a$or (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6& !s $$a(a%o ].a$or *(bra$]#" *K > !s aj*s'ab$!
!@'!r&a(!&'! %!!&%#!&%o %! $a sobr!"orr#!&'! )*! s! %!s!a %!'!"'ar
E@#s'!& !& !$ (!r"a%o %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 $a
%#?!r!&"#a $a "o&s'#'*>!& b3s#"a(!&'! s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a '#!(o8"orr#!&'!-
9 R!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os- Los r!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os "#!rra& s* "o&'a"'o %!
o!ra"#6& #&(!%#a'a(!&'! %!s*4s %! (!%#r *& .a$or %! "orr#!&'!
s*!r#or a s* .a$or *(bra$ !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& !s 'a& !)*!1o "o(o
$o !r(#'a !$ $+(#'! ?+s#"o %!$ %#s!1o )*! s! *'#$#"!K P*!%! s!r *&a *&#%a%
!$!"'ro(!"3&#"a '#o !(bo$o o ar(a%*ra5 !& $as "*a$!s !$ .a$or (+&#(a
%! ?*!r2a )*! a> )*! !j!r"!r sobr! Ia #!2a !(bo$o o ar(a%*raK )*!
'#!&! a"o$a%o !$ "o&'a"'o (6.#$5 so(!'#%a a $a ?*!r2a %! *& r!sor'! )*!
Ia s*j!'a5 a$ .!&"!r $a ?*!r2a (!"3&#"a %!$ r!sor'! s! $o,ra& "!rrar o abr#r
$os
"o&'a"'os
E& '4r(#&os (a'!(3'#"os s! *!%! %!"#r )*! !$ r!$4 o!ra "*a&%o s!
"*($!-
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E"* 9
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Do&%! r !s $a ?*!r2a r!s'r#"'#.a %!$ r!sor'! > K I 2
!s $a ?*!r2a %!
o!ra"#6& ro.o"a%a or $a "orr#!&'! !& $a bob#&a Co(o *!%! #&?!r#rs! %!
$a !"*a"#6& a&'!r#or5 !$ .a$or (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 I* .a$!-
E"*
Es'! .a$or s! *!%! aj*s'ar a*(!&'a&%o o %#s(#&*>!&%o $a '!&s#6& )*!
!$ r!sor'! !j!r"! sobr! $a #!2a (6.#$5 > !$ ra&,o %! .ar#a"#6& %!!&%! %!$
%#s!1o %!$ "o&j*&'o "o($!'o
R!$4s '!(or#2a%os- Es'os r!$4s s! *'#$#2a& "*a&%o s! r!)*#!r! *&a
'!(or#2a"#6& #&'!&"#o&a$ !& Ia o!ra"#6& D!&'ro %! !s'a "a'!,or+a %!
r!$4s !@#s'!& %os K '#os- $os %! '#!(o %!?#&#%o5 $os "*a$!s o!ra& !& *&
'#!(o r!!s'ab$!"#%o ara "*a$)*#!r "orr#!&'! s*!r#or a$ .a$or *(bra$ >
$os %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 "*>o '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %#s(#&*>! r3#%a(!&'!"o& *& a*(!&'o %! Ia sobr!"orr#!&'! %!'!"'a%a !s %!"#r !$ '#!(o %!
a"'*a"#6& !s #&.!rsa(!&'! roor"#o&a$ a$ (6%*$o %! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a
a7 R!$4 '!(or#2a%o %! '#!(o %!?#&#%o- *!%!& s!r "o&s'r*#%os "o& *&a
*&#%a% %! sobr!"orr#!&'! #&s'a&'3&!a > *& (!"a&#s(o '!(or#2a%o
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K I 2> K r
I >√ K r K
I =√ K r K
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Figura 22: $iemo de oeraci%n del rel< de so'recorriente (tiemo instant7neo& tiemo
de+inido / tiemo inerso). Fuente: Concetos =7sicos de Protecciones (201").
Para !$ "aso %! r!$4s %! !s'a%o s6$#%o5 s! *!%! ob'!&!r *&a (a>or
.ar#!%a% %! "*r.as "o(o s! obs!r.a !& $a ?#,*ra 5 !& $a (#s(a s! (*!s'ra
$as "*r.as "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 '#!(o (*> #&.!rso >
!@'r!(a%a(!&'! #&.!rso r!s!"'#.a(!&'!
Figura 2": Curas caracter#sticas de rel<s de estado s%lido. Fuente: Concetos
=7sicos de Protecciones (201").
A;lcac?n ,e +el-$ ,e $#<+ec#++en%e
E& "asos %! s!r *'#$#2a%os "o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !& a$,*&as r!%!s
%! s*b'ra&s(#s#6& ra%#a$!s5 $os r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! %!b!& #,*a$(!&'!
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sa'#s?a"!r $os "r#'!r#os ,!&!ra$!s %! $os s#s'!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !&'r! !$$as5 $a
s!$!"'#.#%a%
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'#!(os %! o!ra"#6& %! $os r!$4s5 %o&%! !$ r!$4 (3s "!r"a&o a $a ?a$$a %!b!o!rar r#(!ro Es'os r!$4s s! *'#$#2a& !& $+&!as ra%#a$!s o !& $+&!as
(a$$a%as5 %o&%! $os &#.!$!s %! "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$as !& $as %#s'#&'as s!""#o&!s
%! $a r!%5 &o %#?#!r!& (*"o !&'r! s#
La %!s.!&'aja %! !s'! !s)*!(a !s !$ (a>or '#!(o %! %!s!j! %! ?a$$a
ara ?a$$as "!r"a&as a $a ?*!&'!5 %o&%! $as (a,&#'*%!s %! "orr#!&'! so& (3s
!$!.a%as > s! %!b!r+a a"'*ar "o& (a>or ra#%!2 La "oor%#&a"#6& %! !s'os
r!$4s s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra
Figura 2: Selectiidad de los rel<s de tiemo de+inido. Fuente: Flores (201*).
Selec%1,a, c#n +el- ,e %e.;# n1e+$# Para r!so$.!r $a %!s.!&'aja %!$ !s)*!(a a&'!r#or s! *!%! *'#$#2ar o'ro
!s)*!(a !($!a&%o r!$4s %! '#!(o #&.!rso5 %o&%! s! *!%! $o,rar *&a
"oor%#&a"#6& !& '#!(o "o(o s! #&%#"a !& $a ?#,*ra
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Figura 2*: Selectiidad con rel< de tiemo inerso. Fuente: Flores (201*).
Es'a so$*"#6& !s a$#"ab$! ar'#"*$ar(!&'! "*a&%o !@#s'! *&a %#?!r!&"#a
ar!"#ab$! !&'r! $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a a$ ?#&a$ %! $a $+&!a L > $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a
a$ "o(#!&2o %! $a $+&!a D#"as "orr#!&'!s .#!&!& %a%as or $as s#,*#!&'!s
?or(*$as
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S# s !s (*"o (a>or )*! L5 $os '#!(os %! o!ra"#6& so& (*>
ar!"#%os > &o '#!&! .!&'aja a$,*&a *'#$#2ar r!$4s %! '#!(o #&.!rso
Selec%1,a, c#n +el- ,e %e.;# n1e+$# e n$%an%Fne#Es'a so$*"#6& s! a$#"a "*a&%o !@#s'! *&a %#?!r!&"#a ar!"#ab$! !&'r! $as
"orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$a !& $+&!as $ar,as > a%#"#o&a$(!&'! s! %!s!a r!%*"#r $os
'#!(os %! %!s!j! %! ?a$$a5 (!jora&%o as+ $a s!$!"'#.#%a% > !s'ab#$#%a% %!$
s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a Los r!$4s #&s'a&'3&!os &o %!b!& .!r ?a$$as !& !$
!@'r!(o o*!s'o %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a5 or $o 'a&'o s! aj*s'a& a *& .a$or %!
"orr#!&'! !&'r! > <X or !&"#(a %!$ .a$or %! "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o
ara ?a$$as !& $a barra r!(o'a V!r ?#,*ra K
Figura 2: Selectiidad con rel< de tiemo inerso e instant7neo. Fuente: Flores
(201*).
Rel- ,e S#<+ec#++en%e D+ecc#nal
Los r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! "o&.!&"#o&a$!s so& b3s#"a(!&'! &o
%#r!""#o&a$!s5 $o "*a$ s#,&#?#"a )*! !$ r!$4 o!ra s!,0& $a (a,&#'*% %! $a"orr#!&'! )*! !s'3 (#%#!&%o5 > &o s* %#r!""#6& o 3&,*$o %! ?as! E$ r!$4 &o
*!%! %!'!"'ar s# $a ?a$$a !s'3 a"#a a%!$a&'! o a"#a a'r3s %! s* *b#"a"#6&
S#& !(bar,o5 !& $a r3"'#"a5 !$ r!$4 %!b! o!rar so$o !& $a %#r!""#6& a"#a
a%!$a&'! o %#r!""#6& %! %#saro > b$o)*!ar s* o!ra"#6& ara ?a$$as !& $a
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%#r!""#6& #&.!rsa La %#r!""#6& %! %#saro !s ,!&!ra%a or *& r!$4 a%#"#o&a$
%!&o(#&a%o r!$4 %#r!""#o&a$5 )*! "o($!(!&'a a$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'! La
"orr#!&'! &o '#!&! *&a %#r!""#6& abso$*'a5 !s *& .a$or "*>a %#r!""#6& s6$o s!
%!'!r(#&a !& r!$a"#6& a o'ra (a,&#'*%5 "o(o *!%! s!r o'ra "orr#!&'! o *&.o$'aj! La o'!&"#a a"'#.a s# r!s!&'a *&a %#r!""#6& or s+ (#s(a5 !ro s*
(a,&#'*% &o !r(#'! #%!&'#?#"ar "o&%#"#o&!s %! ?a$$as %! "or'o"#r"*#'o !& *&
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%! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !s"a$o&a%os %#r!""#o&a$!s
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%! *&a ?a$$a
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a$#(!&'a"#6& b#$a'!ra$ o !& $a2o5 'a&'o ara "or'o"#r"*#'o !&'r! ?as!s5 "o(o a
'#!rra V!r ?#,*ra ;K
Figura 2: Cone5i%n Rel< So'recorriente. Fuente: 8atos (2012).
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Las ro'!""#o&!s %#r!""#o&a$!s s! *!%!& "a'a$o,ar "o(o *& '#o
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ro'!""#6&K
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% I&%*"'#.o 8 %#&3(#"os Es'3'#"os
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"a&'#%a%!s a"'*a&'!s5 $os %!(3s "o(ara& $as ?as!s %! $as (a,&#'*%!s
!$4"'r#"as
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'o%os $os !$!(!&'os
F
igura 24: Cone5i%n de un Rel< So'recorriente. Fuente: 8atos (2012).
I,*a$(!&'! $os r!$4s %#r!""#o&a$!s s! a$#"a& !& !$ "aso %! $+&!as
ara$!$as !& r!%!s %! %#s'r#b*"#6& s!,0& s! (*!s'ra !& $a ?#,*ra :
Figura 26: #neas aralelas rotegidas or rel<s direccionales.
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E& $a ?#,*ra : ara $a ?a$$a #&%#"a%a F o!ra& $os r!$4s %! $a $+&!a 8 >
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%#r!""#6& a"#a a%!$a&'!
Figura "0: !ctuaci%n del rel< de so'recorriente con +alla hacia adelante. Fuente:
Flores (201*).
E& $a ?#,*ra 9 s! (*!s'ra $a a"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$4 %! sobr!"orr#!&'!
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Figura "1: !ctuaci%n del rel< de so'recorriente con +alla hacia atr7s. Fuente: Flores
(201*).
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A "o&'#&*a"#6& s! (*!s'ra& $as !"*a"#o&!s
Figura "2: Rel< electromagn<tico tio 'alana. Fuente: Flores (201*).
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s!a #,*a$ o (a>or a$ 'or)*! %! r!s'r#""#6&5 as+-
T op=kφ2 A
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T R=k φ2
B+ K R
E&'o&"!s $a "o&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6&-
kφ2 A ≥ k φ
2B+ K R
D6&%!- φ2 A=φi
2+φv2+2φiφv cos (φ−θ )=k ' [i2+v
2+2VIcos (φ−θ) ]
70
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φ2B=φi2+φv2−2φiφv cos (φ−θ )=k ' [i2+v2−2VIcos (φ−θ)]
R!!($a2a&%o $as !"*a"#o&!s %! ?$*jo !& $a "o&%#"#6& %! o!ra"#6& >
or%!&a&%o s! ob'#!&!-4 kk ' VIcos(φ−θ)≥ K R
Y ?#&a$(!&'! $a "o&%#"#6& o!ra'#.a !s-
VIcos(φ−θ)≥ K
C*a&%o φ=θ 5 !$ 'or)*! !s (3@#(o
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La $+&!a %! 'or)*! (3@#(o !s *& "o&"!'o )*! .#!&! %! r!$4s
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Selecc?n ,e 1#l%a/e$ c#++en%e7
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a%!"*a%a5 o "orr#!&'! %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.aK E$ .o$'aj! !& !$ *&'o %! ?a$$a!s "!ro > %!!&%#!&%o %! $a *b#"a"#6& %! $a ?a$$a5 !& !$ *&'o %o&%! !s'3
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a%!"*a%a(!&'! $as "orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s )*! a$#(!&'a& a$ r!$4 ara "*br#r
'o%o '#o %! ?a$$as !& "*a$)*#!ra %! $as ?as!s %!$ s#s'!(a Las "a&'#%a%!s
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a$ 3&,*$o %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a !s'a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !&
a%!$a&'o5 %! !s'a (a&!ra a$ o"*rr#r *&a ?a$$a5 $a "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o s!
a'rasa !& !$ 3&,*$o %! #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a > )*!%a !& ?as! "o& !$ .o$'aj!
Es'o 'a(b#4& .a a %!!&%!r %!$ '#o %! "o&!@#6& %!$ r!$4 > s* 3&,*$o %!
'or)*! (3@#(o
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"o& !$ "*a$ $as "orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s so& a$#"a%os a$ r!$4-
C#ne=?n c*a,+a%*+a: !s $a "o&!@#6& (3s *s*a$ > "o&s#s'! !& )*! a "a%a?as! %! "orr#!&'! s! $! a$#"a !$ .o$'aj! )*! !s'3 %!s?asa%o :<_ "o& r!s!"'o
a$ .o$'aj! %! !sa ?as! S! %#so&!& %! %os '#os %! "ara"'!r+s'#"as
%!!&%#!&%o %!$ 3&,*$o !& )*! !$ .o$'aj! a$#"a%o !s %!s?asa%o ara ob'!&!r
$a (3@#(a s!&s#b#$#%a% V!r ?#,*ra K
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C#ne=?n c*a,+a%*+a ca+ac%e+@$%ca ': !$ .o$'aj! a$#"a%o a$ r!$4 !s
%!s?asa%o <_ !& %#r!""#6& "o&'rar#a a $as (a&!"#$$as %!$ r!$oj E& !s'! "aso
$a (3@#(a s!&s#b#$#%a% o"*rr! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3 <_ !& a'raso "o& !$.o$'aj! La 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 "orr!so&%! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3
<_ !& a%!$a&'o o 9<_ !& a'raso V!r ?#,*ra K
Figura "": Cone5i%n de cuadratura. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones (201").
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Figura ": Cone5i%n de cuadratura "0?. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones
(201").
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%!s?asa%o _ !& %#r!""#6& "o&'rar#a a $as (a&!"#$$as %!$ r!$oj E& !s'! "aso
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.o$'aj! La 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 "orr!so&%! "*a&%o $a "orr#!&'! !s'3
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Figura "*: Cone5i%n de cuadratura *?. Fuente: Concetos =7sicos Protecciones(201").
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r!s!&'a !& $os #$o'os !& !$ &#.!$ %! .o$'aj! &o s! *!%! (a&'!&!r bajo >s!r3& &!"!sar#os #$os #$o'o "o& ,ra%o %! a#s$a(#!&'o !$!.a%o
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!?!"'os %! #&%*""#6&5 $as "o($#"a"#o&!s aso"#a%as a$ !($!o %! *& "a(#&o
%#?!r!&'! ara $os #$os #$o'os o $a 'ra&s(#s#6& !& s!1a$!s (o%*$a%as !& a$'a
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?r!"*!&"#a5 $a o"#6& (3s s!&"#$$a !s !$ !($!o %! $a ?#bra 6'#"a "o(o "a&a$
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$+&!as "or'as5 or s* ?3"#$ a$#"a"#6& > '!&!r *&a .!&'aja a%#"#o&a$ a$ &o&!"!s#'ar .o$'aj! %! $a ?*!&'!
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#(!%a&"#a
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"or'as "o(ara $as "orr#!&'!s !& a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a ara %!'!"'ar $a
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"o(ara%as a 'ra.4s %! *& .o$'aj! (o&o?3s#"o %!r#.a%o %! $as "orr#!&'!s %!
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Vf =k 1/1+k 2/2+k 0 /0
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Figura ": Cone5i%n del rel< hilo iloto. Fuente: +lores (201*).
S!,0& $o .#s'o !& $a ?#,*ra $as 'r!s "orr#!&'!s %! ?as! > $a %! &!*'ro s!
"o&!"'a& a *& ?#$'ro %! s!"*!&"#a > s! ro%*"! "o(o sa$#%a !$ .o$'aj! VF )*!
!s r!r!s!&'a'#.o %! 'o%os $os '#os > &#.!$!s %! ?a$$a s!,0& $as
"o(b#&a"#o&!s %! s!"*!&"#as os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro Los ?a"'or!s `s s!
*!%!& aj*s'ar (!%#a&'! 'as > %!$ %#s!1o %!$ ?#$'ro
E$ .o$'aj! VF %! *& !@'r!(o %! $a $+&!a s! "o(ara "o& !$ VF s#(#$ar %!$
o'ro !@'r!(o *'#$#2a&%o *&a "o&!@#6& a$3(br#"a '#o ar '!$!?6&#"o !& !$
asa%oK "o(o s! ar!"#a !& !$ s#,*#!&'! %#a,ra(a %!$ "#r"*#'o E$ .o$'aj! VFs! "o&!"'a a$ #$o #$o'o !& "a%a !@'r!(o a 'ra.4s %! *&a bob#&a %!
r!s'r#""#6& R "o& *&a bob#&a %! o!ra"#6& OP !&'r! !$ ar %! #$os > !$
'ra&s?or(a%or %! a#s$a(#!&'o La "orr#!&'! !& R '#!&%! a r!.!&#r $a
a"'*a"#6& %!$ r!$45 (#!&'ras )*! $a "orr#!&'! !& $a bob#&a OP ro%*"#r3 $a
o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 > %#saro %! $os r!s!"'#.os #&'!rr*'or!s
Para $a ?a$$a #&'!r&a5 $a "orr#!&'! ?$*>! a 'ra.4s %! $as r!s!"'#.as bob#&as
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!@'r!(o
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so& #,*a$!s5 &o abr+a "orr#!&'! ?$*>!&%o or !$ #$o #$o'o S# &o a>
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"o&'r#b*"#6& a $a ?a$$a %!s%! *&o %! $os !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a5 or
!j!($o5 !&'o&"!s $a "orr#!&'! a 'ra.4s %!$ o'ro !@'r!(o5 G !& !s'! "aso5 s!
%#.#%#r+a !&'r! $as bob#&as $o"a$!s > $a bob#&a %! o!ra"#6& !& or
#&'!r(!%#o %!$ #$o #$o'o S# $a "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a !& G '#!&! $a (a,&#'*%s*?#"#!&'! $os r!$4s %! a(bos '!r(#&a$!s *!%!& o!rar > ro%*"#r %#saros
r3#%os > s#(*$'3&!os
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%#?!r!&"#a$ %! "orr#!&'! or "o(ara"#6& %! ?as!s5 o!ra !& *& a($#o ra&,o
> %#s'r#b*"#6& %! "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$a
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!s"a$o&a(#!&'o %! '#!(o r!s*$'a& #&a%!"*a%os5 %!b#%o a )*! $os aj*s'!s %!
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s! r!s!&'ara& !& "#!r'os *&'os %! $a r!% $o )*! %!s%! *& *&'o %!
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s#&"ro&#s(o !& (3)*#&as o !& #&s'a$a"#o&!s %! baja '!&s#6& o '#o #&%*s'r#a$5
!$ #&'!rr*(#r ?a$$as $!ja&as "o& '#!(os a$'os *!%!& ro.o"ar
sobr!"a$!&'a(#!&'o !rj*%#"#a$!s a (3)*#&as > aara'os !$4"'r#"os
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#&'!rr*(! "o& ra#%!2 $a %*ra"#6& %! $a "a+%a %! '!&s#6& ro.o"a%a or *&a
?a$$a *!%! 'ra!r "o&s!"*!&"#as s!.!ras ara $os *s*ar#os %!$ s!r.#"#o
!$4"'r#"o
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*& "or'o"#r"*#'o !& a$,0& *&'o %! $a r!%5 $os r!$4s )*! !s'3& (3s "!r"a a $a
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La ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a o?r!"! .!&'ajas !& $a ro'!""#6& %! $+&!as %!
'ra&s(#s#6& %! (!%#a&a > a$'a '!&s#6& roor"#o&a&%o a*'o(3'#"a(!&'!
ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o a $as s!""#o&!s a%>a"!&'!s ob'!&%os! s!$!"'#.#%a%
or (!%#o %! "ara"'!r+s'#"as %#r!""#o&a$!s %! $os ro#os r!$4s Las Pro'!""#o&!s %! %#s'a&"#a so& *sa%as !& s#s'!(as (a$$a%os %!
'ra&s(#s#6& > %#s'r#b*"#6& )*! so& a$#(!&'a%os %!s%! .ar#os *&'os Ta(b#4&
s! s*!$!& *'#$#2ar "o(o r!sa$%o %! a*'o'ra&s?or(a%or!s V!r F#,*ra ;K
E$ (4'o%o (3s ?3"#$ (#%#!&%o ara %!'!r(#&ar ?a$$as !& *&a $+&!a !s $a
(#%#!&%o $a #(!%a&"#a %!s%! !$ *&'o %o&%! a> *& r!$4 as'a %o&%!
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La #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a !s roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a !&'r! !$ r!$4 > !$*&'o %! ?a$$a5 %! a)*+ )*! $os r!$4s )*! (#%a& #(!%a&"#a s! %!&o(#&a&
r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a > !s'o $o a"!& "!)*!a&%o "o&s'a&'!(!&'! $os ar3(!'ros
%! '!&s#6& > "orr#!&'!
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?a$$a so& a$'os5 or $o "*a$ s# *&a ?a$$a &o !s %!s!ja%a r3#%a(!&'!5 *!%!
"a*sar #&!s'ab#$#%a% a$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a as+ "o(o %a1os a$ !rso&a$ o a$
!)*#a(#!&'o Por !s'a ra26&5 $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a so& !($!a%os !& .!2
%! $os r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!
Las .!&'ajas %! a$#"a"#6& %! r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a5 !& "o(ara"#6& "o& $os
r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! so&-
9 Ma>or 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& #&s'a&'3&!a Ma>or s!&s#b#$#%a% M3s ?3"#$!s %! aj*s'ar > "oor%#&ar No so& a?!"'a%os or $os "a(b#os !& $a "o&?#,*ra"#6& %!$ s#s'!(a %!
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!@#s'! *&a ?a$'a %!&'ro o ?*!ra %! s* 2o&a %! o!ra"#6&
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E$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a !s'3 "o&!"'a%o a $a $+&!a a 'ra.4s %! $os
'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a
Figura ": Cone5i%n de un rel< de distancia. Fuente: Fing (200).
