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INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON THE
ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
THE CONTRACTING PARTIES,
CONSCIOUS of the need to promote and develop international road
transport in Asia and with neighbouring regions,
RECALLING the cooperation among members of the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in the formulation
and operationalization of the Asian Highway network,
CONSIDERING that in order to strengthen relations and promote
international trade and tourism among members of the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific it is essential to
develop the Asian Highway network to the requirements of international
transport and the environment, keeping also in view the introduction of
efficient international intermodal transport,
CONTINUING the cooperative efforts for planning, development and
improvement of international road transport within Asia and between Asia and
neighbouring regions,
HAVE AGREED as follows:
Article 1
Adoption of the Asian Highway network
The Contracting Parties, hereinafter referred to as the Parties, adopt the
proposed highway network hereinafter referred to as the Asian Highway
network and described in annex I to this Agreement, as a coordinated plan for
the development of highway routes of international importance which they
intend to undertake within the framework of their national programmes.
Article 2
Definition of the Asian Highway network
The Asian Highway network as described in annex I consists of highway
routes of international importance within Asia, including highway routessubstantially crossing more than one subregion, highway routes within
subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and
highway routes located within member States.
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Article 3
Development of the Asian Highway network
The routes of the Asian Highway network should be brought into
conformity with the classification and design standards described in annex II
to this Agreement.
Article 4
Signage of the Asian Highway network
1. The Asian Highway network routes should be indicated by means of the
route sign described in annex III to this Agreement.
2. Route signs conforming to that described in annex III to this Agreement
should be placed on all routes of the Asian Highway network within five (5)
years from the date of entry into force of this Agreement for the State
concerned, in accordance with article 6.
Article 5
Procedure for signing and becoming a Party to
this Agreement
1. This Agreement shall be open for signature by States which are
members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific at Shanghai, China, from 26 to 28 April 2004 and thereafter at
United Nations Headquarters in New York from 1 May 2004 to 31 December
2005.
2. Those States may become Parties to this Agreement by:
(a) Definitive signature;
(b) Signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed
by ratification, acceptance or approval; or
(c) Accession.
3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by thedeposit of an instrument in good and due form with the Secretary-General of
the United Nations.
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Article 6
Entry into force of this Agreement
1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the
date on which the Governments of at least eight (8) States have consented to
be bound by the Agreement pursuant to article 5, paragraph 2.
2. For each State which definitively signs or deposits its instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession after the date upon which the
conditions for the entry into force of the Agreement have been met, the
Agreement shall enter into force for that State ninety (90) days after the date of
its definitive signature or of its deposit of the said instrument.
Article 7
Working Group on the Asian Highway
1. A Working Group on the Asian Highway shall be established by the
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific to
consider the implementation of this Agreement and to consider any
amendments proposed. All States which are members of the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific shall be members of
the Working Group.
2. The Working Group shall meet biennially. Any Party may also, by a
notification addressed to the secretariat, request that a special meeting of the
Working Group be convened. The secretariat shall notify all members of the
Working Group of the request and shall convene a special meeting of the
Working Group if not less than one third of the Parties signify their assent to
the request within a period of four (4) months from the date of the notification
by the secretariat.
Article 8
Procedures for amending the main text of
this Agreement
1. The main text of this Agreement may be amended by the procedures
specified in this article.
2. Amendments to this Agreement may be proposed by any Party.
3. The text of any proposed amendment shall be circulated to all members
of the Working Group on the Asian Highway by the secretariat at least forty-
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five (45) days before the Working Group meeting at which it is proposed for
adoption.
4. An amendment shall be adopted by the Working Group on the AsianHighway by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting. The
amendment as adopted shall be communicated by the secretariat to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall circulate it to all Parties for
acceptance.
5. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 4 of the present
article shall enter into force twelve (12) months after it has been accepted by
two thirds of the Parties. The amendment shall enter into force with respect to
all Parties except those which, before it enters into force, declare that they do
not accept the amendment. Any Party that has declared that it does not accept
an amendment adopted in accordance with this paragraph may at any time
thereafter deposit an instrument of acceptance of such amendment with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations. The amendment shall enter into force
for that State twelve (12) months after the date of deposit of the said
instrument.
Article 9
Procedure for amending annex I to this Agreement
1. Annex I to this Agreement may be amended by the procedure specified
in this article.
2. Amendments may be proposed by any Party after consultation and
obtaining consensus with directly concerned neighbouring States except for an
amendment relating to domestic alignment that does not change an
international border crossing.