La ?#,*ra = (*!s'ra $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a or *& r!$4
%! %#s'a&"#a5 a #&s'a$ar !& G E$ s#s'!(a 'a(b#4& *!%! s!r r!r!s!&'a%o or
*&a ,r3?#"a R8 $a&o %! #(!%a&"#aK5 V!r ?#,*ra :
Figura "4: Reresentaci%n de una l#nea rotegida or un rel< de distancia. Fuente:Fing (200).
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Figura "6: Reresentaci%n de una l#nea rotegida or un rel< de distancia en el lano
de imedancia. Fuente: Fing (200).
Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a s! *!%!& "$as#?#"ar s!,0& $a ?or(a %! s*s 2o&as
%! o!ra"#6& E& ,!&!ra$ s! r!"o&o"!& "*a'ro ?or(as %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!
o!ra"#6&5 $as "*a$!s s! (*!s'ra& !& $a ?#,*ra <
a Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#ab Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! a%(#'a&"#a o (o" Cara"'!r+s'#"a %! r!a"'a&"#a% Cara"'!r+s'#"a o$#,o&a$ o "*a%r#$a'!ra$
U& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a o!ra s# $a #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a or !$ r!$4 !s'3
%!&'ro %! s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6&
Figura 0: Caracter#sticas de oeraci%n. Fuente: Fing (200).
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Me,,a ,e la .;e,anca ,e alla
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"orr#!&'!5 !& $a *b#"a"#6& %!$ r!$45 so& %#?!r!&'!s ara "a%a '#o %! ?a$$a Es
?*&%a(!&'a$ !& $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a5 #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! %!$ '#o %! ?a$$a5
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%! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a
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E$ !s)*!(a b3s#"o %! $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a "o(r!&%! *&a 2o&a 9
#&s'a&'3&!a > a$ (!&os %os 2o&as "o& %#saro '!(or#2a%o Los r!$4s
%#,#'a$!s *!%!& '!&!r as'a 2o&as > a$,*&as %! !$$as s! $as *!%! aj*s'ar
ara o!rar a"#a a'r3s V!r ?#,*ra 9K Los aj*s'!s '+#"os %! "a%a 2o&a so&-
9 o&a 9- A$"a&"! ^ =<X #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a T#!(o- #&s'a&'3&!o o&a - A$"a&"! ^ 9<X #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a- T#!(o- < a < s". o&a - A$"a&"! ^ <<X r!sa$%o %! $+&!as a%>a"!&'!s- T#!(o- 9 s
Figura 1: >onas de rotecciones. Fuente: Flores (201*).
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De$;e/e ,e alla$ $ec*encale$7 Rece++e n# e=%#$#7
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Es or $o 'a&'o &!"!sar#o "o($!(!&'ar %#"o !s)*!(a ara a"!$!rar !$
%!s!j! %! ?a$$as !& $os !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a
Para r!so$.!r !$ rob$!(a a&'!r#or(!&'! $a&'!a%o !s &!"!sar#o
#&"ororar a$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& *& !&$a"! %! "o(*&#"a"#o&!s or o&%a
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ro'!,#%a
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Los !s)*!(as %! '!$!ro'!""#6& #&'!r"o&!"'a& $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a %! !&
a(bos !@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a (!%#a&'! "a&a$!s %! "o(*&#"a"#6&5 ara o%!r #%!&'#?#"ar s# $a ?a$'a !s %!&'ro %!$ !)*#o ro'!,#%o > o!rar !& ?or(a
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9 O&%a or'a%ora "arr#!rK M#"roo&%a F#bra 6'#"a
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Los !s)*!(as %! "o(*&#"a"#6& s! "$as#?#"a& !&-
9 Es)*!(as %! 'ra&s?!r!&"#a %! %#saro- so& $os !s)*!(as !& )*! $a
r!"!"#6& %! *&a s!1a$ #&#"#a *& %#saro a$ #&'!rr*'or
2. Es)*!(as %! b$o)*!o- so& !s)*!(as !& )*! $a r!"!"#6& %! *&a
s!1a$ b$o)*!a !$ %#saro a$ #&'!rr*'or
E$*e.a ,e <l#*e# ,e +el-$ ,e ,$%anca ;#+ #$clac#ne$ ,e ;#%enca
Por $o ,!&!ra$ $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a #&s'a$a%os !& $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&
)*! #&'!r"o&!"'a& "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6& !s'3& !)*#a%os "o& !s)*!(as %!
b$o)*!o "o&'ra os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a5 >a )*! o%r+a& o!rar %*ra&'! 'a$!s
"o&%#"#o&!s Co(o !$ $*,ar ,!o(4'r#"o %!$ "!&'ro !$4"'r#"o %! $a os"#$a"#6& %!!&%!
%! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $as ?*!&'!s5 > 4s'a *!%! .ar#ar5 %!!&%#!&%o %!
"*a&'os ,!&!ra%or!s !s'4& !& s!r.#"#o !& %!'!r(#&a%o (o(!&'o5 &o s!
*!%! r!%!'!r(#&ar "o& !@a"'#'*% $a *b#"a"#6& %!$ "!&'ro !$4"'r#"o5 or $o
'a&'o $a (!jor r3"'#"a !s "o$o"ar !s)*!(as %! b$o)*!o %! 'o%os $os r!$4s %!
%#s'a&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !& r!?!r!&"#a
E$ !s)*!(a %! b$o)*!o or os"#$a"#6& %! o'!&"#a !s "o(o !$ )*! s!
(*!s'ra !& $a $3(#&a s#,*#!&'!
E$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o "o&s#s'! %! *&a "ara"'!r+s'#"a "#r"*$ar "o&"4&'r#"a "o&
$a %! 2o&a 95 o 'a(b#4& s! *!%! *sar $a %! 2o&a ! #&"$*so $a *&#%a% %!
arra&)*! %!$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a La #%!a !s )*! $a os"#$a"#6& !&'r! r#(!ro !&
$a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o a&'!s )*! !& "*a$)*#!ra %! $as 2o&as %!$ r!$4 %!
%#s'a&"#a
E$ b$o)*!o s! %ar3 "*a&%o !$ '#!(o %! .#aj! %! $a os"#$a"#6& %!s%! )*!
!&'ra !& $a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %! b$o)*!o as'a )*! a$"a&2a $a 2o&a %!$ r!$4 %!
%#s'a&"#a !s #,*a$ o (a>or a *& '#!(o r!%!?#&#%o %! aj*s'! V!r ?#,*ra K
D*ra&'! *&a ?a$$a $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 "a(b#a abr*'a(!&'!
%!s%! La #(!%a&"#a %! "ar,a a $a #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a > as+ &o a> b$o)*!o
D*ra&'! $a os"#$a"#6& %#"a 'ra&s#"#6& !s $!&'a > %a '#!(o a b$o)*!ar E&
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"o&"$*s#6&5 $a #(!%a&"#a %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %! $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&
(!%#%a !& s*s '!r(#&a$!s .ar+a !& ?*&"#6& %!$ 3&,*$o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !&'r!
%os !@'r!(os5 %*ra&'! "o&%#"#o&!s %! os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a !s'ab$!s o
#&!s'ab$!s Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a *!%!& o!rar %*ra&'! "o&%#"#o&!s %!
os"#$a"#o&!s %! o'!&"#a !s'ab$! o #&!s'ab$!5 s# !$ $*,ar ,!o(4'r#"o %! $a
os"#$a"#6& !&'ra !& s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& Por $o 'a&'o $os r!$4s %!
%#s'a&"#a so& b$o)*!a%os or 'a$ "o&%#"#6& La %#s"r#(#&a"#6& !&'r! *&a
os"#$a"#6& > *&a ?a$$a !s "o& bas! !& $a .!$o"#%a% %! "a(b#o %! $a
#(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4
Figura 2: >ona de 'lo3ueo del rel< de distancia. Fuente: Flores (201*).
P+nc;# ,e #;e+ac?n ,e l#$ +el-$ ,e ,$%anca
Los r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a *'#$#2a& !$ r#&"##o %! "o(ara"#6& %! r!$a"#6&
S#!&%o $a r!$a"#6&5 !& !s'! "aso5 !&'r! !$ .o$'aj! > $a "orr#!&'!5 $o "*a$
ro%*"! *&a #(!%a&"#a E& $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6&5 $a #(!%a&"#a !s
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roor"#o&a$ a $a %#s'a&"#a > %! a+ !$ &o(br! %! r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a S#&
!(bar,o5 %!'!r(#&ar $a #(!%a&"#a %*ra&'! ?a$$as !& *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o !s
a$,o "o($#"a%o %!b#%o a )*! $os %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! ?a$$as ro%*"!&
%#?!r!&'!s !@r!s#o&!s %! $a #(!%a&"#a5 )*! !$ r!$4 %!b! %!'!r(#&ar E$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a %!'!r(#&a $a #(!%a&"#a aar!&'!5 .#s'a or %#"o
r!$4 %!s%! s* *b#"a"#6&5 !& *& !@'r!(o %! $a $+&!a5 *'#$#2a&%o $as (!%#%as %!
"orr#!&'!s > .o$'aj!s !& %#"o !@'r!(o U&a .!2 "a$"*$a%a !s'a #(!%a&"#a5 $a
(#s(a !s "o(ara%a "o& $os aj*s'!s )*! %!?#&!& $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %!
o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 s*r,#!&%o %! a)*+ $a %!"#s#6& %! a"'*ar5 !& "aso %! ab!r
o"*rr#%o *&a ?a$$a5 > %! s!r as+ !& )*4 %#r!""#6& > !& )*4 2o&a
Fa"'or!s )*! #&?$*>!& !& $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a La #(!%a&"#a (!%#%a or *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a5 > or !&%! s* a$"a&"!5
*!%! !s'ar a?!"'a%a or .ar#os ?a"'or!s ro#os %!$ s#s'!(a5 !&'r! $os "*a$!s
s! (!&"#o&a&-
9 Error!s %! $os TC`s > TT`s5 !s!"#a$(!&'! %*ra&'! $as ?a$$as I(r!"#s#o&!s !& $os .a$or!s %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a Error!s ro#os %! $os r!$4s E?!"'o %! ?*!&'! #&'!r(!%#a o !?!"'o #&?!!% E?!"'o %!$ 3&,*$o %! 'ra&s?!r!&"#a %! o'!&"#a A"o$a(#!&'o (*'*o !&'r! ?as!s > !&'r! $+&!as ara$!$as; E?!"'o %! #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a= As#(!'r+as %! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $+&!a or ?a$'a %! 'ra&sos#"#6&: E?!"'o %! $a #(!%a&"#a ?*!&'! > s* .ar#a"#6& %*ra&'! o!ra"#6&
S!,0& $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 !$ r!$4 o!ra "*a&%o $a
#(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 s! !&"*!&'ra %!&'ro %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a5 )*! !&
!$ "aso (3s s#($! !s *& "+r"*$o "o& "!&'ro !& !$ or#,!& %!$ $a&o %!
"oor%!&a%as R8
S# $a r!$a"#6& o "o"#!&'! !&'r! !$ .o$'aj! > $a "orr#!&'! a*(!&'a5 "r!"! !$
'#!(o %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$4 Es %!"#r )*! !$ '#!(o %! o!ra"#6&
?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %!$ r!$4 !s roor"#o&a$ a$ "o"#!&'!-
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E"* 9
Es %!"#r %!s%! $a #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a as'a !$ *&'o %! $a ?a$$a5 >"o(o ara *&a $+&!a %! 'ras(#s#6& %a%a $a #(!%a&"#a !s roor"#o&a$ a $a
%#s'a&"#a5 s! $! a %a%o !$ &o(br! %! r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a
E& $a ?#,*ra s! (*!s'ra $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! #(!%a&"#a "o& *&#%a%
%#r!""#o&a$
Figura ": Caracter#stica de imedancia con unidad direccional. Fuente: Flores (201*).
E& $a ?#,*ra s! *!%! obs!r.ar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o
a*'o o$ar#2a%a
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Figura : Caracter#stica de oeraci%n mho auto olariada. Fuente: Flores (201*).
E& $a ?#,*ra s! (*!s'ra $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& (o "o&
%!s$a2a(#!&'o > *&#%a% %#r!""#o&a$
Figura *: Caracter#stica de oeraci%n mho con deslaamiento / unidad direccional.
Fuente: Flores (201*).
E%a;a$
So& $os %#?!r!&'!s b$o)*!s $6,#"os '#!(o >/o #(!%a&"#aK )*! os!!
*& r!$4 ara *b#"ar ?a$$as S! "ara"'!r#2a or)*! r!s!&'a& aj*s'!s s!ara%os
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ara !$ a$"a&"! > !$ '#!(o5 a%!(3s *!%!& '!&!r %! %os a "*a'ro !s"a$o&!s
o (3s "o& s*s r!s!"'#.as "*r.as "ara"'!r+s'#"as
A/*$%e$ ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc?n ,e l@nea$
Los aj*s'!s .#!&!& %a%o or !'aas5 !s %!"#r5 "a%a !'aa '!&%r3 *&a
2o&a > *& '#!(o %! a"'*a"#6&
P+.e+a e%a;a
o&a %! a"'*a"#6& #&s'a&'3&!a5 )*! a$ #&'!r"a(b#ar #&?or(a"#6& "o& $os
r!$4s %!$ !@'r!(o r!(o'o5 ,ara&'#2a !$ %!s!j! s#(*$'a&!o %! a(bos
!@'r!(os %! $a $+&!a5 "o&%#"#6& #(r!s"#&%#b$! ara #($a&'ar *& !s)*!(a %!
r!"#!rr! a*'o(3'#"o %! a$'a .!$o"#%a%
8*nc#ne$ ,e la ;+.e+a e%a;a:
9 C*a&%o s! aj*s'a !& s*ba$"a&"!5 ,!&!ra %#saro #&(!%#a'o %!$
#&'!rr*'or $o"a$ I&"ororars! a $as $6,#"as %! '!$! ro'!""#6&5 ara as!,*rar !$ (+&#(o
'#!(o %! %!s!j! ara $as ?a$$as )*! s! *b#)*!& !& $a $+&!a ro'!,#%a5
as+ "o(o $a s#(*$'a&!#%a% %! a!r'*ra %! $os '!r(#&a$!s
Dar #&#"#o a $a o!ra"#6& %! r!"#!rr! a*'o(3'#"o
L.%an%e$ a c#n$,e+a+ en $* a/*$%e:
9 E?!"'o %! $a r!s#s'!&"#a %! ?a$$a > $a "o&'r#b*"#6& %!$ !@'r!(o r!(o'o E& $as $+&!as %ob$! '!r&a o (*$'#"#r"*#'os s! r!)*#!r! #&"ororar !$
!?!"'o %! $a #(!%a&"#a (*'*a ara ?a$$as (o&o?3s#"as a '#!rra
Se"*n,a e%a;a
o&a aj*s'a%a !& sobr!a$"a&"!5 '!(or#2a%a ara "oor%#&ar "o&
%#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& *b#"a%os !& $a S/E s*bs#,*#!&'!
8*nc#ne$ ,e la $e"*n,a e%a;a:
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9 %!s!jar !& !$ (!&or '#!(o os#b$! ?a$$as !& $a 'o'a$#%a% %! $a $+&!a
bajo $a "o&'#&,!&"#a %! a*s!&"#a o 4r%#%a %! $a '!$! ro'!""#6& >/o $os!&$a"!s %! "o(*&#"a"#o&!s aso"#a%os
R!sa$%o a $a ro'!""#6& %! barras %! $a S/E r!(o'a
Dar !$ (3@#(o r!sa$%o os#b$! a $os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6&r#&"#a$ %! $os !$!(!&'os %! $a r!% "o&!"'a%os !& $a S/E r!(o'a5 s#&
)*! s! o&,a !& !$#,ro $a s!$!"'#.#%a% %!$ "o&j*&'o
L#(#'a&'!s a "o&s#%!rar ara s* aj*s'!-
9 Para $as %os r#(!ras ?*&"#o&!s- #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 $a "o&'r#b*"#6&
r!(o'a > $a (*'*a %! $+&!as ara$!$as Para $a '!r"!ra ?*&"#6&- #(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 !$ #&?!!% %! $a S/E
r!(o'a > $a %#sar#%a% %! #(!%a&"#a !& $os !$!(!&'os a%>a"!&'!s
Te+ce+a e%a;a
o&a aj*s'a%a !& sobr!a$"a&"!5 '!(or#2a%a ara "oor%#&ar "o&
%#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& *b#"a%os !& $a SS/EE r!(o'as
8*nc#ne$ ,e la %e+ce+a e%a;a:
9 Dar r!sa$%o a $os %#sos#'#.os %! ro'!""#6& %! $os !$!(!&'os"o&!"'a%os a $a barra r!(o'a Co(o (+&#(o %!b! "*br#r *&a 2o&a
!)*#.a$!&'! a $a r#(!ra !'aa %! $as $+&!as >/o a $a %! $a %#?!r!&"#a$
A%#"#o&a$(!&'!5 %!b! (a&'!&!r (ar,!& s*?#"#!&'! "o& r!s!"'o a$
$+(#'! (3s $!ja&o %! $as s!,*&%as !'aas %! $as $+&!as s*bs!"*!&'!s
> %! $as ro'!""#o&!s %! r!sa$%o o s!"*&%ar#a %! $os
'ra&s?or(a%or!s
L.%an%e$ a c#n$,e+a+ en $* a/*$%e:
9 I(!%a&"#a %! ?a$$a5 !$ #&?!!% !& $as SS/EE r!(o'a >/o s*bs#,*#!&'!
#&"$*>!&%o s* .ar#ab#$#%a%K E& a$,*&os "asos r!s*$'a #(os#b$! "*($#r "o& 'o%as $as ?*&"#o&!s %!
$a '!r"!ra !'aa5 o'3&%os! &or(a$(!&'! or (a&'!&!r $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5
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sa"r#?#"a&%o $a "ob!r'*ra %!$ r!sa$%o
P+#%ecc?n P+.a+a Es !$ %#sos#'#.o %! ro'!""#6& )*! s! s!$!""#o&a "o& *& &0(!ro %!
?*&"#o&!s > "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! r!s*!s'a (a>or!s a o'ras %! ro'!""#6&
#&.o$*"ra%as "o& !s'as
Los r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& r#(ar#a so& a)*!$$os )*! %!b!& o!rar 'a&
ro&'o "o(o o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a5 or%!&a&%o $a a!r'*ra %!$ (+&#(o &0(!ros %!
#&'!rr*'or!s !& !$ (!&or '#!(o os#b$!s
Para $a ?a$$a F95 (os'ra%a !& $a ?#,*ra 5 %!b!& abr#rs! !& ro'!""#6&
r#(ar#a5 $os #&'!rr*'or!s > 5 > ara $a ?a$$a F5 %!b!& abr#rs! $os
#&'!rr*'or!s >
S#( !(bar,o5 a> .!"!s )*! !$ #&'!rr*'or &o s! abr! > !& !s'! "aso $a
?a$$a '#!&! )*! s!r %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o o'ros #&'!rr*'or!s Co&s#%!ra&%o
&*!.a(!&'! $a ?a$$a F s! obs!r.a )*! s# !$ #&'!rr*'or &o s! abr!5 $a ?a$$a
'#!&! )*! s!r %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o $os #&'!rr*'or!s 5 ; > = o $os #&'!rr*'or!s
> : S! %#"! !& !s'! "aso )*! $a ?a$$a a s#%o %!s!ja%a !& ro'!""#6& %!
r!sa$%o
S# $a ?a$$a !s %!s!ja%a abr#!&%o 5 ; > = $a ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o s!%!&o(#&a $o"a$ or)*! !$ r!sa$%o !s'3 %a%o or #&'!rr*'or!s $o"a$#2a%os !&
$a (#s(a S/E %o&%! !s'3 *b#"a%o !$ #&'!rr*'or )*! &o o!ro S# $a ?a$$a !s
%!s!ja%a abr#!&%o > : $a ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o s! %!&o(#&a r!(o'a
or)*! !$ r!sa$%o !s'3 %a%o or #&'!rr*'or!s $o"a$#2a%os !& SS/EE
r!(o'as
E$ '4r(#&o r!(o'as '#!&! *& s#,&#?#"a%o r!$a'#.o > s! *'#$#2a ara #&%#"ar
SS/EE "o& "o&!@#o&!s %#r!"'as5 !s %!"#r5 s#& S/E #&'!r(!%#as5 a $a S/E %o&%!
!s'3 !$ #&'!rr*'or )*! &o abr#6
La '!&%!&"#a a"'*a$ !s *'#$#2ar ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o $o"a$ !& s#s'!(as
%! a$'a > !@'ra a$'a '!&s#6&5 > *'#$#2ar ro'!""#6& r!(o'a !& s#s'!(a %!
%#s'r#b*"#6& o !& s#s'!(as %! o"a #(or'a&"#a $a ra26& %! !s'o !s )*! $a
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ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o $o"a$ !s (3s r3#%a > (3s s!$!"'#.a )*! $a r!(o'a
"o(o *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra ;
La ?a$$a F %!b!r+a %!s!jars! abr#!&%o > ; S# ; abr! &or(a$(!&'!
!ro &o *!%! %!s!jar $a ?a$$a5 )*!%ar+a %!s!&!r,#2a%a $a S/E A a$ abr#r !&ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o r!(o'o 95 > : Por !$ "o&'rar#o5 s# !$ r!sa$%o !s
$o"a$ bas'ar+a "o& abr#r > 5 > $a (#'a% %! $a S/E !r(a&!"!r+a !&!r,#2a%a
Lo #%!a$ s!r+a %!s!jar "*a$)*#!ra ?a$$a !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ or)*! s!
%!s"o&!"'a5 a a$ (a>or .!$o"#%a% os#b$!5 *&a or"#6& (+&#(a %!$ s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a La ro'!""#6& %! r!sa$%o !s $!&'a '!(or#2a%aK > %!s"o&!"'a *&a
or"#6& (a>or %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a )*! $a ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$
Figura : Protecci%n rincial / resaldo. Fuente: !utoC!D.
S#& !(bar,o5 a> (*"as "a*sas )*! *!%!& a"!r )*! *& "or'o"#r"*#'o
&o *!%! s!r %!s!ja%o !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ >5 or $o 'a&'o5 s! &!"!s#'a
'!&!r *&a s!,*&%a $+&!a %! %!?!&sa A$,*&as %! !s'as "a*sas so&-
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a D!s!r?!"'os %! $os r!$4s o !rror !& s* %#s!1ob A.!r+a !& !$ (!"a&#s(o %! a!r'*ra %! *& #&'!rr*'or" A.!r+a !& !$ #&'!rr*'or ro#a(!&'! %#"o E$ #&'!rr*'or abr! !ro !s
#&"aa2 %! #&'!rr*(#r $a "orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o
% Fa$'a %! "o&'#&*#%a% !& #s "#r"*#'os %! "o&'ro$! Fa$'a %! "o&'#&*#%a% %! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a a $os r!$4s
Figura : Protecci%n rincial / resaldo. Fuente: !utoC!D.
De%ecc?n ,e alla$ U&a ?a$$a s! *!%! %!'!"'ar or !$ "a(b#o br*s"o !& $os ar3(!'ros %!$
s#s'!(a Los ar3(!'ros (3s *'#$#2a%os ara !s'! ?#& so&-
9 Corr#!&'! Vo$'aj! A&,*$a !&'r! .o$'aj! > "orr#!&'! S!&'#%o %! ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a I(!%a&"#a
Fr!"*!&"#a; Tasa %! .ar#a"#6& %! a$,*&os %! $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s
Para o%!r *'#$#2ar $os ar3(!'ros a&'!r#or!s !s &!"!sar#o (!%#r$os Es'a
(!%#"#6& s! a"! a 'ra.4s %! $os TP > TC5 $os "*a$!s r!?#!r!& a !s"a$a
r!%*"#%a $os .o$'aj!s > "orr#!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a )*! so&
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#&'ro%*"#%os !& $os r!$4s %! ro'!""#6& ara a&a$#2ar$os > or%!&ar $a a!r'*ra
%! $os #&'!rr*'or!s aso"#a%os !& "aso %! !s'ar !& r!s!&"#a %! *&a ?a$$a
C#++en%e$ ,e C#+%#c+c*%# U& "or'o"#r"*#'o !s *& ?!&6(!&o !$4"'r#"o )*! o"*rr! "*a&%o %os o (3s
*&'os !&'r! $os "*a$!s !@#s'!& *&a %#?!r!&"#a %! o'!&"#a$ s! o&!& !&
"o&'a"'o !&'r! s+5 "ara"'!r#23&%os! or !$!.a%as "orr#!&'!s "#r"*$a&'!s as'a
!$ *&'o %! ?a$$a E$ ro"!so )*! o"*rr! !& !$ s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a a$
ro%*"#rs! *&a ?a$$a "a*sa%a or *& "or'o"#r"*#'o !s !s!&"#a$(!&'! %!
"ar3"'!r 'ra&s#'or#o
Es #(or'a&'! a"o'ar5 )*! a*& "*a&%o s! %#s!1! (*> "*#%a%osa(!&'!
*& s#s'!(a %! o'!&"#a5 !s'! !s'ar3 s#!(r! !@*!s'o a$ %a1o )*! *!%a
"a*sar !$ ?$*jo %! "orr#!&'! !& "o&%#"#o&!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'a$!s "o(o sobr!
"a$!&'a(#!&'o > ar"os !$4"'r#"os %!s'r*"'#.os
Los '#os (3s ?r!"*!&'!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os so&-
a Tr#?3s#"os- C*a&%o $as 'r!s K ?as!s !s'3& *&#%as !& !$ (#s(o *&'o
%!$ s#s'!(a !s !$ )*! ro%*"! $os %a1os (3s s!.!rosb B#?3s#"os- E&'ra& !& "o&'a"'o %os K ?as!s %!$ s#s'!(a" Mo&o?3s#"o- Ta(b#4& "o&o"#%o "o(o ?as!8&!*'ro5 a$ *&#rs! *&a $+&!a
"o& !$ &!*'ro %!$ s#s'!(a
E& $a ?#,*ra = s! (*!s'ra *& !s)*!(a %! $os '#os %! "or'o"#r"*#'os
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Figura 4: $ios de Cortocircuitos. Fuente: $ueras (200).S$%e.a ;#+ *n,a,
La *&#%a% (3s "o(0&(!&'! !($!a%a ara %!?#&#r !$ .o$'aj! %!
o!ra"#6& !& $os S#s'!(as !$4"'r#"os %! o'!&"#a5 !s !$ #$o.o$' VK
M#!&'ras )*! $os #$o.o$'s8a(!r! VAK > (!,a.o$'s8a(!r! MVAK so& $as
*&#%a%!s *sa%as ara !$ ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a aar!&'!K
Las *&#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s j*&'o "o& $os #$oa''s5 #$o.ars5 a(!r!s5
o(s5 !'"5 s*!$!& !@r!sars! !& or *&#%a% o or"#!&'o %! *&a r!?!r!&"#a
o .a$or bas!
E$ .a$or !& or *&#%a% %! "*a$)*#!r "a&'#%a% CK !s $a ra26& %! !sa
"a&'#%a% a s* .a$or bas! E$ .a$or r!s*$'a&'! !s *&a "a&'#%a% a%#(!&s#o&a$
M#!&'ras )*! !$ .a$or !& or"#!&'o XK %! %#"a "a&'#%a% !s !$ .a$or !& or
*&#%a% %! $a (#s(a (*$'#$#"a%o or 9<<
C *K ^ Va$or r!a$ %! C / Va$or bas! %! C E"* 9
C XK ^ C *K c 9<< E"* 9
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Do&%! !$ .a$or r!a$ %! C !s'a !@r!sa%o !& s*s ro#as *&#%a%!s .o$'s5
a(!r!s5 o(s5 a''s5 !'"K M#!&'ras )*! !$ .a$or bas! %! C !s *& .a$or
arb#'rar#o o "o&.!&#!&'! )*! s! s!$!""#o&a "o(o r!?!r!&"#a ara $a "a&'#%a%
!& "*!s'#6& E& !$ a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 $as "a&'#%a%!s (3s "o(0&(!&'!
*'#$#2a%as so& $as s#,*#!&'!s-
9 Corr#!&'! AK I Vo$'aj! Vo$'sK V Po'!&"#a Vo$'a(!r!sK S ^ PdjQ^ VI I(!%a&"#a eK ^ Rdj^ V/I &,*$o %! ?as! ra%5 ,ra%osK T#!(o s!,*&%osK
S! #&?#!r! ?3"#$(!&'! )*! %! $as s!#s "a&'#%a%!s a&'!r#or!s so&#&%!!&%#!&'!s > $as o'ras so& ?*&"#6& %! 0&#"a(!&'! %! !$$as
As+ *!s5 s# s!$!""#o&a& %! (a&!ra arb#'rar+a "o(o "a&'#%a%!s bas! %os
%! !&'r! I5 V5 P5 > 5 $as o'ras "a&'#%a%!s bas! so& a*'o(3'#"a(!&'!
%!'!r(#&a%as
Ven%a/a$ ,el S$%e.a ;7*7
#s'6r#"a(!&'! $a ra26& %! !@r!sar $os .a$or!s %! $as .ar#ab$!s >ar3(!'ros %!$ SEP ?*! s#($#?#"ar $os "3$"*$os &*(4r#"os )*! s! r!a$#2aba&
!& ?or(a (a&*a$ E$ *so %! $a "o(*'a%ora !$#(#&6 !s'a .!&'aja S#&
!(bar,o5 !r(a&!"!& $as s#,*#!&'!s-
1. E& *5 $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !s $a (#s(a
r!?!r#%a a$ r#(ar#o o a$ s!"*&%ar#o %! 4s'! E& *5 $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !& *& s#s'!(a
'r#?3s#"o !s $a (#s(a s#& #(or'ar !$ '#o %! "o&!@#6& !&'r! s*s
%!.a&a%os !s'r!$$a8%!$'a5 %!$'a8!s'r!$$a5 !s'r!$$a8!s'r!$$a o %!$'a8%!$'aK E$ s#s'!(a *5 !s #&%!!&%#!&'! %! $os %#?!r!&'!s &#.!$!s %! .o$'aj!
%!$ SEP > %!s?asa(#!&'os #&'ro%*"#%os or $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s# $os
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.o$'aj!s bas! !& s*s %!.a&a%os so& roor"#o&a$!s a$ &0(!ro %!
.*!$'as %! 4s'os Los ?abr#"a&'!s *s*a$(!&'! !s!"#?#"a& $as #(!%a&"#as %! s*s
!)*#os !& or *&#%a% o !& or"#!&'o %!$ .a$or bas! %! s*s %a'os%! $a"a VA > V &o(#&a$!sK
E$ ro%*"'o %! %os "a&'#%a%!s !@r!sa%as !& *5 !s s#!(r! o'ra
"a&'#%a% !& * E& !$ "aso %! "a&'#%a%!s !@r!sa%as !& X !$ ro%*"'o r!s*$'a&'!
%!b! s!r %#.#%o !&'r! 9<< ara ob'!&!r s* .a$or !& X Por !s'a ra26&
s! r!?#!r! *sar $os .a$or!s !& *5 !& $*,ar %! X
Can%,a,e$ Ba$e
E& !$ a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a !$ .o$'aj! .o$'sK %! o!ra"#6& %!
"*a$)*#!r "o(o&!&'! %!$ SEP !s ,!&!ra$(!&'! "o&o"#%a5 or $o )*! s*
s!$!""#6& "o(o "a&'#%a% bas! !s 'a(b#4& *&a r3"'#"a "o(0&
O'ra %! $as "a&'#%a%!s )*! *s*a$(!&'! s! s!$!""#o&a "o(o bas! !s $a
o'!&"#a aar!&'! .o$'a(!r#osK E& r3"'#"a(!&'! "*a$)*#!r !)*#o !s'a
"a&'#%a% !s *s*a$(!&'! "o&o"#%a
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.a$or %! 9<< MVA "o(o o'!&"#a aar!&'! SK bas! S+ s! s!$!""#o&a& "o(o "a&'#%a%!s bas! a$ Vo$'aj! VB Vo$'sK > a $a
Po'!&"#a Aar!&'! SB Vo$'s a(!r!sK 'a&'o $a "orr#!&'! "o(o $a #(!%a&"#a
bas! )*!%a& %!'!r(#&a%as or $as s#,*#!&'!s %os !@r!s#o&!s-
C#++en%e <a$e I B= S B
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As+ *!s5 '!&#!&%o %!?#&#%as 'o%as $as "a&'#%a%!s bas! "*a$)*#!ra %! $as
"a&'#%a%!s *!%! s!r !&'o&"!s "o&.!r'#%as a * %! a"*!r%o "o& $a r!$a"#6&%! $a !"*a"#6& 9
I.;e,anca$ ,e %+an$#+.a,#+e$ en ;#+ *n,a, ;7*7
U&a %! $as .!&'ajas %!$ s#s'!(a * !s s* #&%!!&%!&"#a %! $os &#.!$!s
%! .o$'aj! %!$ SEP > !$ %!s?as! %!b#%o a $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s s# $os .o$'aj!s
bas! !& s*s %!.a&a%os so& roor"#o&a$!s a$ &0(!ro %! .*!$'as %! 4s'os
La #(!%a&"#a %! *& 'ra&s?or(a%or !s r!?$!ja%a a 'ra.4s %!$ !)*#o %!
'ra&s?or(a"#6& or !$ "*a%ra%o %! $a ra26& %!$ &0(!ro %! .*!$'as %! s*s%!.a&a%os
S+ $os .o$'aj!s so& roor"#o&a$!s a$ &0(!ro %! .*!$'as %! s*s
%!.a&a%os5 $a #(!%a&"#a s! r!?$!ja 'a(b#4& a$ "*a%ra%o %! $a ra26& %! $os
.o$'aj!s %! s*s %!.a&a%os E& !$ "aso %! *&a %! $as ?as!s %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or
s! '#!&! $o (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra :
Figura 6: Circuito e3uialente de un trans+ormador. Fuente: Calder%n (2004).
S! %!%*"! )*! $a #(!%a&"#a > !& !$ %!.a&a%o %! N> .*!$'as s! r!?$!ja
"o(o @ !& !$ %!.a&a%o %! N@ .*!$'as Es'o !s-
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Z X =( N x
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La #(!%a&"#a bas! !& "a%a $a%o %!$ 'ra&s?or(a%or !s-
Z XB= k V x
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Do&%!5 k V x !s !$ .o$'aj! bas! !& !$ $a%o
Do&%!5 k V !s !$ .o$'aj! bas! !& !$ $a%o Y
I.;e,anca$ ,e "ene+a,#+e$ en ;#+ *n,a, ;7*7
Las #(!%a&"#as %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s so& roor"#o&a%as *s*a$(!&'!or !$ ?abr#"a&'! !& * '!&#!&%o "o(o "a&'#%a%!s bas! $os .a$or!s %!
o'!&"#a > .o$'aj! &o(#&a$!s
Las #(!%a&"#as %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s so& r!%o(#&a&'!(!&'! #&%*"'#.as
> s* ar'! r!s#s'#.a *!%! s!r #,&ora%a !& !s'*%#os %! ?a$$as
Los %a'os %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s "o&s#%!ra& %#?!r!&'!s .a$or!s %!
r!a"'a&"#as a%!"*a%os ara !$ !s'*%#o %!$ "o(or'a(#!&'o %!$ ,!&!ra%or !&
%#s'#&'as "o&%#"#o&!s %! o!ra"#6&
Los %#?!r!&'!s '#os %! r!a"'a&"#as )*! *s*a$(!&'! s! roor"#o&a& so&
$as %! $os !j!s %#r!"'o % > !& "*a%ra'*ra5 s+&"ro&a %5 )K5 'ra&s#'or#a \%5
\)K > s*b'ra&s#'or#a \\%5 \\)K
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Las r!a"'a&"#as %!$ !j! %#r!"'o so& $as )*! "o(0&(!&'! s! !($!a& !&
!s'*%#os %! ?a$$as5 or)*! $a 'ra>!"'or#a %!$ ?$*jo !& !$ !j! %#r!"'o !s $a
r!%o(#&a&'! %*ra&'! "o&%#"#o&!s %! ?a$$a5 >a )*! $as "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$a
r!s!&'a& *& r!'raso %! ?as! "o&s#%!rab$! E$ .a$or %! $a r!a"'a&"#a %!$ ,!&!ra%or "a(b#a !& !$ '#!(o %!s*4s %!
o"*rr#r *&a ?a$$a5 >a )*! $os !&$a"!s %! ?$*jo &o *!%!& .ar#ar
#&s'a&'3&!a(!&'!
La r!a"'a&"#a s*b'ra&s#'or#a \\% !s $a %!$ .a$or (3s !)*!1o >
r!r!s!&'a a $a r!a"'a&"#a %!$ ,!&!ra%or a$ (o(!&'o %! o"*rr#r $a ?a$$a Es'!
.a$or %*ra o"os "#"$os as'a )*! !$ !?!"'o %! $os %!.a&a%os %!
a(or'#,*a(#!&'o sobr! $os .ar#a"#o&!s %!$ ?$*jo %#s(#&*>! E$ ra&,o %!'#!(o .a$#%o ara !s'a r!a"'a&"#a !s aro@#(a%a(!&'! "#"$os %!s*4s %!
o"*rr#r $a ?a$$a
La r!a"'a&"#a 'ra&s#'or#a \% !s (a>or )*! \\% > s! !s'#(a )*! s* .a$or
!s .3$#%o !& !$ ra&,o %! $os as'a $os < o < "#"$os %!s*4s %! o"*rr#r $a
?a$$a
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r!r!s!&'a $a r!a"'a&"#a )*! !@#b! !$ ,!&!ra%or !& "o&%#"#o&!s %!
o!ra"#6& %! !s'a%o !s'ab$! E$ .a$or %! % !s *s*a$(!&'! (a>or )*! 9< !&
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I.;e,anca$ ,e l@nea$ ,e %+an$.$?n en ;#+ *n,a, ;7*7
La #(!%a&"#a %! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %! r!s#s'!&"#a5 r!a"'a&"#a
#&%*"'#.a > r!a"'a&"#a "aa"#'#.a S#& !(bar,o $a r!a"'a&"#a "aa"#'#.a
*s*a$(!&'! s! #,&ora !& !s'*%#os %! ?a$$as5 or '!&!r *&a #&?$*!&"#a (+&#(a
!& $as "orr#!&'!s )*! r!s*$'a& a$ o"*rr#r *&a ?a$$a !& !$ SEP
Para !@r!sar !$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a %! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& eK !&
.a$or!s * *s*a$(!&'! s! s!$!""#o&a "o(o .o$'aj! bas! !$ .o$'aj! &o(#&a$
%! o!ra"#6& %! $a $+&!a5 > s! "a$"*$a %! $a (a&!ra s#,*#!&'!-
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Us*a$(!&'! $as "a&'#%a%!s !& * %! $os !)*#os '#!&!& "o(o
"a&'#%a%!s bas! s*s .a$or!s &o(#&a$!s VA o MVA > VK
E& $a (a>or+a %! $os "asos !s'as "a&'#%a%!s bas! so& %#?!r!&'!s a $as
s!$!""#o&a%as "o(o bas! ara !$ SEP
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C#.;#nen%e$ S.-%+ca$
La !.a$*a"#6& %!$ "o(or'a(#!&'o %! s#s'!(as 'r#?3s#"os ba$a&"!a%os5
!s os#b$! r!a$#2ar$o *'#$#2a&%o $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& or ?as! Es'o !s5 s!
r!s*!$.! !$ rob$!(a %! $a (#s(a (a&!ra )*! s# ?*!s! *& s#s'!(a
(o&o?3s#"o5 > $as "a&'#%a%!s %! $as o'ras %os ?as!s %#?#!r!& %! $os ?asor!s
ob'!&#%os !& $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& or ?as! !& Z9<7
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s! a"! "o& $os s#s'!(as ba$a&"!a%os5 $o "*a$ ro.o"a )*! !$ a&3$#s#s %!
!s'os s#s'!(as s! "o($#)*!
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!@'!&%!r !$ a&3$#s#s or ?as! a s#s'!(as )*! "o&'#!&!& "ar,as
%!sba$a&"!a%as
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E$ (4'o%o %! "o(o&!&'!s s#(4'r#"as5 %!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a
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Figura *0: Comonentes sim<tricas. Fuente: Calder%n (2004).
La r!$a"#6& (a'!(3'#"a !&'r! !$ "o&j*&'o $as "a&'#%a%!s %! s!"*!&"#a %!
?as!s > $os ?asor!s or#,#&a$!s !s'3 %!?#&#%a or !$ ro%*"'o %! $a #&.!rsa %! $a
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Re,e$ ,e Sec*enca Las r!%!s %! s!"*!&"#a so& $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *&a %! $as 'r!s ?as!s
?as! a '#!rra o &!*'roK %! *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o ba$a&"!a%o > (*!s'ra& "o(o
?$*#r+a& $as "orr#!&'!s %! s!"*!&"#a !& !$ SEP !& "aso %! !@#s'#r Es'as r!%!s
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La #(!%a&"#a %! !s'! '#o %! !$!(!&'os !s #&%!!&%#!&'! %! $a
s!"*!&"#a %! ?as!s s#!(r! )*! $os .o$'aj!s )*! s! $!s a$#)*!& s!a&
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Las #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a5 &!,a'#.a > "!ro %! $as"o(o&!&'!s %!$ SEP s! ob'#!&!& a$#"a&%o $a 'ra&s?or(a"#6& %!
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%! ?as!
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*!%!& %!r#.ars! '!&#!&%o "o(o r!?!r!&"#a $a ?#,*ra 9
Figura *1: medancia de una l#nea de transmisi%n. Fuente: Calder%n (2004). Los "#r"*#'os !)*#.a$!&'!s %! $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a %! *&a $+&!a
'r#?3s#"a ba$a&"!a%a s#(4'r#"a so& $os (os'ra%os !& $a ?#,*ra
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Figura *2: medancias e3uialentes de una l#nea tri+7sica. Fuente: Calder%n (2004).
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La #(!%a&"#a %! s!"*!&"#a "!ro .ar+a %!s%! s!r *& "#r"*#'o ab#!r'o5
as'a *& "or'o "#r"*#'o %!!&%#!&%o %! $a "o&!@#6& %! s*s %!.a&a%os > !$
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Figura *": Redes de secuencia en cone5iones de trans+ormadores. Fuente: Calder%n
(2004).
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Figura *: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla mono+7sica a tierra. Fuente:Pacheco (200).
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E& $a ?#,*ra s! (*!s'ra $a "o&!@#6& ara *&a ?a$$a $+&!a a $+&!a ?a$$a
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Figura **: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla 'i+7sica. Fuente: Pacheco(200).
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Figura *: Cone5i%n de red de secuencia ara una +alla 'i+7sica a tierra. Fuente:Pacheco (200).
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La "orr#!&'! a$'!r&a s! s*!$! r!r!s!&'ar "o& *& .!"'or ,#ra&%o a $a
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Figura *: Reresentaci%n de un +asor. Fuente: F#sica (200*).
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Figura *4: @ngulo entre +asores. Fuente: F#sica (200*).
Los ?asor!s *!%!& r!r!s!&'ars! (!%#a&'! &0(!ros "o($!jos5
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r!r!s!&'ar *&a s!1a$ a$'!r&a s#& #(or'ar s* ?as! r!s!"'o %! o'ra s! *!%!
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!s %!"#r "o(o *& (6%*$o > *& 3&,*$o Por !j!($o $a !@r!s#6&-
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or%!&a&2as !(#'#%as a 'ra.4s %! %#?!r!&'!s or,a&#s(os o?#"#a$!s5 0b$#"os o
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ro"!%#(#!&'os %! %!?!&sa %!$ 0b$#"o "o&s*(#%or5 !$ r!sar"#(#!&'o %! $os
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a%)*#s#"#6&5 o !& s* %!?!"'o $os "*($#(#!&'os %! $as &or(as #&'!r&a"#o&a$!s
> r!,#o&a$!s5 %! o'ros a+s!s5 o %! aso"#a"#o&!s5 "o& !$ obj!'o %! as!,*rar $a
"a$#%a%
Re"la.en%# Gene+al ,e La Le ,e Se+1c# El-c%+c# Nac#nal
EL r!s!&'! R!,$a(!&'o '#!&! or obj!'o %!sarro$$ar $as %#sos#"#o&!s %!
$a L!> )*! r#,!& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o !& !$ T!rr#'or#o Na"#o&a$5 "o&s'#'*#%o or
$as a"'#.#%a%!s %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 'ra&s(#s#6&5 ,!s'#6& %!$ S#s'!(a E$4"'r#"o
Na"#o&a$5 %#s'r#b*"#6& > "o(!r"#a$#2a"#6& %! o'!&"#a > !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a5 as+
"o(o $a a"'*a"#6& %! $os a,!&'!s )*! #&'!r.#!&!& !& !$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o
Ga"!'a O?#"#a$ %! $a r!0b$#"a Bo$#.ar#a&a %! V!&!2*!$a Nro 9< %! ?!"a
9 %! D#"#!(br! %!$ <<<K
A $os !?!"'os %! $a #&'!rr!'a"#6& > a$#"a"#6& %!$ R!,$a(!&'o %!
S!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 !& s* ar'+"*$o Nro s! !s'ab$!"!& $as %!?#&#"#o&!s )*!'!&%r3& !$ s#,&#?#"a%o ara a"$arar %*%as )*! s! .a>a& r!s!&'a%os a $o
$ar,o %! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! !s'! 'rabajo %! #&.!s'#,a"#6&
Denc?n ,e T-+.n#$ BF$c#$
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Alcance7 Es $a "ob!r'*ra !& %#s'a&"#a o !$ .a$or %! #(!%a&"#a )*! %!b!
"*br#r *& r!$45 %!s%! !$ s#'#o %o&%! !s'3 *b#"a%o as'a o'ro %o&%! s! %!s!a
%!'!"'ar *&a ?a$$a !s "o(o s# ?+s#"a(!&'! s! $$!,ara a *& $*,ar !& !s!"+?#"oA/*$%e$7 So& $os .a$or!s ar'#"*$ar!s %! $os ar3(!'ros %! r!?!r!&"#a %! *&
s#s'!(a5 o !)*#os o ,r*os %! !$!(!&'os5 a "o$o"ar !& ro'!""#o&!s a
obj!'o %! ro'!,!r $os (#s(os Los .a$or!s %! aj*s'! s! ob'#!&!& "o(o
r!s*$'a%o %! $os "3$"*$os r!a$#2a%os5 (!%#"#o&!s o %a'os s*(#&#s'ra%os or
$os %#?!r!&'!s ?abr#"a&'!s
A++an*e7 E$!(!&'o %! %!'!&"#6& %! a($#o a$"a&"!5 )*! %!'!"'a !& r#(!r
'4r(#&o $a !r'*rba"#6&5 %a a.#so o r!ara a $os !$!(!&'o )*! "o&?or(a& a$!s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6& ara *&a os#b$! a"'*a"#6& >/o #&#"#a o s! #&"orora a
%#.!rsas $6,#"as ?*&"#o&a$!s
Ba++a7 Co&j*&'o %! "o&%*"'or!s r#&"#a$!s or &#.!$ %! '!&s#6&5 a ar'#r %!
$os "*a$!s s! %!r#.a& $as "o&!@#o&!s %! $os %#?!r!&'!s !)*#os )*! #&'!,ra&
*&a S/E
Ca;ac,a, ,e +*;%*+a ,e *n *$<le7 Va$or (3@#(o %! $a "orr#!&'! %!