3. The text of any proposed amendment shall be circulated to all members
of the Working Group by the secretariat at least forty-five (45) days before the
Working Group meeting at which it is proposed for adoption.
4. An amendment shall be adopted by the Working Group on the Asian
Highway by a majority of the Parties present and voting. The amendment as
adopted shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, who shall circulate it to all Parties.
5. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 4 of the present
article shall be deemed accepted if during a period of six (6) months from the
date of the notification, none of the Parties directly concerned notify the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of their objection to the amendment.
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6. An amendment accepted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the present
article shall enter into force for all the Parties three (3) months after the expiry
of the period of six (6) months referred to in paragraph 5 of the present article.
7. The following shall be considered Parties directly concerned:
(a) In the case of a new, or the modification of an existing, Asian
Highway route substantially crossing more than one subregion, any Party
whose territory is crossed by that route; and
(b) In the case of a new, or the modification of an existing, Asian
Highway route within subregions including those connecting to neighbouring
subregions, and routes located within member States, any Party contiguous to
the requesting State whose territory is crossed by that route or the Asian
Highway route substantially crossing more than one subregion with which that
route, whether new or to be modified, is connected. Two Parties having in their
respective territories the terminal points of a sea link on the Asian Highway
route substantially crossing more than one subregion or routes specified above
shall also be considered contiguous for the purposes of this paragraph.
8. For the purpose of objections under paragraph 5 of this article, the
secretariat shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
together with the text of the amendment, a list of Parties which are directly
concerned by the amendment.
Article 10
Procedure for amending annexes II and III to
this Agreement
1. Annexes II and III to this Agreement may be amended by the procedure
specified in this article.
2. Amendments may be proposed by any Party.
3. The text of any proposed amendment shall be circulated to all members
of the Working Group by the secretariat at least forty-five (45) days before the
Working Group meeting at which it is proposed for adoption.
4. An amendment shall be adopted by the Working Group on the Asian
Highway by a majority of the Parties present and voting. The amendment asadopted shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, who shall circulate it to all Parties.
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5. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 4 of the present
article shall be deemed accepted if during a period of six (6) months from the
date of the notification, less than one third of the Parties notify the Secretary-
General of the United Nations of their objection to the amendment.
6. An amendment accepted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the present
article shall enter into force for all Parties three (3) months after the expiry of
the period of six (6) months referred to in paragraph 5 of the present article.
Article 11
Reservations
Reservations may not be made with respect to any of the provisions of
this Agreement, except as provided in article 14, paragraph 5.
Article 12
Withdrawal from this Agreement
Any Party may withdraw from this Agreement by written notification
addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The withdrawal
shall take effect one (1) year after the date of receipt by the Secretary-General
of such notification.
Article 13
Cessation of validity of this Agreement
This Agreement shall cease to be in force if the number of Parties is less
than eight (8) for any period of twelve (12) consecutive months.
Article 14
Settlement of disputes
1. Any dispute between two or more Parties which relates to the
interpretation or application of this Agreement and which the Parties to the
dispute are unable to settle by negotiation or consultation shall be referred to
conciliation if any of the Parties to the dispute so requests and shall, to that
end, be submitted to one or more conciliators selected by mutual agreementbetween the Parties to the dispute. If the Parties to the dispute fail to agree on
the choice of a conciliator or conciliators within three (3) months after the
request for conciliation, any of those Parties may request the Secretary-
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General of the United Nations to appoint a single conciliator to whom the
dispute shall be submitted.
2. The recommendation of the conciliator or conciliators appointed inaccordance with paragraph 1 of this article, while not binding in character,
shall become the basis of renewed consideration by the Parties to the dispute.
3. By mutual agreement, the Parties to the dispute may agree in advance to
accept the recommendation of the conciliator or conciliators as binding.
4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the present article shall not be construed to
exclude other measures for the settlement of disputes mutually agreed between
the Parties to the dispute.
5. Any State may, at the time of definitive signature or of depositing its
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, deposit a
reservation stating that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of
the present article relating to conciliation. Other Parties shall not be bound by
the provisions of the present article relating to conciliation with respect to any
Party which has deposited such a reservation.
Article 15
Limits to the application of this Agreement
1. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as preventing a Party from
taking such action, compatible with the provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations and limited to the exigencies of the situation, as it considers necessary
to its external or internal security.
2. A Party shall make every possible effort, subject to the availability of
budget and other forms of funding of that Party and in accordance with its laws
and regulations, to develop the Asian Highway network consistent with this
Agreement.
3. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as acceptance of an
obligation by any Party to permit the movement of goods and passenger traffic
across its territory.