"or'o"#r"*#'o )*! *!%! "or'ar bajo $a '!&s#6& %!$ ?*s#b$!
C#ne=?n7 Co&j*&'o %! "o&%*"'or!s > "o&!"'or!s )*! !r(#'!& *&#r
%#?!r!&'!s !)*#os !&'r! s+ > "o& $as barras
C#++en%e In+*$67Es *&a "o&%#"#6& 'ra&s#'or#a )*! o"*rr! "*a&%o s! !&!r,#2a
*& 'ra&s?or(a%or5 #&"$*so !s'a&%o !& .a"+o
C#+%#c+c*%#7 Es !$ "o&'a"'o %#r!"'o !&'r! s+ o "o& '#!rra %! $os "o&%*"'or!s
!&!r,#2a%os "orr!so&%#!&'!(!&'! a %#s'#&'as ?as!s
Da"+a.a # Plan# Unla+7 R!r!s!&'a"#6& s#(b6$#"a %! *& s#s'!(a 'r#?3s#"o
!)*#$#bra%o > s*s !$!(!&'os (3s #(or'a&'!s *'#$#2a&%o *& so$o #$o "o(o"#r"*#'o (o&o?3s#"oK
E$*e.a ,e <a++a$7 Es $a %#sos#"#6& %! $a barra o %! $os j*!,os %! barras
or &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& )*! ?or(a& *&a S/E
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E$*e.a ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$: Co&j*&'o %! r!$4s )*! ro'!,!& *&a 2o&a
%!'!r(#&a%a $+&!as5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 ,!&!ra%or!s5 !&'r! o'rosK o *& 'ra(o
%! $a S/E
8a$#+7 Es $a r!r!s!&'a"#6& %! *& .a$or %!$ %o(#&#o %!$ '#!(o !& !$ %o(#&#o%! $a ?r!"*!&"#a
In%e+a>7 Es $a "o(*&#"a"#6& )*! !s'ab$!"! !$ *s*ar#o "o& "*a$)*#!r
%#sos#'#.o &*(4r#"o5 a 'ra.4s %!$ (!%#o )*! s! !s'ab$!2"a5 !s %!"#r5 !s $a
#&'!ra""#6& o(br! (a)*#&a OMK La #&'!r?a2 *!%! o"*rr#r 'a(b#4& !&'r!
$os (#s(os !)*#os Ej R!$4 %! a'#o "o& !$ s#s'!(a %! "o&'ro$ "!&'ra$
In%e++*;%#+7 Ta(b#4& "o&o"#%o "o(o %#s>*&'or5 !s *& !)*#o %! o'!&"#a
%#s!1a%o ara abr#r o "!rrar *&o o (3s "#r"*#'os !$4"'r#"os5 bajo "o&%#"#o&!s&or(a$!s %! o!ra"#o&!s o %! ?a$$a
Pa+a.e%+>ac?n Es'o s! r!?#!r! a $a a%a'a"#6& %! $os !)*#os %! "o&'ro$ >
ro'!""#6& a $as "o&%#"#o&!s ro#as %!$ s#s'!(a5 !s %!"#r5 )*! $os !)*#os %!
"o&'ro$ 'ra!& s*s ar3(!'ros %! ?abr#"a"#6& o or %!?!"'o E& "aso %! $as
ro'!""#o&!s s! %!b! a%a'ar a $a "oor%#&a"#6& %! ro'!""#o&!s5 $a '!&s#6&
%! a$#(!&'a"#6&5 o "*a$)*#!r o'ro ar3(!'ro %#s'#&'o a $o )*! os!! !$
%#sos#'#.o
Pe+%*+<ac#ne$7 Es $a "o&%#"#6& )*! !r(#'! $a o!ra"#6& %! *&o o (3s
"o(o&!&'!s %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o5 !ro "o&'#&*a a$ ro$o&,ars! !& !$ '#!(o
*!%! %a1ar $os !)*#os
P#%enca a;a+en%e en VA7 Po'!&"#a aar!&'! r!)*!r#%a or $a "ar,a Es $a
s*(a .!"'or#a$ %! $as o'!&"#as a"'#.as > r!a"'#.as5 > .#!&! !@r!sa%o !& #$o
.o$'a(!r#os VAK
Re, # c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n7 So& 'o%as $as #&s'a$a"#o&!s "o& $as )*! s!
!?!"'0a $a "o&%*""#6& %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a %!s%! $os *&'os %! !&'r!,a %! Ia'ra&s(#s#6& as'a $os *&'os %! s*(#&#s'ros %! $os *s*ar#os
Rel-7 So& %#sos#'#.os o !$!(!&'os )*! r!"#b!& *&a s!1a$ o .ar#as s!1a$!s
"o(o #&?or(a"#6& > )*! a"'0a& ara abr#r o "!rrar "o&'a"'os %!!&%#!&%o %!
Ia (a,&#'*%5 r!$a"#6& %! ?as!s o "*a$)*#!r o'ra r!$a"#6& %! s!1a$!s
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S#<+ec#++en%e7 E$!.a"#6& %! $a "orr#!&'! sobr! !$ .a$or *(bra$
S*<e$%ac?n S5E7 Co&j*&'o %! %#sos#'#.os5 aara'os > "#r"*#'os )*! '#!&!
or ?*&"#6& (o%#?#"ar ar3(!'ros %! $a o'!&"#a !$4"'r#"a
S5E ,e D$%+<*c?n7 M!%#a&'! $as $+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& $$!,a $a !&!r,+a a$os "!&'ros %! "o&s*(os %! a$'os &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6&5 $*!,o ara o%!r$a
%#s'r#b*#r a $os "o&s*(#%or!s !s &!"!sar#o bajar !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > s! a"!
*&o %! $as SS/EE r!%*"'oras o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&
SS5EE Ele1a,#+a$7 La !&!r,+a &o *!%! s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a a $a '!&s#6& %!
,!&!ra"#6&5 or $o 'a&'o !s'as SS/EE s! !&"ar,a& %! !$!.ar !$ &#.!$ %!
'!&s#6& as'a *& *&'o %o&%! *!%! s!r 'ra&s(#'#%a "o& a$'a !?#"#!&"#a
S5E N#,al7 Es a)*!$$a S/E )*!5 #&'!r"o&!"'a%a "o& o'ra5 "o&?or(a *& a&#$$o!& !$ S#s'!(a %! Tra&s(#s#6& >5 !& Ia "*a$5 !$ ?$*jo %! !&!r,+a *!%! s!r !&
*&o * o'ro s!&'#%o5 %!!&%#!&%o %! $as "o&%#"#o&!s %!$ S#s'!(a
Ta<le+#7 Es'r*"'*ra "o&s'#'*#%a or $3(#&as (!'3$#"as !& $a "*a$ s! %#so&!&
!)*#os %! baja '!&s#6& Co&'ro$5 M!%#"#6&5 Pro'!""#6&5 S!r.#"#os A*@#$#ar!s5
!&'r! o'rosK
T+an$#+.a,#+7 E)*#o !s'3'#"o !$ "*a$ (!%#a&'! #&%*""#6& !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"a
'ra&s?#!r! $a !&!r,+a !$!"'ro(a,&4'#"a %! *& *&'o %!$ s#s'!(a "o&!"'a%o a
$a ?*!&'! %! !&!r,+a5 a o'ro "o&!"'a%o a $a "ar,a5 .ar#a&%o ,!&!ra$(!&'!
ar3(!'ros %! !&'ra%a ara a%a'ar$os a$ "!&'ro %! Co&s*(o Vo$'aj! >
"orr#!&'!K
Val#+ *.<+al7 Va$or %! "orr#!&'! )*! r#,! $a a"'#.#%a% %! $os r!$4s
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CAP2TULO III
MARCO METODOLÓGICO
M#,al,a, ,e la In1e$%"ac?n
E$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o or s* #&'!&"#6& %! $o,rar $a o'#(#2a"#6& %!$ s!r.#"#o!$4"'r#"o a 'ra.4s %! I($!(!&'a"#6& ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as
Carabobo I > Carabobo II !&$a"! )*! *&! a $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro
Ca(!jo5 (!%#a&'! !$ *so %! &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as ara #&&o.ar $os !s)*!(as
a"'*a$!s5 s! a"o,#6 a $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!5 )*! %! a"*!r%o "o&
$a U&#.!rs#%a% R6(*$o Ga$$!,os 9::;K5 $a (#s(a "o&s#s'! !&-
La #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 !$abora"#6&5 %!sarro$$o %! *&a ro*!s'a5 %! *&
(o%!$o o!ra'#.o .#ab$! ara so$*"#o&ar rob$!(as5 r!)*!r#(#!&'os o
&!"!s#%a%!s %! or,aa"#o&!s o ,r*os so"#a$!s5 *!%!& r!?!r#rs!
a%!(3s a $a ?or(*$a"#6& %! o$+'#"as5 ro,ra(as5 '!"&o$o,+as5
(4'o%os o ro"!sos > !& "aso %! $a ro*!s'a5 !.a$*a"#6& 'a&'o %!$
ro"!so "o(o %!$ ro%*"'o 9K
D! !s'a (a&!ra !$ !s'*%#o !s *&a ro*!s'a ?a"'#b$! %! r!a$#2ar5 $a "*a$
s! or#!&'6 a so$.!&'ar *&a &!"!s#%a% %! '#o o!ra'#.a "o& r!s!"'o a$
?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s !$4"'r#"as $as "*a$!s
r!s!&'a& ?a$$as !& $as $+&!as %!s"r#'as
T;# ,e n1e$%"ac?n
La #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s %! '#o %!s"r#'#.a5 %!b#%o a )*! s! r!a$#26 *&
a&3$#s#s %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !&
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$as $+&!as Carabobo I > II %! $a S/E (!&"#o&a%as5 ob'!&#!&%o %! !s'! (o%o
*& %#a,&6s'#"o r!"#so %! $a rob$!(3'#"a E& !s'! "o&'!@'o5 B*&,! 9::K
sos'#!&! )*!-
La #&.!s'#,a"#6& %!s"r#'#.a "o(r!&%! $a %!s"r#"#6&5 !$ r!,#s'ro5a&3$#s#s ! #&'!rr!'a"#6& %! $a &a'*ra$!2a > $a "o(r!&s#6& o
ro"!sos %! $os ?!&6(!&os E$ !&?o)*! )*! s! a"! sobr!
"o&"$*s#o&!s %o(#&a&'!s > 'rabajos sobr! r!a$#%a%!s %! !"os5 >
s* "ara"'!r+s'#"a ?*&%a(!&'a$ !s $a %! r!s!&'ar *&a #&'!rr!'a"#6&
"orr!"'a %! $os (#s(os K
Es #(or'a&'! s!1a$ar )*! !$ ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! %!b! '!&!r ao>o !& *&a
#&.!s'#,a"#6& %!s"r#'#.a %! "a(o o *& %#s!1o )*! #&"$*>a a(bas(o%a$#%a%!s
D$eQ# ,e la In1e$%"ac?n
S!,0& $a U&#.!rs#%a% !@!r#(!&'a$ L#b!r'a%or UPEL5 <<K $a
#&.!s'#,a"#6& %! "a(o "o&s#s'! !&-
E$ a&3$#s#s s#s'!(3'#"o %! rob$!(as !& $a r!a$#%a% "o& !$
ro6s#'o b#!& s!a %! %!s"r#b#r$os5 #&'!rr!'ar$os5 !&'!&%!r s*
&a'*ra$!2a > ?a"'or!s "o&s'#'*>!&'!5 !@$#"ar s*s "a*sas > !?!"'os5
o r!%!"#r s* o"*rr!&"#a5 a"#!&%o *so %! (4'o%os "ara"'!r+s'#"os
%! "*a$)*#!ra %! $as ara%#,(a o !&?o)*!s %! $a #&.!s'#,a"#6&
"o&o"#%os o !& %!sarro$$o 9=K
D!&'ro %! !s'! (ar"o %! o#&#o&!s $a r!s!&'! #&.!s'#,a"#6& ob!%!"! a
*& %#s!1o %! "a(o5 or "*a&'o !$ (#s(o !r(#'#6 &o so$o obs!r.ar5 s#&o
r!"o$!"'ar $os %a'os %#r!"'a(!&'! %! $a r!a$#%a% obj!'o %! !s'*%#o5 !& s*
a(b#!&'! "o'#%#a&o ara os'!r#or(!&'! a&a$#2ar ! #&'!rr!'ar $os r!s*$'a%os
%! !s'as #&%a,a"#o&!s
P#<lac?n
D! a"*!r%o a Ta(a>o > Ta(a>o <<K5 $a ob$a"#6& Es $a 'o'a$#%a% %!$
?!&6(!&o a !s'*%#ar !& %o&%! "a%a *&#%a% %! ob$a"#6& os!! *&a
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"ara"'!r+s'#"a "o(0&5 $a "*a$ s! !s'*%#a > %a or#,!& a $os %a'os %! $a
#&.!s'#,a"#6& 99K
La ob$a"#6& %! *&a #&.!s'#,a"#6& !s !$ "o&j*&'o %! *&#%a%!s %! $as )*!
%!s!a& ob'!&!r > sobr! $as "*a$!s .a& a ,!&!rar "o&"$*s#o&!s5 'a(b#4&*!%! s!r %!?#&#%a "o(o !$ "o&j*&'o ?#&#'o o #&?#&#'o %! !$!(!&'os !rso&as o
"osas !r'#&!&'!s a *&a #&.!s'#,a"#6&5 $a ob$a"#6& ?*! !&'o&"!s5 'o%os $os
!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo %! Coro!$!"
M*e$%+a
S! a"! &!"!sar#o a"$arar )*! s! 'rabaj6 "o& $a 'o'a$#%a% %! $a (*!s'ra5
$a "*a$ s! %!?#&! "o(o (*!s'ra "a*sa$ A$ r!s!"'o L6!2 9:::K5 $a s!1a$a"o(o- A)*!$$a or"#6& )*! r!r!s!&'a a 'o%a $a ob$a"#6& 9K5 !s %!"#r5
$a ob$a"#6& !s 'o%a $a (*!s'ra a #&.!s'#,ar5 b#!& s!a !& *& ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$!
* o'ra (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o
La (*!s'ra !s s#($!(!&'! !& s!&'#%o ,!&4r#"o5 *&a ar'!
r!r!s!&'a'#.a %! $a ob$a"#6& o *&#.!rso "*>as "ara"'!r+s'#"as "ab!
r!ro%*"#r !& !)*!1o $o (3s !@a"'a(!&'! os#b$! E& !s'! "aso $a (*!s'ra
so& %os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& SIEMENS5 aso"#a%os a $as $+&!as
Carabobo I > Carabobo II
T-cnca$ e In$%+*.en%#$ ;a+a la Rec#lecc?n ,e la In#+.ac?n
Las '4"&#"as5 'a$ "o(o $a s!1a$a Br#'o 9::K So& $as )*! !r(#'!&
ob'!&!r #&?or(a"#6& %! ?*!&'!s r#(ar#as > s!"*&%ar#as <K E&'r! $as
'4"&#"as (3s *'#$#2a%as or $os #&.!s'#,a%or!s s! *!%!& &o(brar- !&"*!s'a5
!&'r!.#s'a5 obs!r.a"#6&5 a&3$#s#s %! "o&'!&#%o > a&3$#s#s %! %o"*(!&'os Es
as+ "o(o ara $a r!"o$!""#6& %! %a'os !& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! *'#$#26 "o(o'4"&#"as- La T4"&#"a %! A&3$#s#s %! Do"*(!&'a$5 La Obs!r.a"#6& C#!&'+?#"a >
La E&'r!.#s'a
Co& r!$a"#6& a $a obs!r.a"#6& "#!&'+?#"a V#$$a?ra&"a 9::K5 $a&'!a )*!
Es $a&#?#"a%a > "o&'ro$a%a5 !s'3 s*j!'a a "o&'ro$!s %! .a$#%!2 > ?#ab#$#%a%5
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*'#$#2a (!%#os ! #&s'r*(!&'os ro#os A$ (#s(o '#!(o s!1a$a !$ (#s(o
a*'or )*! $a obs!r.a"#6& "#!&'+?#"a s!,0& $os (!%#os s! "a$#?#"a !&
Obs!r.a"#6& &o !s'r*"'*ra%a > Obs!r.a"#6& !s'r*"'*ra%a K
E& !s'! or%!& %! #%!as5 a> )*! r!sa$'ar )*! !$ r!s!&'! !s'*%#o !($!o$a obs!r.a"#6& !s'r*"'*ra%a5 $a "*a$ s! r!?#!r! s!,0& V#$$a?ra&"a 9::K5 a
a)*!$$a )*! ?a"#$#'a obs!r.ar $os ?!&6(!&os !& ?or(a s#s'!(3'#"a > *'#$#2ar
'4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os )*! !r(#'a& (!%#r > or,aar $a #&?or(a"#6&
E& $o )*! "o&"#!r&a a $a '4"&#"a %! a&3$#s#s %o"*(!&'a$5 $a (#s(a !s
as*(#%a or !r&3&%!2 9::K5 "o(o *&a '4"&#"a )*! "o&s#s'! !& %!'!"'ar
ob'!&!r > "o&s*$'ar $a b#b$#o,ra?+a > (a'!r#a$!s )*! *!%a s!r 0'#$!s ara !$
ro6s#'o %!$ !s'*%#o as+ "o(o !@'ra!r > r!"o#$ar $a #&?or(a"#6& r!$!.a&'! >&!"!sar#a )*! a'a1! a$ rob$!(a !& #&.!s'#,a"#6& ;K
As#(#s(o5 "o& r!s!"'o a $a '4"&#"a %! $a E&'r!.#s'a5 Ar#as <<K #&%#"a
)*! M3s )*! *& s#($! #&'!rro,a'or#o !s *&a '4"&#"a basa%a !& !$ %#a$o,o o
"o&.!rsa"#6& "ara a "ara !&'r! !$ !&'r!.#s'a%or > !$ !&'r!.#s'a%o a"!r"a %!
*& '!(a r!.#a(!&'! %!'!r(#&a%o5 %! 'a$ (a&!ra )*! !$ !&'r!.#s'a%or *!%a
ob'!&!r $a #&?or(a"#6& r!)*!r#%a ;K
M3s a%!$a&'! Ar#as <<K s!1a$a )*! $a !&'r!.#s'a s! "$as#?#"a !&
!&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a o ?or(a$5 !&'r!.#s'a &o !s'r*"'*ra%a > !&'r!.#s'a
s!(#8 !s'r*"'*ra%a
D!&'ro %! !s'! "o&'!@'o5 !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& *'#$#26 ara r!"o$!"'ar $a
#&?or(a"#6& $a !&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a o ?or(a$5 $a "*a$ !s %!?#&#%a or !$
a*'or a&'!r#or(!&'! (!&"#o&a%o5 "o(o $a )*! s! r!a$#2a a ar'#r %! *&a ,*+a
r!%#s!1a%a )*! "o&'#!&! $as r!,*&'as )*! s!r3& ?or(*$a%as a$
!&'r!.#s'a%o ara $o,rar ob'!&!r %! a$$+ $as r!s*!s'as r!)*!r#%as ara !$
a&3$#s#s "orr!so&%#!&'! E& "*a&'o a$ #&s'r*(!&'o s! '#!&! )*! P4r!2 <<K $o "o&s#%!ra "o(o $a
!rra(#!&'a )*! *'#$#2a !$ #&.!s'#,a%or ara r!,#s'rar > or,aar
os'!r#or(!&'! $a #&?or(a"#6& o $as r!s*!s'as ;;K Para !s'! !s'*%#o s!
s!$!""#o&6 *&a ,*+a %! !&'r!.#s'a5 "o&?or(a%a or 'r!"! 9K r!,*&'as
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8a$e$ ,e la In1e$%"ac?n
8a$e I: Da"n#$%c# la $%*ac?n ac%*al *e ;+e$en%an l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e
;+#%ecc?n ac%*ale$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e*ne a la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+# Ca.e/#7
E$ !s'*%#o or !s'ar !&(ar"a%o !& $a (o%a$#%a% %! ro>!"'o ?a"'#b$! s!
%!sarro$$6 !& ?as!s5 s#!&%o $a Fas! I5 $a )*! s! r!?#!r! a$ %#a,&6s'#"o o
%!'!""#6& %! &!"!s#%a%!s D*ra&'! !s'a ?as! s! $$!.6 a "abo !$ %#a,&6s'#"o
%! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ )*! r!s!&'a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& !& $as
$+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II !& $as SS/EE Carabobo > P!%ro Ca(!jo5
ara $o "*a$ ?*! &!"!sar#o %!'!r(#&ar- $a &a'*ra$!2a %!$ !s'*%#o5 ob$a"#6& >(*!s'ra5 '4"&#"as ! #&s'r*(!&'os %! r!"o$!""#6& %! %a'os5 .a$#%!2 >
"o&?#ab#$#%a% %!$ #&'!r"a(b#o > '4"&#"as %! a&3$#s#s %! %a'os5 !s %! a"!r
&o'ar )*! %#"a ?as! %!'!r(#&6 $a &a'*ra$!2a %!$ !s'*%#o5 $a "*a$ s!
or#!&'ar3 bajo !$ !&?o)*! "*a&'#'a'#.o
E& !s'a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 $as !s'a%+s'#"as %! ?a$$as r!s!&'!s !& $a 2o&a
%! !s'*%#o ara as+ "o(arar $a (!jor+a %! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as "o& $os
a"'*a$!s5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $as "ar,as (3@#(as %! $as $+&!as aso"#a%as
S! obs!r.6 $os $a&os > $a #&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$! )*! r!s!&'a& $os
a"'*a$!s !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 !s!"#?#"a&%o $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os
a"'*a$!s !s)*!(as5 'a(b#4& s! ob'*.o #&?or(a"#6& sobr! $as #(!%a&"#as
%! $as $+&!as > $os &#.!$!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os %! $as %#"as $+&!as aso"#a%as a
$as SS/EE !& !s'*%#o
S!,0& !r&3&%!2 <<K !$ !&?o)*! "*a&'#'a'#.a Usa $a r!"o$!""#6& %!
%a'os ara robar #6'!s#s5 "o& bas! !& $a (!%#"#6& &*(4r#"a > !$ a&3$#s#s
!s'a%+s'#"o5 ara !s'ab$!"!r a'ro&!s %! "o(or'a(#!&'o > robar '!or+asK D! !s'a (a&!ra $a ?as! %#a,&os'#"a a'!&%#6 a $os $#&!a(#!&'os %!$
(4'o%o "#!&'+?#"o a 'ra.4s %! $a a$#"a"#6& %! ro"!%#(#!&'os "*a&'#'a'#.os
"o(o $o !s !$ !($!o %! $a !&'r!.#s'a !s'r*"'*ra%a
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8a$e II: AnFl$$ ,e l#$ ;a+F.e%+#$ #<%en,#$ ;a+a #<$e+1a+ el
c#.;#+%a.en%# ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n$%ala,#$
ac%*al.en%e +eal>an,# e$%*,#$ ,e c#+%#c+c*%#$7
E& !s'a ?as! s! a&a$#26 $os r!s*$'a%os ob'!&#%os (!%#a&'! !$%#a,&6s'#"o5 ara $o,rar (a&!jar $os !$!(!&'os )*! r#,!& $a #($!(!&'a"#6&
%! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"os5 s! "a$"*$6 "o& "*a&'a
?r!"*!&"#a o"*rr! *&a ?a$$a > "o(o !$ s#s'!(a a"'*a$ $a a+s$a Ta(b#4& s!
"a$"*$6 $os &#.!$!s %! "or'o"#r"*#'os s!,0& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as
aso"#a%as a $as SS/EE !& !s'*%#o S! a&a$#2aro& $os r!s*$'a%os )*! %!jo !s'!
"3$"*$o5 !$ "*a$ a>*%o a $a !s"o,!&"#a %! &*!.os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s
!$ a&3$#s#s %! $as .ar#ab$!s a$#"a%as ara !$ %#a,&6s'#"o (os'ro "o& !@a"'#'*%)*4 o"*rr! a"'*a$(!&'! > "*3$!s so& $as %!?#"#!&"#as !& !$ s#s'!(a E& !s'a
?as! II s! !s'*%#6 $os ar3(!'ros (o&#'or!a%os or !$ !s)*!(a a"'*a$ %!
ro'!""#6& !& !$ !&$a"! )*! *&! $as SS/EE P!%ro Ca(!jo > Carabobo > $as
"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! ?a$$as a"'*a$!s $o,ra&%o sab!r s# $os !s)*!(as #&s'a$a%os
$o,raba& %!'!"'ar$a
8a$e III: P+#;*e$%a ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ en l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e
;+#%ecc#ne$ ;a+a "a+an%>a+ el <*en *nc#na.en%# an%e alla$ ,e al%a
.;e,anca! #;%.>an,# el %e.;# ,e #;e+ac?n l#$ a/*$%e$ en l#$
;a+F.e%+#$7
E& !s'a ?as! s! !s'*%#6 $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! ?a$$as5 > ?*!ro&
"o(ara%as "o& $as &*!.as '!"&o$o,+as5 s! !s"o,#!ro& $os &*!.os !)*#os
%!s*4s %! %#"a "o(ara"#6& Ta(b#4& !s'a ?as! s! (*!s'ra $os aj*s'!s
"a$"*$a%os )*! "o(o&!& !$ &*!.o !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 r!,#%os or *&
"r#'!r#o %! aj*s'! !& ar'#"*$ar A$ sab!r )*! $as ?a$$as so& %! a$'a #(!%a&"#a5s! $o,r6 %!?#&#r )*! !)*#os *'#$#2ar ara )*! !$ !s)*!(a "*($a "o& *& b*!&
?*&"#o&a(#!&'o > $os '#!(os %! o!ra"#6& a&'! $as (#s(as s!a o'#(#2a%o
To%os $os ar3(!'ros aso"#a%os a $a $+&!a s! or,aaro& > a>*%aro& a$
"3$"*$o %! aj*s'! ara as+ %ar$! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! o!ra"#6& %! $os &*!.os
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!s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&
8a$e IV: E1al*ac?n la ac%<l,a, T-cncaEc#n?.ca ,e la
.;le.en%ac?n ,e la$ ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I
Ca+a<#<# II7
E& !s'a ?as! s! ro"!%#6 a %!'!r(#&ar $a .#ab#$#%a% %! $a ro*!s'a5
ar'#!&%o %! $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% '4"&#"a5 $a "*a$ !s'3 r!?!r#%a 'a&'o a$ r!"*rso
*(a&o "o(o a$ r!"*rso '!"&o$6,#"o5 )*! s! r!)*#!r!& ara !j!"*'ar $as
a""#o&!s "orr!so&%#!&'!s a $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as &*(4r#"os
%! ro'!""#6& D!&'ro %! !s'! !s"!&ar#o s! *!%! %!"#r5 )*! s# s! '#!&! !$
r!"*rso *(a&o !s!"#a$#2a%o > a"'*a$#2a%o !& !$ 3r!a I&,!&#!ros !$4"'r#"os
> '4"&#"os !& !$!"'r#"#%a% $os "*a$!s "o& s* a($#a %#sos#"#6& >
"o(ro(#so5 $$!.aro& a "abo $a ro*!s'a r!s!&'a%a Por o'ro $a%o s!
os!! !$ r!"*rso '!"&o$6,#"o ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"asK $os "*a$!s (!%#a&'!
!$ "a(b#o %! #&,!&#!r+a > !)*#os ?*! ?a"'#b$! a%!"*ar $os !s)*!(as a $as
&*!.as '!"&o$o,+as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > II !& $as SS/EE Carabobo >
P!%ro Ca(!jo D! #,*a$ (a&!ra5 ?*! os#b$! %!'!r(#&ar $a .#ab#$#%a%
!"o&6(#"a %! $a ro*!s'a5 $a "*a$ ?*! os#'#.a5 or "*a&'o !& !$
r!s**!s'o %! $as SS/EE (!&"#o&a%as5 !s'aba& #&"orora%os $os!s)*!(as &*(4r#"os "o(o #&&o.a"#6&
8a$e V: I.;le.en%ac?n ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$
Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e *ne a la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+#
Ca.e/#! .e,an%e el *$# ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ ;a+a nn#1a+ l#$
e$*e.a$ ac%*ale$7
A 'ra.4s %!$ %!sarro$$o %! !s'a ?as! s! !j!"*'ara !$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os
(!%#a&'! $a r!a$#2a"#6& %! r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& ara $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o
%! $os &*!.os !s)*!(as &*(4r#"os %! ro'!""#6& !& $as $+&!as
a&'!r#or(!&'! (!&"#o&a%as D#"as a""#o&!s5 *&a .!2 #($!(!&'a%os
!r(#'#!ro& !.a$*ar $os a$"a&"!s %! $os (#s(os $o "*a$ arrojo r!s*$'a%os
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sa'#s?a"'or#os or "*a&'o s! %#o r!s*!s'a "orr!"'a > oor'*&a a $a
rob$!(3'#"a #&#"#a$(!&'! $a&'!a%a To%o !$$o ?*! os#b$! ob'!&!rs! ,ra"#as
a $a (o%!ra"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as or (!%#o %! #&&o.a"#o&!s )*!
$o,raro& (#&#(#2ar $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s )*! a?!"'aba& "o& ?r!"*!&"#a $as%#?!r!&'!s a"'#.#%a%!s %! $a .#%a "o'#%#a&a5 as+ "o(o $a o'#(#2a"#6& !& !$
s*(#&#s'ro %! !&!r,+a !$4"'r#"a D! #,*a$ (o%o $a ro'!""#6& &*(4r#"a
!r(#'#6 ?a"#$#'ar $a (!%#"#6&5 s*!r.#s#6& > "o&'ro$ %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o
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CAP2TULO IV
RESULTADOS
E& $os "a+'*$os a&'!r#or!s s! a !@*!s'o *& "o&j*&'o %! "o&'!&#%os
)*! (*!s'ra& %! (a&!ra a($#a !$ rob$!(a a !s'*%#ar5 !s'o "o& $a ?#&a$#%a%
%! b*s"ar *&a so$*"#6& ?a"'#b$! ara 4$ E& !s'! "a+'*$o s! %!sarro$$6 $a
#&.!s'#,a"#6& %a&%o "*($#(#!&'o a $as ?as!s r!s!&'a%as !& !$ (ar"o
(!'o%o$6,#"o Los r!s*$'a%os ?*!ro& r!s!&'a%os or ?as!s5 $as "*a$!s .a&
%!s%! !$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $a s#'*a"#6& a"'*a$ a&3$#s#s %! $a #&?or(a"#6&
r!"o$!"'a%a > !j!"*"#6& %!$ "a(b#o %! !)*#os E& !s'! 'rabajo s! or#!&'a a$
r!($a2o %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#o&!s ara as+ '!&!r *&a (!jor
r!s*!s'a a$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a
8a$e I: Da"n?$%c# ,e la $%*ac?n ac%*al *e ;+e$en%an l#$ e$*e.a$
,e ;+#%ecc?n en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II enlace *e *ne a
la$ SS5EE Ca+a<#<# Pe,+# Ca.e/#7
La SS/EE P!%ro Ca(!jo > Carabobo5 s! *&!& a 'ra.4s %! %os $+&!as %!
'ra&s(#s#6& !& *& &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& %! 99V5 > $as ro'!""#o&!s %! %#"as
$+&!as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6& s! *b#"a& !& $a S*b!s'a"#6& P!%ro
Ca(!jo Es'a S/E "*!&'a "o& *& a'#o %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 *&o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& >
*&o %! %#s'r#b*"#6&5 s#r.#!&%o 'a(b#4& ara !&$a2ar $as $+&!as (3s #(or'a&'!
%!$ s#s'!(a #&%*s'r#a$ %! Va$!&"#a > s*s a$r!%!%or!s %#"a ,!&!ra"#6& !s'3
"o(*!s'a or %os ,!&!ra%or!s '!r(o!$4"'r#"os %! < (!,a.a'#os MVAK
"a%a *&o V!r ?#,*ra :K5 $o,ra&%o *& ,ra& aor'! a$ s#s'!(a #&'!r"o&!"'a%o
&a"#o&a$ $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s *!%!& .!rs! !& !$ "*a%ro
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D#"os ,!&!ra%or!s a$#(!&'a& *&os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s )*! s! !&"ar,a&
%! !$!.ar $a '!&s#6& %! 95=V a 99V a"#a $a barra r#&"#a$ %!$ a'#o %!
'ra&s(#s#6& %! $a S/E
Figura *6: ;enerador& Planta Pedro Came-o. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
D#"a barra !& !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& (!&"#o&a%o5 s! !&"*!&'ra !&'r!$a2a%a
"o& *&a s!r#! %! !)*#os %! o'!&"#a5 %a&%o or#,!& a $os 'ra(os %! sa$#%a %!
$+&!a o %! 'ra&s?or(a"#6& E& !$ a'#o %! 'ra&s(#s#6& !@#s'!& sa$#%as %!
$+&!as %!$ (#s(o &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& a"#a $a S/E Sa& D#!,o %os sa$#%asK5 a $a
S/E Carabobo %os sa$#%asK5 a $a S/E Va$!&"#a > $a S/E P$a&'a %!$ Es'!5
'o%as !s'as !r'!&!"#!&'!s a CORPOELEC5 %#"as !&'ra%as > sa$#%as
*!%!& obs!r.ar "$ara(!&'! !& !$ %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar !@*!s'o !& !$ A&!@o
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A
Es'as "o&?#,*ra"#o&!s !s'3& "o&?or(a%as or #&'!rr*'or!s %! o'!&"#a5
s!""#o&a%or!s s!a a"#a $+&!a o a"#a barraK5 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! (!%#%a
"o(o $os TP > TC5 soor'!s5 "o&%*"'or!s > 'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! o'!&"#a
C*a,+#
Gene+a,#+e$7
I,en%cac?n G(( G(&
Mar"a S#!(!&s
E$!.a"#6& 9 #!s
Po'!&"#a < MVA
Fa"'or %! Po'!&"#a <= A(!r#os %!$ Es'a'or ;;; A
Vo$'aj! %!$ Es'a'or 9<<< V
Fas!s
Fr!"*!&"#a
V!$o"#%a%
A(!r#os Ro'or
Es'3&%ar
T!(!ra'*ra M3@#(a %! O!ra"#6&
T!(!ra'*ra M+&#(a %! O!ra"#6&
< 2
<< r(
9;= A
ANSI
99 7F
< 7F9ota: $omado de la S,E Pedro Came-o.
Gra"#as a $a '4"&#"a %! obs!r.a"#6& %#r!"'a s! %#a,&os'#"6 "*a&'os
!)*#os %! o'!&"#a "o&?or(a& $os 'r!s (!&"#o&a%os a'#os %! $a S/E P!%ro
Ca(!jo5 s! 'o(6 &o'a %! "a%a *&a %! $as (ar"as > s#(bo$o,+as %! %#"os
!)*#os5 as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& %! s*s "ara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %!ja&%o "o(or!s*$'a%o $os s#,*#!&'!s %a'os-
In%e++*;%#+e$ ,e P#%enca
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Figura 1: $rans+ormador de otencia Fortuner Elec. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
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Figura 2: $rans+ormador de Potencia !S$AB8. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
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E& $as ?#,*ras > s! (*!s'ra& ,r3?#"a(!&'! $as "ar,as (3@#(as
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Figura *: Cargas m75imas de las l#neas de transmisi%n en la S,E Pedro Came-o Fuente: E5cel.
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Figura *: Cargas m75imas de los circuitos de distri'uci%n en la S,E Pedro Came-o Fuente: E5cel.
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Ca%a *&o %! $os "#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& s! (*!s'ra& !& $a ?#,*ra ;
Figura : Circuitos de Distri'uci%n. Fuente: Patio S,E Pedro Came-o.
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Figura 4: Es3uema de Protecci%n de Ailo Piloto Parte Frontal. Fuente: Sala De 8ando
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S,E Pedro Came-o.
Figura 6: Es3uema de Protecci%n de Ailo Piloto Parte $rasera. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.
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?or(a )*! $a #(!%a&"#a %! arra&)*! a bajas "orr#!&'!s s!a (3s a$'a )*! !$
.a$or aj*s'a%o C*a&%o !$ .o$'aj! "a! a "!ro !s'os r!$4s a"'0a& "o(o r!$4s %!
sobr!"orr#!&'! > arra&"a& a < IN
Figura 0: Es3uema de Protecci%n >"2 Parte Frontal. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.
Figura 1: Es3uema de Protecci%n >"2 Parte $rasera. Fuente: Sala De 8andoS,E Pedro Came-o.
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U& "a(b#o !& $a ?r!"*!&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a &o a?!"'a $a (!%#"#6& La #(!%a&"#a
%! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %! $a $+&!a s#!(r! !s (!%#%a5 #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! %!$
'#o %! ?a$$aLas "ara"'!r+s'#"as %!$ !s)*!(a L s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro 9
C*a,+# (J
Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ P+nc;ale$ ,el Rel- ,e P+#%ecc?n LZ&7
Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$
R!$4 "aa"#'a%o ara ro'!,!r $+&!as a4r!as o s*b'!rr3&!as5 #&"$*so $as %!
,ra& $o&,#'*% > "ar,a !$!.a%a
• D!'!""#6& s!$!"'#.a %! "*a$)*#!r '#o %! ?a$$a
• R!$4s %! arra&)*! or (+&#(a #(!%a&"#a
• Pro'!""#6& %! r!s!r.a "o&'ra $as ?a$$as a '#!rra
• Cara"'!r+s'#"as %! ro'!""#6& %! %#s'a&"#a5 "o& "*a'ro !s"a$o&a(#!&'os %!
'#!(os5 r!,*$ab$!s #&%!!&%#!&'!(!&'! !&'r! s+
• E$!(!&'o "o(0& ara $a (!%#%a %! $a %#s'a&"#a !& ?*&"#6& %!$ s!&'#%o5 "o&
"ara"'!r+s'#"a %! "+r"*$o %! a%(#'a&"#a %!s$a2a%o
• D!s!&,a&"! r3#%o !& $a r#(!ra !'aa
T#!(o (+&#(o %! o!ra"#6&- < Z (s!,
• Tr!s !'aas %#r!""#o&a$!s > *&a &o %#r!""#o&a$
• E$ '#!(o %! aj*s'! %! "a%a !'aa *!%! .ar#ars! !&'r! <9 > s!,
#&%!!&%#!&'!s !&'r! s+
• A($#os (3r,!&!s %! r!,*$a"#6&5 "o& $a "o&s#,*#!&'! ?$!@#b#$#%a% %!
a%a'a"#6&
• No'ab$! #&s!&s#b#$#%a% ?r!&'! a $as os"#$a"#o&!s %! $a r!%
• S!$!"'or ara !$!,#r "*a'ro ro,ra(as %! r!!&,a&"! %#?!r!&'!s
• P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! r!!&,a&"! (o&o?3s#"o5 'r#?3s#"o o a(bos a $a .!2
• S!$!"'or %! a$ar,a(#!&'o %! $a r#(!ra !'aa
• P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! o!ra"#6& %!- a"!$!ra"#6& %! !'aa5 sobr! a$"a&"!
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!r(#'#%o5 s*ba$"a&"! !r(#'#%o
P!r(#'! "o(!&sar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! "o(*&%aj!K9ota: $omado de 8ario !guilar (2006).
Para as!,*rar $a %!s"o&!@#6& r3#%a !& a(bos !@'r!(os !& $+&!as "o&
%ob$! a$#(!&'a"#6&5 s! *!%! *sar $os s#,*#!&'!s (4'o%os-
a S#<+ealcance: S#& s!1a$ %! "o&!@#6& !&'r! $as SS/EE %! $os %os
!@'r!(os %! $a $+&!aKb T+an$e+enca Ca++e+: Tra&s(#s#6& %! *&a S/E a o'ra %! *&a s!1a$
%! %#saro a 'ra.4s %! *& "a&a$ %! a$'a ?r!"*!&"#aK" Acele+ac?n ,e E%a;a$: Ta& ro&'o "o(o *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a
arra&"a5 !$ a$"a&"! %! $a r#(!ra !'aa %!$ r!$4 %! $a o'ra S/E
O'ra "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! !s'! '#o %! ro'!""#6& a %#s'a&"#a !s s* o!ra"#6&
%! a"*!r%o a *&a "*r.a '#o MO5 $a "*a$ (*!s'ra $as !'aas %! a$"a&"! >
!& )*! "*a%ra&'! %!$ $a&o "ar'!s#a&o5 s! !&"*!&'ra $a o&a %! Arra&)*!
V!r ?#,*ra ;K
Figura 2: Cura $io 8AB del rel< >"2. Fuente: Coroelec.
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E%a;a$ ,e Alcance
E& $a ?#,*ra ; s! (*!s'ra !$ a$"a&"! %! #(!%a&"#a %!$ r!$4 > '#!(o %!
> '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& ara "a%a *&a %! $as 2o&as %! ro'!""#6& %! $a $+&!a
%! a"*!r%o a $os aj*s'!s %! Coor%#&a"#6& D!&'ro %! $as "osas (3s #(or'a&'!s %!$ %#a,&6s'#"o %! $as ro'!""#o&!s
!& !s'*%#o5 s! !&"*!&'ra $a r!.#s#6& %! $a !s'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$as r!s!&'a%as !&
$os %os 0$'#(os a1os !& %#"as $+&!as )*! $o,ra& a"!r !$ !&$a"! !&'r! $as
SS/EE
Figura ": Etaas de Protecci%n del >"2. Fuente: Dto. de Protecciones Cara'o'o.
Es'as 'ab$as %! !s'a%+s'#"as &os (*!s'ra& $a ?!"a5 $a ora !$ (o'#.o > $a
"o&s!"*!&"#a %! "a%a #&'!rr*"#6& a$ s#s'!(a5 (os'ra&%o )*! )*!%o ?*!ra
%! s!r.#"#o > )*! ?*! a?!"'a%o D#"a 'ab$a ?*! s*(#&#s'ra%a or !$
%!ar'a(!&'o %! o!ra"#o&!s %! $a ,!r!&"#a %! 'ra&s(#s#6& Carabobo E& !$
"*a%ro 9; s! obs!r.a $os %!'a$$!s (!&"#o&a%os %! !s'a%+s'#"a %! ?a$$as
Es'a !s'a%+s'#"as &os !r(#'! "o(arar $a ?r!"*!&"#a "o& )*! !$ s#s'!(a
r!s!&'a rob$!(as5 #&%#"a&%o $o r!"#so o &o %! $as ro'!""#o&!s5 %a&%o
"o(o r!s*$'a%o "*3$ %! !$$as so& o &o "o&?#ab$!s5 !s %!"#r5 &os !r(#'!
%!(os'rar "*a&%o o!raro& $as ro'!""#o&!s
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C*a,+# (E$%a,@$%ca ,e alla S5E Pe,+# Ca.e/#7
8ec6a,e
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a MVA
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2'1'13 9- 95= CARABOBO <<-9: =5< 9 9::5 PROTECCIONES2'1'13 9-= 95= CARABOBO <<-9 <5<< PROTECCIONES6'1'13 9- 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION11'1'13 9-<; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION12'1'13 <-<9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-: <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION17'1'13 9-9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-<; 5;9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION19'1'13
9-= 5 FLOR AMARILLO <<-9 95:< =;<< 95TRANSFORMADOR DE
POTENCIA21'1'13 <-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <-9 ;5=26'1'13 <=- 95= CARABOBO <<-<; 5< 9: 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA9'2'13 <-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <-9 :5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION16'2'13
<=-; 99CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLO
T9<-; :5<: LINEA DE TRANSMISION
17'2'13 99-9 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<-9 << 95= LINEA DE TRANSMISION17'2'13 99-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION20'2'13 99-< 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<- 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION20'2'13 9-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <<-9 5; 9::=9 995;< LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'2'13 9-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <<-9 5; 9::=9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'2'13 9-< 99 CARABOBO <-< 5< < <5<<27'2'13 9=- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <- 5< 9<<<< 0(00 11'3'13 9=- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <-< 5< =< )*+4 12'3'13 9-9< 95= CARABOBO <-9 <5: =9 9::5 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA
12'3'13 99-9 99 CARABOBO <-< 5<< =9 <5<< TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA
17'3'139-9 99 CARABOBO <<-9 95<< : <5<<
TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA
17'3'13 <-; 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T9 <9-< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION18'3'13 <=-<= 99 CARABOBO GUACARA I T <-< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION19'3'13 9-< 95= CARABOBO <<- 5<< =9 5;9 PROTECCIONES24'3'13 9:-< 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <- 5=: =< 9531'3'13
<-9 99CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLO
T9<-< ;5= LINEA DE TRANSMISION
3'4'139-< 99
CARABOBO FLOR AMARILLOT
<<-< 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
6'4'13 9- 95= CARABOBO <-< :5 99; :5<11'4'13 9=-<< 95= CARABOBO <9-< 95: ;;<< :5<:16'4'13 9=-<< 95= CARABOBO <9- 5: 9<; 95=
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5'5'13 9=- 95= CARABOBO <-9< :5; 9;= <5<<12'5'13
<- 99PEDRO CAMEJO SAN DIEGO
T<-< 5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
C*a,+# ( C#n% 18'5'13 9-= 95= CARABOBO <<- :5;; 99; 995;<25'5'13 <- 95= CARABOBO <- 95:9 99; INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA28'5'13
<-< 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBO
T<=-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
2'6'13<-; 99 PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBO
T9<-: 0(00 LINEA DE TRANSMISION
20'6'13<-9 95= CARABOBO <=- :59 )*+4
TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA
24'6'13 <-99 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T 99- 9::5 LINEA DE TRANSMISION26'6'13 <- 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T <- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION29'6'13 9-<< 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <<-< 995< <5<< CORTACORRIENTES DAlADOS1'7'13
9- 99CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO
T9<<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
29'8'139- 95= CARABOBO <-9< 95<< ;=9< <5<<
TRANSFORMADOR DEPOTENCIA
29'8'139- 99
PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT9
<9- 9=5<< == 5;9 LINEA DE TRANSMISION
23'10'139- 99
PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT
<9- 95 LINEA DE TRANSMISION
18'12'13<-: 99
PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGOT
<<- ;5= LINEA DE TRANSMISION
26'1'14 9- 99 PEDRO CAMEJO <- <5<< =<= 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA30'1'14
9-< 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 SAN DIEGO
T9<<-9 9 :5< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
1'2'14 9<- 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T <- :5<: LINEA DE TRANSMISION6'2'14 9- 99 CARABOBO <-9= <5<< 95= SECCIONADOR
15'3'14 9-< 95= CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T9 <- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION16'3'14 9;- 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <<-9 9;5 5< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA16'3'14
9- 95= CARABOBO -9 59 995;<TRANSFORMADOR DE
POTENCIA16'3'14
9<-<: 99PEDRO CAMEJO 8 PLANTA
ESTE<-99 < =;<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
20'3'14<;- 99
PEDRO CAMEJO 8 CARABOBOT9
<- <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
1'4'14 <;-9; 99 PEDRO CAMEJO <-9; 9: 0(00 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA1'4'14 <;-9: 95= PEDRO CAMEJO <-9 )*+4 INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA3'4'14
<=-: 99CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO
T9<-<9 9::5 LINEA DE TRANSMISION
28'4'14 9-9< 95= CARABOBO <<-< 9<5< << <5<< INTERRUPTOR DE POTENCIA26'9'14 9-< 99 CARABOBO 8 GUACARA I T9 <<-9 =5< <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION27'9'14 9-< 99 CARABOBO 8 FLOR AMARILLO <<-9 <5<< LINEA DE TRANSMISION
149
13
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T9
Fuente: ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec Cara'o'o.