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Article 16
Notifications to Parties
In addition to communications provided for in articles 7, 8, 9 and 10 and
the reservation provided for in article 14 of this Agreement, the Secretary-
General of the United Nations shall notify the Parties and the other States
referred to in article 5 of the following:
(a) Definitive signatures, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and
accessions under article 5;
(b) The dates of entry into force of this Agreement in accordance
with article 6;
(c) The date of entry into force of amendments to this Agreement in
accordance with article 8, paragraph 5, article 9, paragraph 6 and article 10,
paragraph 6;
(d) Withdrawal under article 12;
(e) The termination of this Agreement under article 13.
Article 17
Annexes to the Agreement
Annexes I, II and III to the Agreement shall form an integral part of this
Agreement.
Article 18
Secretariat of the Agreement
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific shall act as the secretariat of this Agreement.
Article 19
Deposit of the present Agreement with the
Secretary-General
The original of this Agreement shall be deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations, who shall send certified true copies to all the
States referred to in article 5 of this Agreement.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized
thereto, have signed this Agreement,
OPENED for signature on the twenty-sixth day of April two thousandand four at Shanghai, China, in a single copy in the Chinese, English and
Russian languages, the three texts being equally authentic.
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Annex I
ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
1. The Asian Highway network consists of highway routes of international
importance within Asia, including highway routes substantially crossing
more than one subregion such as: East and North-East Asia, South and
South-West Asia, South-East Asia and North and Central Asia; highway
routes within subregions including those connecting to neighbouring
subregions; and highway routes located within member States which
provide access to: (a) capitals; (b) main industrial and agricultural
centres; (c) major air, sea and river ports; (d) major container terminals
and depots; and (e) major tourist attractions.
2. Route numbers begin with AH, which stands for Asian Highway,
followed by one or two or three digits.
3. Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to Asian Highway
routes, which substantially cross more than one subregion.
4. Sets of two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the
routes within subregions, including those connecting to a neighbouring
subregion, and highway routes within member States as indicated
below:
(a) Route numbers 10-29 and 100-299 are allocated to the South-East
Asia subregion including Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
Indonesia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam;
(b) Route numbers 30-39 and 300-399 are allocated to the East and
North-East Asia subregion including China, the Democratic
Peoples Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, the Republic of
Korea and the Russian Federation1 (Far East);
(c) Route numbers 40-59 and 400-599 are allocated to the South Asia
subregion including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka;
(d) Route numbers 60-89 and 600-899 are allocated to the North,
Central and South-West Asia subregion including Afghanistan,Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Islamic Republic of Iran,
1 The Russian Federation is included in two subregions for the purpose of assigningroute numbers because of its geographic extent.
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Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation,1
Tajikistan,
Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
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LIST OF THE ASIAN HIGHWAY ROUTES
Asian Highway routes substantially crossing more than one subregion
AH route
numberItinerary
AH1
Tokyo Fukuoka ferry Pusan Kyongju Taegu Taejon Seoul Munsan Gaesung