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Carabobo5 'a&'o !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a "o(o s!"*!&"#a "!ro5 'a(b#4& s!
(*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as aso"#a%as a $as %os SS/EE E& !$
"*a%ro 9= s! (*!s'ra& %#"as #(!%a&"#as
C*a,+# (
I.;e,anca$ Ca+ac%e+@$%ca$ ,e la$ L@nea$7
I&#"#o F#&a$ No(br! T!&s#6& Corr#!&'! Lo&,#'*%P!%ro Ca(!jo Carabobo Carabobo 9 99 V <9 A <<(P!%ro Ca(!jo Carabobo Carabobo 99 V <9 A <<(
Da%#$ ,e Sec*enca P#$%1aRO6.5. XO6.5. B
M6#5. R;7* X;7*
B;7*<5<< <5<< 5;;< <5<<<: <5<< <5<<<
Da%#$ ,e Sec*enca Ce+#RO6.5. XO6.5. B
M6#5. R;7* X;7*
B;7*<59< 95=< 5<9< <5<<9 <5<<; <5<<<
9ota: $omado del Deartamento de Protecciones Regi%n Cara'o'o (2010).
Ta(b#4& s! !@'rajo #&?or(a"#6& %! $os "o(o&!&'!s %! $a S/E Carabobo
V!r ?#,*ra ;K Co& "*a&'os !)*#os %! o'!&"#a > "#r"*#'os "*!&'a %#"a
#&s'a$a"#6&5 "ab! %!s'a"ar )*! !s'a !s $a $$!,a%a %! $as $+&!as !& !s'*%#o
Figura : Patio S,E Cara'o'o. Fuente: S,E Cara'o'o.
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Para %#"a #&?or(a"#6& s! !$abor6 !$ "*a%ro 9:5 %o&%! s! "o$o"6 $os
&o(br!s %! %#"os !)*#os5 $os "*a$!s s!r3& 'o(a%os !& "*!&'a !& $a ?as!
%os %! !s'a #&.!s'#,a"#6&
C*a,+# (
Da%#$ ,e la S5E Ca+a<#<#7
S/E Carabobo
I&'!rr*'or!s !& !s'*%#os < 5<
Tra&s?or(a%or!s %! MVA
Sa$#%as %! $+&!as !& 99 V
C#r"*#'os %! %#s'r#b*"#6& 9= !& 9 V
9ota: tomado de la S,E Cara'o'o.
D!&'ro %! !s'! (#s(o or%!& s! ob'*.o $os %#a,ra(as *&#?#$ar!s %!a(bas SS/EE or s!ara%o V!r A&!@o CK5 .!r#?#"a&%o 'o%os $os
"o(o&!&'!s $as(a%os !& !$ %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar5 a 'ra.4s %! .#s#'as
r!a$#2a%as a %#"as #&s'a$a"#o&!s
O'ras %! $as #&?or(a"#o&!s )*! &os %!j6 !$ %#a,&6s'#"o ?*! $a !s'a%+s'#"a
%! ?a$$a %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s !$4"'r#"os )*! "o&?or(a& $a $a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6&
P!%ro Ca(!jo5 !s'as !& *& !r#o%o )*! .a %!s%! !&!ro <9 as'a j*&#o %!
<9 Es'as ?a$$as so& r!?!r#%as a "a%a .!2 )*! !$ ,!&!ra%or s! %#sar6 or
%#.!rsas "a*sas !$4"'r#"as Las (#s(as s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro < Cab!
%!s'a"ar )*! $os ,!&!ra%or!s *&a .!2 )*!%a& ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o5 asa& or
*& ro"!so o ro'o"o$o %! !&"!&%#%o )*! '#!&! *& '#!(o ro$o&,a%o !s or
!s'o )*! *&a ?a$$a !& %#"os !)*#os5 a?!"'a a$ s#s'!(a %! *&a (a&!ra ,ra.!5
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>a )*! $o %!ja s#& $a o'!&"#a )*! !&'r!,a& %#"os ,!&!ra%or!s
C*a,+# &'E$%a,@$%ca ,e alla ,e la ;lan%a ,e "ene+ac?n Pe,+# Ca.e/#7
Un,a, 8ec6a K#+a Ca*$a99 9=8<8<9 9-9 Fa$$a !& !$
S#s'!(a
9 9=8<8<9 9-9 Fa$$a !& !$
S#s'!(a
99 ;8<8<9 9-<< Fa$$a F$or
A(ar#$$o
9 ;8<8<9 9-<< Fa$$a F$or A(ar#$$o
99 98<=8<9 9<-< Fa$$a !& !$
s#s'!(a
9 98<=8<9 9<-< Fa$$a !& !$
s#s'!(a
99 =8<8<9 -<9 Fa$$a Carabobo9 =8<8<9 -<9 Fa$$a Carabobo
9ota: $omado de la Planta de generaci%n Pedro Came-o.
Es #(or'a&'! (!&"#o&ar )*! !$ %+a = %! j*&#o s! r!s!&'6 *&a ?a$$a !&
$a S/E Carabobo5 %#"a ?a$$a aso a $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo or !$ !&$a"! )*!
$as *&! Es'a a&or(a$#%a% !ra a$'a(!&'! r!s#s'#.a5 $o "*a$ or#,#&o )*! $os r!$4
%! %#s'a&"#a )*! !s'3& #&s'a$a%os ara !&%#"o !&$a"!5 &o a"'*ara&5 %!ja&%o
)*! $a ?a$$a s! #&?#$'rara !& 'o%a $a S/E5 > as+ %!ja&%o ?*!ra %! s!r.#"#o a $os
,!&!ra%or!s Co& !s'o s! *!%! %!(os'rar !$ (a$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! $as
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ro'!""#o&!s !& !s'*%#o5 > $as "o&s!"*!&"#as )*! $a &o a"'*a"#6& %! $as
(#s(as %!ja
Para '!r(#&ar "o& !$ %#a,&os'#"o s! $! #"#!ro& *&as r*!bas a $as
ro'!""#o&!s a"'*a$!s (!&"#o&a%as5 %a&%o "o(o r!s*$'a%o a$,*&os '#!(o?*!ra %!$ .a$or %! aj*s'! Es'a r*!ba s! #2o s#,*#!&%o $os $#&!a(#!&'os %!$
(a&*a$ %! (a&'!&#(#!&'o ara r!$4s L %! ABB V!r a&!@o DK Es'a
r*!ba *!%! .!rs! !& !$ a&!@o E
8a$e II: AnFl$$ ,e l#$ ;a+F.e%+#$ #<%en,#$ ;a+a #<$e+1a+ el
c#.;#+%a.en%# ,e l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e ;+#%ecc#ne$ n$%ala,#$
ac%*al.en%e +eal>an,# e$%*,#$ ,e c#+%#c+c*%#$7
E& !s'a ?as! s! r!a$#2ar3 !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o !& $a barra 99V %!
$a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo To(a&%o !& "*!&'a $os aor'!s %! 'o%as $as ?*!&'!s
)*! s! !&"*!&'ra& "o&!"'a%as a %#"a barra
E& %#"o "3$"*$o s! *'#$#26 $a '!or+a %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#as ara !$
a&3$#s#s %! ?a$$as5 (o&o?3s#"as5 b#?3s#"as > 'r#?3s#"as
Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! s#r.#6 %! a>*%a $as #(!%a&"#as %! $as $+&!as > %!
$os !)*#os #&.o$*"ra%os5 aor'a%as or $a ,!r!&"#a %! o!ra"#o&!s %!
Carabobo as+ "o(o 'a(b#4& $os %#a,ra(as *&#?#$ar!s %! 'o%o !$ s#s'!(a
"!&'ra$5 a(bas !@*!s'as !& $a ?as! I
E& $a ?#,*ra ; s! (*!s'ra !$ !s)*!(a o %#a,ra(a *&#?#$ar )*! s! *'#$#26
ara !$ "3$"*$o (!&"#o&a%o Cab! (!&"#o&ar )*! s! 'o(a !s'! %#a,ra(a
'o(a&%o !& "*!&'a $os aor'!s %! $as SS/EE a%>a"!&'!s
E$ "3$"*$o s!,0& $a '!or+a %! a&3$#s#s %! s#s'!(as %! o'!&"#a5 s! %#.#%!
!& !&"o&'rar r#(!ro $os .a$or!s %! r!?a$$a o a&'!s %! )*! o"*rra $a
a&o(a$+a5 > $*!,o a$ (o(!&'o %! $a (#s(a5 $o,ra&%o as+ ob'!&!r .a$or!s %!$as "orr#!&'!s )*! "o&'r#b*>!& a $a ?a$$a
S! #&#"#a !$ "3$"*$o %! $os .a$or!s %! r!?a$$a5 ob'!&#!&%o $os .a$or!s
r!a$!s %! "a%a !$!(!&'o #&.o$*"ra%o
153
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D!$ %#a,&6s'#"o s! !@'ra! $as #(!%a&"#as #&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a
!& !s'*%#o Ca%a *&o %! !s'os .a$or!s !s'3& r!$a"#o&a%os a bas!s
%#?!r!&'!s5 $as (#s(as $$!.a%as a *& s#s'!(a or *&#%a% "o& *&a bas!
"o(0&5 !s'o ara )*! 'o%os $os !)*#os > $+&!as #&.o$*"ra%as5 !s'4&r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!
Figura *: Diagrama uni+ilar utiliado ara el c7lculo. Fuente: !utoC!D.
S! !(#!2a or "o&o"!r !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! #(!%a&"#a V!r
?#,*ra ;K
D#"as bas!s !s'3& "o(*!s'as or *& .o$'aj! bas! > *&a o'!&"#a
bas! $as "*a$!s so& &or(a'#.a %! Coro!$!"5 !s'a !s'ab$!"! )*! ara
"*a$)*#!r "3$"*$o !& *& s#s'!(a or *&#%a% r!$a"#o&a%o "o& s*s #&s'a$a"#o&!s
%!b!& *'#$#2ars! $os .a$or!s )*! s! (*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro 9
C*a,+# &(Val#+e$ <a$e ,el $$%e.a en e$%*,#7
Po'!&"#a bas! Sbas! 9<<MVA
Vo$'aj! bas! Vbas! 99VFuente: Coroelec.
154
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Figura : Diagrama de imedancias e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.
E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as !@'ra+%as %!$ %#a,&6s'#"o5
#&.o$*"ra%as "o& !$ s#s'!(a !& !s'*%#o
Para o%!r %ar #&#"#o a$ "3$"*$o5 !s r!"#so r#(!ro sab!r )*! %! "a%a
*&a %! $as SS/EE )*! s! !&"*!&'ra& a&#$$a%as "o& $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo5 s!ob'#!&!& *&os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os SEK5 !s %!"#r5 *&a ?*!&'! > *&a #(!%a&"#a
)*! "ara"'!r#2a $a barra (os'ra%a !& !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! D#"as ?*!&'!s
! #(!%a&"#as so& "a$"*$a%as "o& $a s#,*#!&'! !"*a"#6&-
D6&%!-
""^ Es $a #(!%a&"#a ,!&!ra%a or !$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o
V""^ Vo$'aj! %!$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o
S^ Po'!&"#a %!$ s#s'!(a !@'!r&o
C*a,+# &&
155
Xcc=Vcc
2
SK % E"* 9=
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I.;e,anca$ n1#l*c+a,a$ c#n el $$%e.a en e$%*,#7
E*;# S@.<#l# I.;e,anca I.;e,anca en P7UG!&!ra%or 99 ,99 9<X <G!&!ra%or 9 ,9 9<X <
Tra&s?or(a%or 9 '9 ;5X <<;Tra&s?or(a%or ' ;5X <<;Tra&s?or(a%or
%#s'r#b*"#6&
% 9<5X <9<
L@nea S@.<#l# I.;e,anca
;#+ .
I.;e,anca en
#6.Sa& %#!,o 9 > s%9 5 s% <::m/( 9 mCarabobo 9 > "9 5 " <<<m/( <<<9= m
Va$!&"#a . <=m/( ; m
P$a&'a %!$ Es'! ! <=m/( 9< m9ota: $omado de la ;erencia de oeraciones Cara'o'o.
A&'!s %! .!r "6(o )*!%ar+a !$ %#a,ra(a ara !$ "3$"*$o5 s! (*!s'ra&
$os aor'!s 'r#?3s#"os > (o&o?3s#"os %! $as SS/EE a%>a"!&'!s !& !$ "*a%ro
> r!s!"'#.a(!&'! E& %#"os "*a%ros s! *!%! obs!r.ar $a "orr#!&'!
(3@#(a %! "or'o"#r"*#'o s*b'ra&s#'or#a5 !$ 3&,*$o %! $a (#s(a5 $a o'!&"#a %!
"or'o"#r"*#'o > $a "orr#!&'! #"o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o To%os !s'os %a'os r!?!r#%os a$
&#.!$ %! '!&s#6& !& !s'*%#o 99VK D#"os .a$or!s so& $os )*! r#,!& a $os
s#s'!(as !@'!r&os (!&"#o&a%os
C*a,+# &
A;#+%e %+F$c# ,e la$ SS5EE n1#l*c+a,a$7
S5E I” A I” ,e" S” MVA I; A
Sa& D#!,o 9 8=; <9; =9:
Va$!&"#a = 8=; ;<;: :
156
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P$a&'a %!$ Es'! ; 8=<: : ;=
Carabobo <= 8= 9 ;<
9ota: $omado de la ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec.
C*a,+# &
A;#+%e .#n#F$c# ,e la$ SS5EE n1#l*c+a,a$7
S5E I” A I” ,e" S” MVA I; ASa& D#!,o <= 8=< 9;: =
Va$!&"#a :; 8=<< 9=: =<9P$a&'a %!$ Es'! 9=; 8;;== 9<; <
Carabobo :< 8=9= 9: ;99ota: $omado de la ;erencia de Beraciones Coroelec.
E$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! "a(b#a a 4$ (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra ;; D!s*4s
*'#$#2a&%o $a !"*a"#6& 9=5 s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s %! #(!%a&"#as %! $os
(!&"#o&a%os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os
Xs&1= 115
2
6605.17=2.0022Ω
Xs&2= 115
2
5707.39=2.3171Ω
Xs&3= 115
2
4926.33=2.6845Ω
Xs& 4= 115
2
6145.54=2.1554Ω
157
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Figura : Diagrama e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.
E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra !& r!s*(!& $as #(!%a&"#as %! $os s#s'!(as
!@'!r&os >a "a$"*$a%as
C*a,+# &)I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ $$%e.a$ e=%e+n#$7
I.;e,anca$ Val#+ en #6.
s!9 s! 9s! 9s! =
9ota: Calculo del inestigador.
S! ro"!%! a $$!.ar $os .a$or!s %! "a%a #(!%a&"#a a *&a bas! "o(0&5
ara !s'o s! r!)*#!r! %! $as s#,*#!&'!s !"*a"#o&!s-
Do&%!-
* bas! &*!.aK^ I(!%a&"#a !& $a bas! &*!.a
158
E"* 9:Zp$ ( "as& $&va )=Zp$ ("as& vi&(a )∗
( V"as& vi&(a
V"as&$&va
)
2
∗
(S"as& $&va
S"as& vi&(a
)
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* bas! .#!jaK^ I(!%a&"#a %! bas! .#!ja o r!$a"#o&a%a a o'ra bas!
V bas! .#!ja^ Vo$'aj! %! $a bas! .#!ja
V bas! &*!.a^ Vo$'aj! )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%o a $a &*!.a bas!
S bas! &*!.a^ o'!&"#a )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%a a $a &*!.a bas!S bas! .#!ja^ o'!&"#a )*! '#!&! !$ !$!(!&'o r!?!r#%a a $a bas! .#!ja
D6&%!-
L bas! &*!.aK^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a r!?!r#%a a $a bas! &*!.a
L bas! .#!jaK^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a $+&!a r!?!r#%a a $a bas! .#!ja
bas!^ #(!%a&"#a %! $a bas! 'o(a%a9
Tras !$ *so %! !s'as !"*a"#o&!s s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s !& or *&#%a%5
r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!5 (!&"#o&a%a a&'!r#or(!&'!
Co& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& 9: ob'!&!(os $as s#,*#!&'!s #(!%a&"#as-
I.;e,anca ,e l#$ "ene+a,#+e$
X) 11= X) 12=0.2
p$∗115 KV
115 KV
2
∗100 !VA
202 !VA =0.099 p$
I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ %+an$#+.a,#+e$ ele1a,#+e$
159
E"* <ZL ("as&$&va )=ZL("as& vi&(a)
Z"as&
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Xt 1= Xt 2=0.074
p$∗115 KV
115 KV
2
∗100 !VA
225 !VA =0.032 p$
I.;e,anca ,el %+an$#+.a,#+ +e,*c%#+
X*=0.102
p$∗115 KV
115 KV
2
∗100 !VA
30 !VA =0.34 p$
Co& !$ *so %! $a !"*a"#6& < s! ob'#!&! $as s#,*#!&'!s #(!%a&"#asPr#(!ro s! "a$"*$a $a bas! %!$ s#s'!(a-
Z"as &= 115 KV
2
100 !VA=132.25Ω
I.;e,anca ,e la$ l@nea$ San De"# I II
Xs*1= Xs* 2= 3.14
Ω132.25Ω=0.023 p$
I.;e,anca ,e la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I II
Xc1= Xc2=0.30018Ω
132.25Ω =0.0022 p$
I.;e,anca ,e la l@nea Valenca
160
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Xv= 3.675Ω
132.25Ω=0.0277 p$
I.;e,anca ,e la l@nea Plan%a ,el e$%e
Xp&=1.4502Ω
132.25Ω=0.0109 p$
Los r!s*$'a%os s! (*!s'ra& or%!&a%os !& !$ "*a%ro
C*a,+# &J
I.;e,anca$ +ee+,a$ a la <a$e n*e1a7
E*;# # l@nea S@.<#l# I.;e,anca en ;7*
G!&!ra%or!s ,995 ,9 <<::
Tra&s?or(a%or!s '95 ' <<
Tra&s D#s'r#b*"#o& % <
Sa& D#!,o s%95 s% <<
Carabobo "95 " <<<:
Va$!&"#a . <<;;
P$a&'a %!$ !s'! ! <<9<:
9ota: C7lculo del inestigador.
L*!,o s! ro"!%! a $$!.ar $os .a$or!s %! $os s#s'!(as !@'!r&os a $a bas!
"o(0& *'#$#2a%a5 !s'o a 'ra.4s %! $a !"*a"#6& <
Xs&1=2.0022Ω
132.25Ω=0.015 p$
161
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Xs&2=2.3171Ω
132.25Ω=0.017 p$
Xs&3=2.6845Ω
132.25Ω=0.020 p$
Xs& 4=2.1554Ω
132.25Ω=0.016 p$
E& !$ "*a%ro ; s! (*!s'ra& $os r!s*$'a%o %! %#"o "3$"*$o
C*a,+# &
I.;e,anca$ ,e l#$ $$%e.a$ e=%e+n#$ en ;#+ *n,a,7
I.;e,anca$ Val#+ en ;7*
s!9 <<9
s! <<9;
s! <<<
s! <<9
9ota: C7lculo del inestigador.
D!s*4s %! ob'!&!r $os .a$or!s r!?!r#%os a *&a so$a bas!5 s! ro"!%! a
"a$"*$ar $as "orr#!&'!s )*! $$!,a& > sa$!& %! $a barra5 or !$ (4'o%o %!
"orr#!&'! %! #r"o??
162
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Es'o "o& a>*%a %!$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra ;=
Figura 4: Circuito e3uialente. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Para ob'!&!r $as "orr#!&'!s !& "a%a (a$$a s!ara(os "a%a *&o %! $os
&o%os !& %#a,ra(as )*! ar3& (3s ?3"#$ !$ "3$"*$o
Pr#(!ro s! ob'#!&! $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'! !)K ara as+ '!&!r 'o%os
$os %a'os r!$a"#o&a%os "o& !$ "#r"*#'o
E& $a ?#,*ra ;: s! (*!s'ra !$ %#a,ra(a %! $a #(!%a&"#a !)*#.a$!&'!5
%o&%! s! obs!r.a !$ &#.!$ %! '!&s#6& > $a "orr#!&'! (3@#(a %! $os "#r"*#'os %!
%#s'r#b*"#6&
163
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Figura 6: Diagrama e3uialente de los circuitos de distri'uci%n E&'o&"!s5 "o& $a a>*%a %! $a $!> %! o( $a "*a$ %#"! $o s#,*#!&'!-
Z =V
I
S! ob'#!&! !$ .a$or %! $a !) %! "a%a *&o %! $os "#r"*#'os5 a$ %#.#%#r$os
!&'r! "*a%ro s! ob'#!&! $o s#,*#!&'!-
X&+=13800
600=23Ω
X&+=23
4=5.75Ω
Y "o& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& ;5 s! asa a$ s#s'!(a or *&#%a% *'#$#2a%o X&+ p$=
5.75
132.25=0.0435 p$
Aora s! ro"!%! "o& $a a>*%a %! $a (a'r#2 %! a%(#'a&"#a &o%a$ a
"a$"*$ar $os .o$'aj!s !& "a%a &o%o5 ara $*!,o "o& !$ !s'*%#o %! &o%os !& !$
"#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! s! ob'#!&!& $as "orr#!&'!s %!$ "#r"*#'o !& !$ s#s'!(a or
*&#%a%
La (a'r#2 %! a%(#'a&"#a &o%a$ )*!%ar+a %! $a s#,*#!&'! ?or(a-
1142(08 +2(94 +86(95 +909(09 +36(1 +91(74
+2(94 25(92 0 0 0 0
+86(95 0 158(38 0 0 0
+909(09 0 0 971(59 0 0
+36(1 0 0 0 93(29 0
164
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I 11= I 12= E)11
X)11+ Xt 1=
1
0.099+0.032=7.63 p$
C#++en%e en c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n
I*=V 2−V 1
X* =
0.1117−0.9845
0.34=2.86 p$
C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ San De"#
Is*=V 3−V 1
Xs* /¿
=0.9914−0.9845
0.0115
=0.6 p$
D6&%! s% //- Para$!$o %! $as $+&!as Sa& D#!,o I > II
C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II
Ic=V 4−V 1 Xc /¿
=0.9855−0.9845
0.0011 =0.90 p$
D6&%! " //- Para$!$o %! $as $+&!as Carabobo I > II
C#++en%e en la l@nea Valenca
Iv=V 5−V 1
Xv =
0.9935−0.9845
0.0277=0.32 p$
C#++en%e en la l@nea Plan%a ,el E$%e
Ip&=V 6−V 1 X*
=0.9899−0.9845
0.0109 =0.49 p$
166
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D!s*4s %! %#"o "3$"*$o s! (*!s'ra& $os .a$or!s %! "orr#!&'! !& or *&#%a% !& !$ "*a%ro :
C*a,+# &
C#++en%e$ en ;#+ *n,a,7
C#++en%e$ Val#+ en ;7*I99 ;I9 ;I% =Is% <<I" <:<I. <
I! <:
9ota: C7lculo del inestigador.
L*!,o ara ob'!&!r !$ .a$or r!a$ %! !s'as "orr#!&'!s5 o s* .a$or !&
a(!r#os5 s! r!)*#!r! %! $a s#,*#!&'! !"*a"#6&-
E"* 9
D6&%!-
I*^Es $a "orr#!&'! or *&#%a%
Ir!a$^Es $a "orr#!&'! r!a$ %!$ s#s'!(a
Ibas!^Es $a "orr#!&'! )*! %!!&%! %! $as bas!s 'o(a%as !& r#&"##o
To(a&%o !& "*!&'a )*! $a Ibas! !s $a s#,*#!&'!-
167
Ip$= Ir&a,
I"as&
I"as&= 100 !VA
√ 3∗115 KV
=502.04 A
I"as&=502.04 A
3=167.3 A
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S! '#!&! )*! $as "orr#!&'!s !& !$ s#s'!(a or *&#%a% s!r3& (*$'#$#"a%as
or $a "orr#!&'! bas! > s! ob'!&%r3& $as "orr#!&'!s r!a$!s %!$ s#s'!(a %!
o'!&"#a a&a$#2a%o
C#++en%e ,e l#$ "ene+a,#+e$
I 11r&a,= I 12 r&a,=7.63 p$∗167.3 A=1276.49 A
C#++en%e en c+c*%# ,e ,$%+<*c?n
I* r&a,=2.86 p$∗167.3 A=478.47 A
C#++en%e en la$ l@nea$ San De"# I II
Is*=0.60 p$∗167.3 A=100.38 A
C#++en%e$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I II
Ic=0.90 p$∗167.3 A=150.57 A
C#++en%e$ en la l@nea Valenca
Iv=0.32 p$∗167.3 A=53.53 A
168
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C#++en%e$ en la$ l@nea$ Plan%a ,el E$%e
Ip&=0.49 p$∗167.3 A=81.97 A
E& !$ "*a%ro < s! r!s*(!& !s'os r!s*$'a%os T!r(#&a&%o as+ "o& !$"3$"*$o %! $os .a$or!s r!?a$$a
C*a,+# '
C#++en%e$ +eale$ ,el $$%e.a7
C#++en%e$ Val#+ +eal
I99 9;: A
I9 9;: A
I% ;=; AIs% 9<<= A
I" 9<; A
I. A
I! =9:; A
9ota: Calculo del inestigador.
A "o&'#&*a"#6& s! r!a$#2a $a s!,*&%a ar'! %!$ "3$"*$o5 s#(*$a"#6& %! *&a?a$$a 'r#?3s#"a !& $a barra %! 99V %! $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo5 ara !&"o&'rar $a
"orr#!&'! %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o )*! "ara"'!r#2a a %#"a barra E& $a ?#,*ra
=< s! (*!s'ra "o(o )*!%a !$ s#s'!(a a&a$#2a%o "o& $a ?a$$a 'r#?3s#"a
(!&"#o&a%a FK
A$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$a5 !$ .o$'aj! !& $a barra s! a"! "!ro5 "ara"'!r+s'#"a
!s!&"#a$ %! $os "or'o"#r"*#'os
La "orr#!&'! %! ?a$$a5 !s $a s*(a %! 'o%as $as "orr#!&'!s )*! "o&'r#b*>!&
a $a barra "or'o"#r"*#'a%a5 > .#!&! %a%a or $a s#,*#!&'! !@r!s#6&-
E"*
169
I- =∑i=0
.$( p$)
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D6&%!-
IF^ Corr#!&'! %! ?a$$a
C*^ Co&'r#b*"#o&!s %! $as "orr#!&'!s !& or *&#%a%
Figura 40: Diagrama de simulaci%n de la +alla F en la 'arra 11*.
D#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s %!!&%!r3& %! $os "#r"*#'os !)*#.a$!&'!s %! "a%a
*&a %! !$$as a$ (o(!&'o %! $a ?a$$a Co& !s'os %a'os (os'ra%os5 s! ob'#!&!
$as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s !& !s! r!"#so #&s'a&'! %! "a%a *&a %! $as ar'!s
#&.o$*"ra%as o "o&!"'a%as
E& $a ?#,*ra =9 s! obs!r.a !$ r#(!r %#a,ra(a5 !$ "*a$ &os !r(#'#r3
sab!r "*3$ !s $a "orr#!&'! )*! aor'a& $os ,!&!ra%or!s Obs!r.a(os )*! $as "orr#!&'!s %! $os ,!&!ra%or!s I99 > I9K !s'3&
%!'!r(#&a%as or *& "#r"*#'o !& s!r#!5 !&'o&"!s-
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I 11= I 12= 1
X)11+ Xt 11=
1
0.099+0.032=7.63 p$
Figura 41: Diagrama e3uialente de los generadores.
S#,*#!&%o "o& !$ "3$"*$o s! ob'#!&! !$ %#a,ra(a r!$a"#o&a%o "o& $as
$+&!as Sa& D#!,o I > II V!r ?#,*ra =K5 ara as+ ob'!&!r s*s "orr#!&'! Is%K5
"ab! %!s'a"ar )*! !s !s'as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s a> "o$abora"#6& %! $os s#s'!(as
!@'!r&os a&'!s (!&"#o&a%os
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Figura 42: Circuito e3uialente de la contri'uci%n de las l#neas San Diego / .Fuente: !utoC!D.
D! $a ?#,*ra = s! ob'#!&! $a "orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-
Is*= 1
Xs* /¿+ Xs&1=
1
0.0115+0.015=37.73 p$
E& $a ?#,*ra = s! obs!r.a !$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $as$+&!as Carabobo I > II D! %o&%! s! ob'#!&! $a s#,*#!&'! "orr#!&'!
Ic= 1
Xc /¿+ Xs&2=
1
0.0011+0.017=55.24 p$
Co&'#&*a&%o "o& !$ "3$"*$o5 s! '#!&! !$ "#r"*#'o !)*#.a$!&'! %! $a
"o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a $+&!a Va$!&"#a V!r ?#,*ra =K
Do&%! s! ob'#!&! $a "orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-
Iv= 1
Xv+ Xs&3=
1
0.0277+0.020=20.96 p$
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Figura 4": Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de las l#neas Cara'o'o / . Fuente: !utoC!D
Figura 4: Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de la l#nea alencia. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Co&'#&*a&%o s! ob'#!&! !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6& %! $a
$+&!a P$a&'a %!$ Es'! V!r ?#,*ra =K5 %! %o&%! s! ob'#!&! $a s#,*#!&'!
"orr#!&'! %! "o&'r#b*"#6&-
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Ip&= 1
Xp*+ Xs&4=
1
0.0109+0.016=37.17 p$
Figura 4*: Circuito e3uialente de contri'uci%n de la l#nea Planta del Este. Fuente:
!utoC!D
E& !$ "*a%ro 9 s! (*!s'ra& %#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s r!s*(#%as
C*a,+# (
C#n%+<*c#ne$ ,e ca,a ;a+%e n1#l*c+a,a al .#.en%# ,e la alla7
C#n%+<*c#ne$ Val#+ en ;7*
I,99 I,9 ;Is% ;;I" I. <:
I! ;9;9ota: Calculo del inestigador.
L*!,o "o& $a a>*%a %! $a !"*a"#6& = s! ob'#!&!& $os .a$or!s r!a$!s %!
%#"as "o&'r#b*"#o&!s V!r "*a%ro K
C*a,+# &
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C#++en%e$ Val#+ +eal
I,99 I,9 ::= A
Is% 9: A
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I" :9 A
I. <<= A
I! 9=9 A
9ota: C7lculo del inestigador.
Para ?#&a$#2ar !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o 'r#?3s#"o !& $a barra %! 99V %!
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s#s'!(a
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%!!&%!& %!$ &#.!$ %! "or'o"#r"*#'o %! $a barra !& !s'*%#o5 ara as+ o%!r
?*&"#o&ar "orr!"'a(!&'!
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?#,*ra =K5 ara o%!r ob'!&!r !$ !)*#.a$!&'! !& "a%a *&a s! 'o(a& !&
"*!&'a $as #(!%a&"#as !& $a bas! >a *'#$#2a%a ara !$ "3$"*$o %! "or'o"#r"*#'o
'r#?3s#"o
Figura 4: Diagrama e3uialente ara el estudio de cortocircuito mono+7sico. Fuente: !utoC!D
Sec*enca ;#$%1a
Es !s'! "aso s! 'o(a& 'o%as $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a %!"a%a *&o %! $os !$!(!&'os #&.o$*"ra%os
E$ %#a,ra(a !& !s'a s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a )*!%a "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a
?#,*ra =;
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Figura 44: Diagrama ara el c7lculo utiliando theenin. Fuente: !utoC!D.Co& !$ *so %!$ !)*#.a$!&'! %! '!.!&#& s! ob'#!&! !$ r!s*$'a%o %!$
%#a,ra(a !& s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a Q*!%a&%o !$ %#a,ra(a (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra
=:
Figura 46: $heenin de secuencia ositia. Fuente: !utoC!D.
S#!&%o $a ' !@r!sa%a "o& $a s#,*#!&'! ?or(*$a-
Zt/= X)11/¿ X)12 /¿ X* /¿ Xs* /¿ Xc /¿ Xv /¿ Xp&
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Y s!,0& $as #(!%a&"#as (os'ra%as !& !$ "*a%ro s! ob'#!&!-
Zt/=0.00583 p$
Sec*enca ne"a%1a
Es !s'! "aso s! 'o(a& 'o%as $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.a %!
"a%a *&o %! $os !$!(!&'os #&.o$*"ra%os
E$ %#a,ra(a !& !s'a s!"*!&"#a os#'#.a )*!%a "o(o s! (*!s'ra !& $a
?#,*ra :<
Figura 60: Diagrama e3uialente de secuencia negatia. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Las #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.as so& $as (#s(as %! s!"*!&"#aos#'#.as Co& !$ *so %!$ (4'o%o %! '!.!&#& s! ob'#!&! !$ !)*#.a$!&'! %!
s!"*!&"#a &!,a'#.a V!r ?#,*ra :9K
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Figura 62: Diagrama e3uialente de secuencia cero. Fuente: !utoC!D.
E& !$ "*a%ro s! (*!s'ra& $as #(!%a&"#as %! s!"*!&"#a "!ro#&.o$*"ra%as !& !$ "3$"*$o
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9ota: tomado de la gerencia de transmisi%n.
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Ob'!&#!&%o "o& !s'as #(!%a&"#as > "o& !$ *so %!$ !)*#.a$!&'! %!
'!.!&#&5 !$ %#a,ra(a !)*#.a$!&'! (os'ra%o !& $a ?#,*ra :
Figura 6": Diagrama e3uialente de theenin en secuencia cero. Fuente: !utoC!D.
Y s#!&%o !$ .a$or %! ' !$ r!s*$'a%o %!$ s#,*#!&'! "a$"*$o-
Zt/ (0 )= X* /¿ Xs* /¿ Xc /¿ Xv /¿ Xp&
Ob'!&#!&%o as+ !$ s#,*#!&'! .a$or-
Zt/ ( 0 )=0.0066 p$
D!s*4s %! !s'os "3$"*$os s! ro"!%! a "o&!"'ar $os !)*#.a$!&'!s %!
'!.!&#& s!,0& $a ?a$$a5 !s'a .!2 "o(o s! r!)*#!r! "a$"*$ar *&a ?a$$a
(o&o?3s#"a a '#!rra5 %#"os !)*#.a$!&'!s s! "o&!"'a& !& s!r#! )*!%a&%o %!
$a ?or(a (os'ra%a !& $a ?#,*ra :
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Figura 6: Diagrama e3uialente de cone5i%n.
D! !s'a ?#,*ra s! ob'#!&! $as "orr#!&'!s %! ?a$$as5 "o& $a s#,*#!&'!
?or(*$a-
+¿¿−¿¿
Zt/¿
I 1= I 2= I 0=1
¿
Co& $os r!s*$'a%os >a (os'ra%os "o& a&'!r#or#%a%5 s! *!%! ob'!&!r !$
.a$or %! $as "orr#!&'!s I 1= I 2= I 0=
1
0.0058+0.0058+0.0066=54.94 p$
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!r#o%o )*! abar"a $os a1os <9 > <9 s! r!s!&'aro& *&a ,ra&
"a&'#%a%!s %! %#"as #rr!,*$ar#%a%!s Las (#s(as r!$a"#o&a%as 'o%as "o& $a
S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo
A$ (o(!&'o %! *&a ?a$$a !& "*a$)*#!r ar'! %!$ s#s'!(a !$4"'r#"o&a"#o&a$5 $as ro'!""#o&!s *b#"a%as (3s "!r"a&a a !$$a5 $a a+s$a %! *&a ?or(a
r3#%a o #&s'a&'3&!a %!!&%#!&%o !$ '#o %! ?a$$a Para !$$o !@#s'!& *&os
aj*s'!s o "ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $as ro'!""#o&!s )*! $#(#'a& !$ '#!(o %!
o!ra"#6& %! $a (#s(a
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$as )*! #"#!ro& a""#o&ar $a ro'!""#6& L *b#"a%a !& $a S/E P!%ro
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(!&"#o&a%a a"#!&%o !s'o (3s !&,orroso !$ %!s!j! %! ?a$$as >a )*! so$o
s! "*!&'a "o& *&a ro'!""#6& > &o "o& *& r!sa$%o "o(o !s $o #&%#"a%o
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a""#o&65 !& "*a&'o '#!(o $o #2o5 s# %!b+a a"'*ar o &o > !& "aso %! a"'*ar
!& )*4 !'aa %! o!ra"#6& s! *b#"6 $a ?a$$a
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(*!s'ra& !& !$ "*a%ro
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N*.e+# ,e alla$ Me$e$ P+#.e,# ;#+ .e$
9 n
9ota: $omado de las Estad#sticas de +allas e5uestas en el diagn%stico.
Es'! "*a%ro r!?$!ja *& r!s*$'a%o %! )*! %#"a ?r!"*!&"#a %! ?a$$as5 !s %!
'r!s ?a$$as or "a%a (!s5 '!&#!&%o *& #"o !& $os (!s!s %! !&!ro5 ?!br!ro >
(ar2o %!$ a1o <95 %o&%! o"*rr#!ro& &*!.! ?a$$as or (!s
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Figura 6: Prue'a al rel< >"2 con las +allas actuales .Fuente: Do'le (201*).
La "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! ?a$$a %! *&a $+&!a s! r!r!s!&'a !& !$ $a&o R85 >
s! %!?#&! "o(o $a #(!%a&"#a .#s'a !& !$ $a%o s!"*&%ar#o %! $os
'ra&s?or(a%or!s %! "orr#!&'! > %! '!&s#6& %! $a $+&!a ?a$$a%a La os#"#6& %!
$a ?a$$a *!%! .ar#ar %!s%! !$ *&'o %! *b#"a"#6& %!$ r!$4 as'a !$ *&'o %!
a$"a&"! s!$!""#o&a%o a $o $ar,o %! $a $+&!a La ?a$$a *!%! s!r s6$#%a o "o&r!s#s'!&"#a %! ar"o E& !s'! 0$'#(o "aso5 !$ r!$4 *!%! r!s!&'ar rob$!(as
ara %!'!"'ar $a ?a$$a La #(!%a&"#a .#s'a or !$ r!$4 *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra
:; S#!&%o !$ 3r!a !& a(ar#$$o $a 2o&a %! o!ra"#6& %!$ r!$45 o 2o&a 'r# 2o&a
%! %#saroK
Las $+&!as *!%!& s!r-
9 F*!&'! !& *& !@'r!(o F*!&'! !& a(bos !@'r!(os5 "o& ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a %! A a"#a B
F*!&'! !& a(bos !@'r!(os5 "o& ?$*jo %! o'!&"#a %! B a"#a A
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B5 s#!&%o A $a S/E P!%ro Ca(!jo > B $a S/E Carabobo V!r ?#,*ra :=K
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Figura 66: Caracter#stica de una +alla resistia. Fuente: Flores (201*).
Ta(b#4& !s os#b$! )*! s# $a ?a$$a !s r!s#s'#.a !ro s* &#.!$ %! r!s#s'!&"#a&o !s 'a& a$'o !$ r!$4 "o& "ara"'!r+s'#"a (o $a %!'!"'! !ro !& s* 2o&a %!
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"o(ara"#6& *!%! .!rs! !& $a ?#,*ra 9<<
Figura 100: Comaraci%n de la caracter#stica de +alla resistia& con el rel< de cura deoeraci%n tio mho.8a$e III: P+#;*e$%a ,e n*e1a$ %ecn#l#"@a$ en l#$ e$*e.a$ ,e
;+#%ecc#ne$ ;a+a "a+an%>a+ el <*en *nc#na.en%# an%e alla$ ,e al%a
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!s!"#?#"a%as5 %!!&%#!&%o !$ (o%!$o %!$ (#s(o Es r!"#so !&'o&"!s (!&"#o&ar )*! ara $as ro'!""#o&!s %! $+&!as %!
'ra&s(#s#6& s! "o&s#%!ra& $os s#,*#!&'!s ?a"'or!s-
9 Cara"'!r+s'#"as b3s#"as- "o&?#ab#$#%a%5 s!$!"'#.#%a% > "oor%#&a"#6&5
s!&s#b#$#%a%5 .!$o"#%a% %! %!s!j!5 s#($#"#%a%5 r!sa$%o I(or'a&"#a > ?*&"#6& %! $a $+&!a- basa%a !& &#.!$ %! .o$'aj!5 $o&,#'*%
%! $a $+&!a5 "o&!@#6& a ,ra&%!s "!&'ros %! ,!&!ra"#6&5 ?$*jos %! "ar,a5
!s'ab#$#%a% Fa"'or!s %! s#s'!(a- r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! '#!(os %! %!s!j!5 'a(a1o
%! $a ?*!&'!5 $o&,#'*% %! $a $+&!a5 "o&?#,*ra"#6& %! $a $+&!a Co(*&#"a"#o&!s- #&'!r?a"! "o& !)*#os %! 'o&o5 o&%a or'a%ora5
(#"roo&%as5 ?#bra 6'#"a N*!.as '!"&o$o,+as Co(ro(#sos %!$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&- or !j!($o !&'r!
%!!&%ab#$#%a% > s!,*r#%a%5 "o&?#ab#$#%a% > "os'o
U&o %! $os r!)*!r#(#!&'os %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& )*! "obra
(a>or #(or'a&"#a a (a>or!s &#.!$!s %! '!&s#6& !s $a s!$!"'#.#%a%5 !&
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r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!5 a*& "*a&%o s! %#so&,a %! r!$4s %! sobr!"orr#!&'!
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%!"#r5 $a o!ra"#6& %! %#"o r!$4 s!r+a os#'#.a5 a$ "o(arar$a "o& !$ r!$4 %!
"ara"'!r+s'#"a (o '!&!(os )*! $a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ abar"a (3s !sa"#o a"#a $a
ar'! r!s#s'#.a > %!!&%! !$ aj*s'!5 $a ar'! #&%*"'#.a V!r ?#,*ra 9<9K
Figura 101: Comaraci%n de una cura mho con una cuadrilateral. Fuente: Flores(201*).
Es or !$$o )*! s! roo&!r #&s'a$ar *& r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a (ar"a s#!(!&s
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Es r!"#so %!"#r )*! !$ r!$4 )*! s! roo&! "o(o ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !s
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$os r!)*!r#(#!&'o %! $a $+&!a a ro'!,!r5 > as+ a"!r !?#"a2 !$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o
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Figura 10: Prue'a de +allas con cura del rel< Siemens. Fuente: Bmicron (201*).
S! obs!r.a "o& "$ar#%a% )*! ara $os (#s(os *&'os %! ?a$$a $a"ara"'!r+s'#"a "*a%r#$a'!ra$ %!$ r!$4 S#!(!&s5 $o,ra %!'!"'ar$as "o& ,ra&
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r!)*!r#%os > $o,ra %!'!"'ar $as ?a$$as )*! s! r!s!&'a& o> !& %+a5 'a(b#4&
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ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ !ro %!b#%o a )*! $a $+&!a !s (*> "or'a5 a !sar %! $a
rob*s'!2 %! !s'a ro'!""#6& > $as 2o&as !@'!&sas )*! ro'!,!5 *!%! )*!
$o,r! so$aar o'ras ro'!""#o&!s a%>a"!&'!s a $as $+&!as5 !s or !$$os )*! s!
roo&! "o(o ro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#a *&a ro'!""#6& %! sobr!"orr#!&'!
%#r!""#o&a$ $o,ra&%o as+ )*! s! ro'!ja %! ?or(a !r(4'#"a !$ !&$a"! !&
!s'*%#o5 !s'a ro'!""#6& '!&%r3 *&a "o(*&#"a"#6& "o& !$ r!$4 r#&"#a$ > ar3
*& "o&s'a&'! (o&#'or!o %! $a "orr#!&'! %! $a $+&!a5 > o%r3 #%!&'#?#"ar $a
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(ar"a S#!(!&s5 #%!&'#?#"a%o "o(o ;SJ5 s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o s! basa !&
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$o"a$#2ar sobr!"orr#!&'!s )*! a?!"'!& a$ s#s'!(a > $o,rar !s!"#?#"ar $a
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?a"#$#'a Coro!$!" ara s*s ro'!""#o&!s V!r a&!@o FK
E& $os "*a%ros ; > = s! (*!s'ra& $as "ara"'!r+s'#"as r#&"#a$!s %! $os
r!$4s )*! "o&?or(a& $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&
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9ota: Calculo de a-ustes segn criterio de Coroelec.
Figura 10: C7lculos de a-uste or onas.
8a$e IV: E1al*ac?n ,e la ac%<l,a, T-cncaEc#n?.ca ,e la
.;le.en%ac?n ,e la$ ;+#%ecc#ne$ n*.-+ca$ en la$ l@nea$ Ca+a<#<# I Ca+a<#<# II7
E& !s'a ?as! s! %!'!r(#&6 $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% %! $a #&s'a$a"#6& %! $as
ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as !& $as $+&!as Carabobo I > Carabobo II5 ara !s'o s!
"o&s#%!raro& $as ?a"'#b#$#%a%!s '4"&#"as > o!ra'#.as5 %!b#%o a $as
"ara"'!r+s'#"as %! $a !(r!sa
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%! ro'!""#6&5 s#,&#?#"ar+a *&a r!%*""#6& !& $as "o&s!"*!&"#as %! $as
#&'!rr*"#o&!s %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 'ra%*"#4&%os! !s'o !& *& aorro %!$
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Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! ,ra"#as a $a #($!(!&'a"#6&5 s! $o,ra *&a
s!$!"'#.#%a% !& !$ s#s'!(a5 $o "*a$ '#!&! "o(o b!&!?#"#o &o !r%!r o'!&"#a !&
!$ (#s(o5 >a )*! s! %!s!jar+a *&a ?a$$a a '#!(o5 &o %!ja&%o )*! !& $a
$a&'a %! ,!&!ra"#6& s! s#!&'a $a ?a$$a > o%!r s!,*#r !&'r!,a&%o o'!&"#a a$s#s'!(a
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os#b$!s #&"r!(!&'os !& ?a"'*ra"#6& o $a %#s(#&*"#6& %!$ '#!(o %!
#&'!rr*"#6&5 s! 'o(aro& !& "*!&'a $os %#?!r!&'!s ?a"'or!s5 .ar#ab$!s >
"ara"'!r+s'#"as5 "o(o "os'o5 !s!"#?#"a"#o&!s '4"&#"as > %#so&#b#$#%a% s!
"a$"*$6 !$ aorro !& (a&'!&#(#!&'o r!.!&'#.o > "orr!"'#.o5 (os'ra&%o $as
.!&'ajas ara $a !(r!sa
8ac%<l,a, #;e+a%1a
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"aa"#'a%o )*! s! r!)*#!r! ara $$!.ar a "abo !$ ro>!"'o %! #&s'a$a"#6& %!
$as ro'!""#o&!s #&%#"a%as a&'!r#or(!&'!5 > $a !@#s'!&"#a %! *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s
%#s*!s'os a !($!ar $os s!r.#"#os ,!&!ra%os or !$ ro>!"'o %!sarro$$a%o
D!&'ro %!$ (#s(o "o&'!@'o5 !& V!&!2*!$a5 !$ Es'a%o s! a r!s!r.a%o
'o%as $as 3r!as %!$ s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o5 !s %!"#r5 so$a(!&'! !$ Es'a%o !s'3
?a"*$'a%o ara $a ,!&!ra"#6&5 'ra&s(#s#6&5 %#s'r#b*"#6& > "o(!r"#a$#2a"#6& %!$
s!r.#"#o !$4"'r#"o r!s#%!&"#a$5 "o(!r"#a$ ! #&%*s'r#a$5 $o "*a$ r!a$#2a a 'ra.4s %!
$a !(r!sa Coro!$!"5 $a "*a$ "*!&'a "o& 'o%a *&a !s'r*"'*ra %! r!"*rsos
*(a&os ara 'a$ ?#&5 "o&'a&%o "o& !$ !rso&a$ ara 'o%os $os s!,(!&'os %!
$a #($!(!&'a"#6&5 %!s%! $a .!r#?#"a"#6& '4"&#"a %! !s!"#?#"a"#o&!s as'a !$
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s! !.#%!&"#a $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% %! %#"a #&s'a$a"#6& r!s*$'a&%o !& *& b!&!?#"#o
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ara $os *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s )*#!&!s '!&%r+a& $a .!&'aja %! "o&'ar "o& *& '#!(o
(+&#(o %! #&'!rr*"#o&!s !& !$ s!r.#"#o
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ab#$#%a%!s !& !$ (a&!jo %! (4'o%os5 ro"!%#(#!&'os > ?*&"#o&!s r!)*!r#%as
ara !$ %!sarro$$o %! $a #($!(!&'a"#6& %!$ ro>!"'o %!$ "a(b#o %!
ro'!""#o&!s A%!(3s5 s! %!b! a&a$#2ar s# s! %#so&! %! $os !)*#os >
!rra(#!&'as ara !j!"*'ar$o
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"o(a1+a "o(!r"#a$#2a%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o "*!&'a "o& !rso&a$ a$'a(!&'!"a$#?#"a%o ara $a !.a$*a"#6& %!$ ro>!"'o ro*!s'o5 > "o&%*"#r s* !j!"*"#6&
"o& !rso&a$ ro#o %! $a !(r!sa s#& $a &!"!s#%a% %! "o&'ra'a"#6& %!
!rso&a$ !@'!r&o a%#"#o&a$5 o s!r.#"#os !s!"#a$#2a%os ara $os ro6s#'os
$a&'!a%os
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!(r!&%!r *& ro>!"'o %! $a !&.!r,a%*ra %!$ )*! s! $a&'!a5 or $o )*! $a
#&s'a$a"#6& *!%! a"!rs! "o& $as !rso&as )*! "o&?or(a& !$ %!ar'a(!&'o
%! ro'!""#o&!s "o& a>*%a %! a$,*&as "*a%r#$$as %! (a&'!&#(#!&'o5
ro,ra(3&%os! %!&'ro %! $as o!ra"#o&!s r!,*$ar!s %! $a !(r!sa E& .#s'a
%! $o ro*!s'o s! .!r#?#"a )*! %!s%! !$ *&'o %! .#s'a '4"&#"o5 $a ro*!s'a
!s "o($!'a(!&'! ?a"'#b$! > &o s! !.#%!&"#a& #(!%#(!&'os ara s*
#($!(!&'a"#6&
8ac%<l,a, Ec#n?.ca
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&!"!sar#os ara #&.!r'#r !& !$ %!sarro$$o %!$ ro>!"'o5 as+ "o(o $a
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#($!(!&'a"#6&
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Para !s'o5 %!b! "a$"*$ars! s# $os b!&!?#"#o )*! s! !s!ra s! %!r#.!& %!
$a #&s'a$a"#6& %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6&5 so& s*!r#or!s a $os "os'os
)*! s! #&"*rr#r3& a$ %!sarro$$ar ! #($!(!&'ar $a ro*!s'a
D!b!& "o&s#%!rars! $os b!&!?#"#os #&'a&,#b$!s > "*a$#'a'#.os )*! s!%!r#.a& %! *& s!r.#"#o "o& (!&os '#!(o %! #&'!rr*"#o&!s5 $os "*a$!s so&
%#?+"#$!s %! (!%#r5 *!s #&.o$*"ra& .a$or!s s*bj!'#.os5 "o(o $a !r"!"#6& %!
"a$#%a% o sa'#s?a""#6& or ar'! %! $os *s*ar#os ?#&a$!s
Los !s'*%#os %! ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a #&"$*>!& a&3$#s#s %! "os'os >
b!&!?#"#os aso"#a%os "o& $a #&.!rs#6& ara !j!"*'ar !$ ro>!"'o5 $os "*a$!s
*!%!& s!r "*a&'#?#"a%os !& '4r(#&os (o&!'ar#os !s'ab$!"#%os $a %#?!r!&"#a
%! $os "os'os !& )*! s! #&"*rr!& .!rs*s $os #&,r!sos )*! *%#!ra& %!r#.ars!%! $a r!%*""#6& %! $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s5 or $o 'a&'o !$ a*(!&'o %! ?a"'*ra"#6&
%! $a !(r!sa
E& !s'! s!&'#%o5 s! r!"o&o"! *& b!&!?#"#o !"o&6(#"o so"#a$ )*! s!
(a&#?#!s'a %! $a (!jora !& #(a,!& ara $a !(r!sa5 )*! ro.#!&! %! o?r!"!r
*& s!r.#"#o (3s "o&?#ab$! > "o&'#&*o5 "o& (!&os #&'!rr*"#o&!s as+ "o& $a
r!%*""#6& !& oras o(br!s )*! %!b!& !($!ars! ara !$ r!s'ab$!"#(#!&'o
%!$ s!r.#"#o !& $os "asos %! $as #&'!rr*"#o&!s
Por $o 'a&'o5 *%#!ra %!"#rs! )*! 'a& so$o !s'as "o&s#%!ra"#o&!s
*%#!ra& !$!.ar $a ?a"'#b#$#%a% !"o&6(#"a %!$ ro>!"'o *!s !$ b!&!?#"#o so"#a$
ara *&a !(r!sa %!$ Es'a%o5 0&#"a ro.!!%ora %!$ s!r.#"#o5 sobr!asa $as
"o&s#%!ra"#o&!s !"o&6(#"as o !$ "os'o8b!&!?#"#o
No obs'a&'!5 ara $o,rar !s'ab$!"!r *&a ro*!s'a (3s "o(r!&s#.a5 !&
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s#'*a"#6& a &or(a$ ?a$$aK5 s! "o$ara a"#a $os ,!&!ra%or!s
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r!)*#!r! s!r #&s'a$a%os !& !$ (#s(o !s)*!(a
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ro'!""#6&5 !s'o %a #! a $a r!#&,!&#!r+a %! %!'a$$!5 >a )*! s! '#!&! %os
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!rra(#!&'a ara !$ ro"!so %! r!!($a2o5 ar(a%o5 r*!bas > *!s'a !&
s!r.#"#o5 %! $os !s)*!(as %! ro'!""#6& V!r a&!@o GK
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Cab! %!s'a"ar )*! so$o s! (*!s'ra& $os $a&os %! *& 'ab$!ro5 >a )*! !$
%!$ s!,*&%o 'ab$!ro s!r#a !@a"'a(!&'! #,*a$ !ro "o& *&'os %! "o&!@#o&!s
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9 L!.a&'a(#!&'o %!$ "ab$!a%o %! $o )*! s! '#!&! a&'!s %!$ "a(b#o %!
ro'!""#o&!s5 ara sab!r %6&%! "o&!"'ar $as s!1a$!s %! $os !)*#os a
ro'!,!r Mo%#?#"ar !$ !sa"#o ara $a #($!(!&'a"#6& > r!!($a2ar $os !)*#os5
ro,ra(a&%o a"'#.#%a%!s %#ar#as ara "*($#r "o& $a ?!"a !s'ab$!"#%a
a$ r#&"##o %!$ ro>!"'o Por 0$'#(o s! a"!& $as r*!bas %! a"!'a"#6& $as "*a$!s "o& $a
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'!&s#o&!s a$ !s)*!(a ara s#(*$ar s* ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o *&a .!2
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s*!r.#sa&%o $os ar3(!'ros5 !& !s'! "aso $as $+&!as Carabobo 9 >
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s! (*!s'ra& "o(o !s'3& "o&!"'a%as $as s!1a$!s %!$ s#s'!(a a ro'!,!r
E& !s'! $!.a&'a(#!&'o s! (*!s'ra& $as bor&!ras %o&%! $$!,a& $os
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a&!@o K
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U&#!&%o as+ $as s!1a$!s %! $as %#?!r!&"#a$!s %! barra5 $as ro'!""#o&!s
%! $os 'ra&s?or(a%or!s5 $os ,!&!ra%or!s > $as ro'!""#o&!s %! "a%a sa$#%a %!
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$as s!1a$!s s!a& $as "orr!"'as s!,0& !$ $a&o %!$ !s)*!(a &*!.o5 a$,*&as
%! !s'as (o%#?#"a"#o&!s *!%!& .!rs! !& !$ a&!@o J
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s! !s'#*$aro&
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?#,*ra 9<;K5 $a "*a$ s! "o&!"'a "o& !$ !)*#o %! r*!ba !& $os *&'os %!
bor&!ras #&%#"a%os !& !$ "*a%ro =
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$a r*!ba %! b0s)*!%a *& *&'o %! ?a$$a !& "a%a 2o&a %! o!ra"#6&5%!'!r(#&a&%o s# !$ r!$4 o!ra o &o5 > (os'ra&%o !& ,ra?#"a %o&%!
!@a"'a(!&'! !s $a *b#"a"#6& %! $os *&'os5 !s'o "o& $a "*r.a "ara"'!r+s'#"a
%!$ r!$4
Figura 10: E3uio de rue'a Bmicron.
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E& $a ?#,*ra 9<= s! (*!s'ra *&a or"#6& %! $as r*!bas !"as5 %o&%!
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r!$4 &*(4r#"o (ar"a S#!(!&s >a #&s'a$a%o5 '*.o *&a a"'*a"#6& 5!& s* 2o&a
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Par3(!'ro Bor&!ra
Corr#!&'! ?as! R <99-9
Corr#!&'! ?as! S <99-
Corr#!&'! ?as! T <99-
Corr#!&'! N!*'ro <99-;
Vo$'aj! ?as! R <-9
Vo$'aj! ?as! S <-
Vo$'aj! ?as! T <-
Vo$'aj! N!*'ro <-;
D#saro d <-
D#saro 8 <-9
Fuente: Prue'as +uncionales.
C*a,+#
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D#"a #&?or(a"#6& (*!s'ra $os %#a,ra(as ?asor#a$!s %! "a%a .ar#ab$!
(!%#%a or $os r!$4s5 $a (#s(a s! %#.#%! !& ro'!""#6& r#&"#a$ > ro'!""#6&
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Figura 106: alores medidos or el es3uema de rotecci%n. Fuente: S,E PedroCame-o.
CONCLUSIONES 3 RECOMENDACIONES
C#ncl*$#ne$
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!$ s#!(!&s o!ra !& *& '#!(o #&s'a&'3&!o !& s* 2o&a 9
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%#s(#&*>a& $as !r%#%as !& "obro %!$ s!r.#"#o5 > as+ ?a"'*rar *&a "a&'#%a%
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!)*#os %!$ s#s'!(a5 > '!&!r !& s# 'o%o "orr!"'a(!&'! "ab$!a%o a$ (o(!&'o
%! $a *!s'a !& s!r.#"#o S! %#s!16 !$ !s)*!(a %! ro'!""#6&5 !s %!"#r5 *& %!$ r!$4 %!
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D! $as r*!bas ?*&"#o&a$!s %! $a ro'!""#6&5 s! ob'*.o "o(o r!s*$'a%o
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%! *so5 or $as ro'!""#o&!s &*(4r#"as5 ara as+ (!jorar !$ ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o
%! $as (#s(as
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CARRILLO5 G <<;K Pro'!""#o&!s E$4"'r#"as B*"ara(a&,a8Co$o(b#a
CORRALES5 D <9K Co&"!'os B3s#"os %! E$!"'r#"#%a%
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INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEER IEEEK
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UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR UPEL5
<<K Ma&*a$ %! Trabajo %! Gra%o %! Es!"#a$#2a"#6& > Ma!s'r+a > T!s#s
Do"'ora$!s E%#"#6& Cara"as8V!&!2*!$a
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UNIVERSIDAD ROMULO GALLEGOS 9::;K G*+a ara $a !$abora"#6& %!
'!s#s Sa& J*a& %! $os Morros5 G*3r#"o8V!&!2*!$a
VILLAFRANCA5 D 9::K M!'o%o$o,+a %! $a I&.!s'#,a"#6&5 Los T!)*!s8
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ANEXOS
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ANEXO B
N1ele$ ,e C#+%#c+c*%#$ &''
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N1ele$ ,e C#+%#c+c*%#$ Pe,+# Ca.e/#
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ANEXO C
Da"+a.a$ *nla+e$ ,e la$ SS5EE Pe,+# Ca.e/# Ca+a<#<#
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NORMA
PROCEDIMIENTO PARA REALIAR
MANTENIMIENTO A RELES DE DISTANCIA
ELECTROMECANICOS TIPO L
MARCA BBC
9 INTRODUCCIONE$ r!$4 %! %#s'a&"#a '#o L !s *&a ro'!""#6& !$!"'ro(!"3&#"a "o& "*r.a %! o!ra"#6& '#oMO V!r ?#,*ra 9K
S*s r#&"#a$!s "ara"'!r+s'#"as so&-
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− E$ '#!(o %! aj*s'! %! "a%a !'aa *!%! .ar#ars! !&'r! <9 > s!,5 #&%!!&%#!&'! !&'r!s+
− P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! o!ra"#6& %!- a"!$!ra"#6& %! !'aa5 sobr! a$"a&"! !r(#'#%o5 s*ba$"a&"! !r(#'#%o
− E$ L !r(#'! "o(!&sar $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! a(bos a $a .!2− P!r(#'! !s)*!(as %! r!!&,a&"!s (o&o?3s#"o5 'r#?3s#"o5 o a(bos a $a .!2
Los r#&"#a$!s "o(o&!&'!s so&-
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− U&a *&#%a% %! (!%#%a CMK ara %!'!r(#&ar $a %#s'a&"#a > %#r!""#6& %! $a ?a$$a− U&a *&#%a% %! arra&)*! or (+&#(a #(!%a&"#a or ?as! AK− Dos *&#%a%!s %! sobr!"orr#!&'! L5 RL.K ara ?a$$as a '#!rra !& !$ L− U&a *&#%a% %! '!(or#2a"#6& %! $as !'aas TK− U& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! "orr#!&'! UK or ?as! > *& 'ra&s?or(a%or %! '!&s#6& VK ara
aj*s'ar !$ a$"a&"! %! $as !'aas− C*a'ro bob#&as %! "o(!&sa"#6& %! $a "ara"'!r+s'#"a %! arra&)*! !& !$ L
− U&a *&#%a% %! #(!%a&"#a #(a,!& MK− Bor&!s %! r*!ba K− U&a *&#%a% a*@#$#ar %! s!1a$#2a"#6& o"#o&a$K
OBJETO
I&%#"ar 'o%os > "a%a *&o %! $os asos a s!,*#r ara r!a$#2ar !$ (a&'!&#(#!&'o a r!$4s %!%#s'a&"#a L
CAMPO DE APLICACIÓN
Es'a &or(a !s a$#"ab$! a $os r!$4s %! %#s'a&"#a L #&s'a$a%os "o(o ro'!""#6& r#(ar#a !&$+&!as %! 'ra&s(#s#6& %! 99V > "o(o ro'!""#6& s!"*&%ar#a !& $+&!as %! <V
DOCUMENTOS A CONSULTA
− Ca'3$o,os %! $os !)*#os %! r*!ba− P$a&os ?*&"#o&a$!s− Aj*s'!s %! "oor%#&a"#6&− Ca'3$o,os %!$ ?abr#"a&'! %!$ r!$4
DEFINICIONESCaja %! r*!ba- E)*#o %! r*!ba 'r#?3s#"o '#o BB o Q
P!#&! %! r*!ba- A""!sor#o %! $a "aja %! r*!ba ara #&'!r"o&!"'ar$a "o& !$ r!$4
E'aa- A$"a&"! %! #(!%a&"#a > '#!(o %! o!ra"#6& ara "a%a *&a %! $as 2o&as %!ro'!""#6& %! $a $+&!a %! a"*!r%o a $os aj*s'!s %! "oor%#&a"#6&
Co&'a"'o %! ,#ro #&K- D#sos#'#.o ,#ra'or#o ara "o&!"'ar o %!s"o&!"'ar $os '!r(#&a$!ss*!r#or!s ! #&?!r#or!s %! $a bor&!ra %! r*!ba K %!$ r!$4
T!r(#&a$!s AK- P*&'os %! "o&!@#6& r#&"#a$ %!$ r!$4 *b#"a%os !& $a ar'! os'!r#or %! !s'!
U&#%a%!s a*@#$#ar!s- Co&'a"'or!s ara (*$'#$#"a"#6& %! ?*&"#o&!s
EQUIPOS Y ERRAMIENTAS ESPECIALES
− Caja %! r*!ba BB o Q− I&>!"'or s!"*&%ar#o %! "orr#!&'! a$'!r&a
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− R!a$#"! $a r*!ba !& !$ or%!& #&%#"a%o !& $a 'ab$a %!s"r#'a !& !$ a&!@o V "a%a"o$*(&a %! !s'a 'ab$a5 #&%#"a $as *&#%a%!s %!$ r!$4 )*! %!b!& o!rars!"*!&"#a$(!&'! %!!&%#!&%o %! $a os#"#6& %! $os "o&(*'a%or!s F > , %! $a"aja %! r*!ba Para *&a (!jor "o(r!&s#6& %! $a 'ab$a5 $!!r "*#%a%osa(!&'! $as#&s'r*""#o&!s %!s"r#'as !& $a ar'! #&?!r#or %!$ a&!@o
− S#(*$! !$ '#o %! ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or &5 obs!r.a&%o $as!"*!&"#a %! o!ra"#6& %! $as *&#%a%!s %!$ r!$45 *&a %!s*4s %! $a o'ra S!r!"o(#!&%a r!!'#r !$ '#o %! ?a$$a .ar#as .!"!s ara obs!r.ar "a%a .!2 *&a*&#%a% !& ar'#"*$ar
No'a- &o %!b! r!s#o&ar !$ *$sa%or & or $ar,o '#!(o5 a ?#& %! !.#'arsobr!"a$!&'a(#!&'o !& $a *&#%a% %! '!(or#2a"#6& TK > $os "o&'a"'or!s PA A&'!s%! "a%a r!!'#"#6& %!b!r3 !s!rars! a $os )*! 'o%os $os "o&'a"'os a>a& r!"a+%o !&!s!"#a$ $os PTr
− Co(r*!b! !$ b*!& ?*&"#o&a(#!&'o %! s!1a$#2a"#o&!s (!"3&#"as > 6'#"as
<; PRUEBA DE LAS UNIDADES DE ARRANQUE AK
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a*(!&'a%o !& *& X *'#$#2a&%o $os "o&(*'a%or!s 5 #5 − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R− S#(*$! !$ '#o %! ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > r!%*2"a !$ .a$or
%! X as+ %!'!r(#&a%o %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o− A&o'! !$ .a$or %!'!r(#&a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& S > r!!'#r $a r*!ba ara ?a$$a b#?3s#"a− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& T > r!!'#r $a r*!ba ara ?a$$a b#?3s#"a
Fa$$a (o&o?3s#"a-− E$ aj*s'! X '!6r#"o a "o$o"ar !& $a "aja %!!&%! %!$ aj*s'! %! $as bob#&as %!
"o(o*&%aj! > s! ar3 %! $a s#,*#!&'! (a&!ra-
S#& "o(o*&%aj!-
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Co& "o(o*&%aj!-
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− S# !$ aj*s'! %! o !s %#?!r!&'! a$ %! ?as!5 !$ .a$or '!6r#"o .ar#ar3 !& *& Z *&9<X %! $a ?a$$a b#?3s#"a
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<= PRUEBA DEL ALCANCE DE LAS ETAPAS CMK
L+(#'! %! $a r#(!ra !'aa-
Fa$$a b#?3s#"a-
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$a r#(!ra !'aa NIK5 (!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!ba 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >
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− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !$"o&'a"'or PSII &o o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!s "o&
!$ *$sa%or &K− Pro(!%#! !s'os %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja r*!ba > a&o'! !$
r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$4 Es'! .a$or %!b! s!raro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z X
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− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , !& os#"#6& − Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o !& X ara , !& os#"#6&
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− S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > a*(!&'!$#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or ara !$ "*a$ !$ "o&'a"'orPSII s#!(r! o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o&!$ *$sa%or &
− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ !$"o&'a"'or PSII &o o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK"o& !$ *$sa%or &
− Pro(!%#! !s'os %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja > a&o'! !$ r!s*$'a%o!& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$4 Es'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z X
−
Co$o)*! !$ aj*s'! %! $as *&#%a%!s A !& s* .a$or or#,#&a$ L+(#'! %! $a s!,*&%a !'aa-
− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or , %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& 9− Co$o)*! !$ "o&(*'a%or ? %! $a "aja %! r*!ba !& os#"#6& R− Aj*s'! !$ .a$or '!6r#"o X ob'!&#%o %! $as "*r.as %! "a$#bra"#6& %!$ CM ara $a
s!,*&%a !'aa NIIK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >
a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ $os"o&'a"'or!s PSII > PSIII s#!(r! o!r!& ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %!
.!"!sK "o& !$ *$sa%or &− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or !& !$ "*a$ so$o !$
"o&'a"'or PSII o!r! ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK "o& !$*$sa%or &
− Pro(!%#! !s'o %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'!5 !$r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$45 !s'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'!#,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z
L+(#'! %! $a '!r"!ra !'aa-
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'!r"!ra !'aa NIIIK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & %! $a "aja %! r*!ba >
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− D#s(#&*>a $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X as'a "o&s!,*#r !$ r#(!r .a$or ara !$ "*a$ so$o $os"o&'a"'or!s PSII > PSIII o!r!& ara r!!'#%as s#(*$a"#o&!s &o (a>or %! .!"!sK"o& !$ *$sa%or &
− Pro(!%#! !s'o %os .a$or!s %! X ob'!&#%os !& $a "aja %! r*!ba > a&o'! !$r!s*$'a%o !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba %!$ r!$45 !s'! .a$or %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'!#,*a$ a$ .a$or '!6r#"o5 "o& *&a %!s.#a"#6& %! Z
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!'aa A NAK M!%#a&'! $os "o&(*'a%or!s %! $a "aja %! r*!bas- 5 #5 − S#(*$! $a ?a$$a or#(#!&%o br!.!(!&'! !$ *$sa%or & > a*(!&'! $#,!ra(!&'! !$ X
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<: MEDICION DEL TIEMPO DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS ETAPAS
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T#!(o %! r#(!ra !'aa-
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.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4
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− A&o'! !s'! .a$or !& $a $a&#$$a %! r*!ba Es'! %!b! s!r aro@#(a%a(!&'! #,*a$ a$.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4
T#!(o %! '!r"!ra !'aa-
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.a$or aj*s'a%o !& !$ r!$4
T#!(o %! $a !'aa A-
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.a$or %! '#!(o (!%#%o !& $a r#(!ra !'aa
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ANEXO 8
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ANEXO G
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ANEXO K
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ANEXO I
Le1an%a.en%# ,el ca<lea,# C#ne=#ne$ c#.*ne$
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ANEXO 0
M#,cac#ne$ al %a<le+#
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Ce++e ,el n%e++*;%#+
V#l%a/e$ c#++en%e$
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Ala+.a
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ANEXO
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Rele Kl# Pl#%#
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P*e$%a en $e+1c#
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