Pyongyang Sinuiju Dandong Shenyang Beijing Shijiazhuang Zhengzhou
Xinyang Wuhan Changsha Xiangtan Guangzhou ( Shenzhen) Nanning
Youyiguan Huu Nghi Dong Dang Ha Noi Vinh Dong Ha Hue Da Nang Hoi
An Nha Trang Bien Hoa ( Vung Tau) Ho Chi Minh City Moc Bai Bavet Phnom
Penh Poipet Aranyaprathet Kabin Buri Hin Kong Bang Pa-in ( Bangkok)
Nakhon Sawan Tak Mae Sot Myawadi Payagyi ( Yangon) Meiktila Mandalay
Tamu Moreh Imphal Kohima Dimapur Nagaon Jorabat ( Guwahati) Shillong
Dawki Tamabil Sylhet Katchpur Dhaka Jessore Benapol Bongaon Kolkata
Barhi Kanpur Agra New Delhi Attari Wahgah Lahore Rawalpindi (
Islamabad) Hassanabdal Peshawar Torkham Kabul Kandahar Dilaram Herat
Islam Qala Dogharun Mashhad Sabzevar Damghan Semnan Tehran Qazvin
Tabriz Eyvoghli Bazargan Gurbulak Dogubayazit Askale Refahiye Sivas
Ankara Gerede Istanbul Kapikule Border of Bulgaria
AH2
Denpasar Surabaya Surakarta Semarang Cikampek ( Bandung) Jakarta
( Merak) ferry Singapore Senai Utara Seremban Kuala Lumpur Butterworth
Bukit Kayu Hitam Sa Dao Hat Yai Bangkok Bang Pa-in Nakhon Sawan Tak
Chiang Rai Mae Sai Tachilek Kyaing Tong Meiktila Mandalay Tamu Moreh
Imphal Kohima Dimapur Nagaon Jorabat ( Guwahati) Shillong Dawki
Tamabil Sylhet Katchpur Dhaka Hatikamrul Banglabandha Siliguri Kakarbhitta
Pathlaiya Narayanghat Kohalpur Mahendranagar Bramhadev Mandi Banbasa
Rampur New Delhi Attari Wahgah Lahore Multan Rohri Quetta Taftan
Mirjaveh Zahedan Kerman Anar Yazd Salafchegan ( Tehran) Saveh Hamadan
Khosravi
AH3
Ulan-Ude Kyahta Altanbulag Darkhan Ulaanbaatar Nalayh Choir Saynshand
Zamin-Uud Erenhot Beijing Tanggu
Shanghai Hangzhou Nanchang Xiangtan Guiyang Kunming Jinghong ( Daluo
Mongla Kyaing Tong) Mohan Boten Nateuy Houayxay Chiang Khong Chiang
Rai
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AH4
Novosibirsk Barnaul Tashanta Ulaanbaishint Hovd Yarantai
Urumqi Kashi Honqiraf Khunjerab Hassanabdal Rawalpindi ( Islamabad)
Lahore Multan Rohri Hyderabad Karachi
AH5
Shanghai Nanjing Xinyang Xian Lanzhou Tulfan - Urumqi Kuitun Jinghe
Horgos Almaty Kaskelen Kordai Georgievka Bishkek Kara Balta Chaldovar
Merke Shymkent Zhibek Zholy Chernyavka Tashkent Syrdaria Samarkand
Navoi Bukhara Alat Farap Turkmenabat Mary Tejen Ashgabat Serdar
Turkemenbashi ferry Baku Alat Gazi Mammed Ganja Kazakh Red Bridge
Tbilisi Mtskheta Khashuri Senaki Poti ( ferry to Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine)
Batumi ( ferry to Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine) Sarpi Sarp Trabzon Samsun
Merzifon Gerede Istanbul Kapikule Border of Bulgaria
AH6
Pusan Kyongju Kangnung Kansong Kosong Wonsan ( Pyongyang ) Chongjin
Sonbong Khasan Hasan Razdolnoe ( Vladivostok Nahodka) Ussuriysk
Pogranichny Suifenhe Harbin Qiqihar Manzhouli Zabaykalsk Chita Ulan-Ude
Irkutsk Krasnoyarsk Novosibirsk Omsk Isilkul Karakuga Petropavlovsk
Chistoe Petuhovo Chelyabinsk Ufa Samara Moscow Krasnoe Border of Belarus
AH7
Yekaterinburg Chelyabinsk Troisk Kaerak Kostanai Astana Karaganda
Burubaital Merke Chaldovar Kara Balta Osh Andijon Tashkent Syrdaria
Khavast Khujand Dushanbe Nizhniy Panj Shirkhan Polekhumri Djbulsarcj
Kabul Kandahar Speenboldak Chaman Quetta Kalat Karachi
AH8
Border of Finland Torpynovka Vyborg St. Petersburg Moscow Tambov
Borysoglebsk Volgograd Astrakhan Hasavjurt Mahachkala Kazmalyarskiy Samur
Sumgayit Baku Alat Bilasuvar Astara Rasht Qazvin Tehran Saveh Ahvaz
Bandar Emam
Asian Highway routes within subregions, including those
connecting to neighbouring subregions, and Asian Highway
routes located within member States
South-East Asia
AH11Vientiane Ban Lao Thakhek Seno Pakse Veunkham Tranpeangkreal Stung Treng
Kratie Phnom Penh Sihanoukville
AH12Nateuy Oudomxai Pakmong Louang Phrabang Vientiane Thanaleng Nong Khai
Udon Thani Khon Kaen Nakhon Ratchasima Hin KongAH13 Oudomxai Muang Ngeun Huai Kon Uttaradit Phitsanulok Nakhon Sawan
AH14Hai Phong Ha Noi Viet Tri Lao Cai Hekou Kunming Ruili Muse Lashio
Mandalay
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AH15 Vinh Cau Treo Keoneau Ban Lao Thakhek Nakhon Phanom Udon Thani
AH16Dong Ha Lao Bao Densavanh Seno Savannakhet Mukdahan Khon Kaen
Phitsanulok Tak
AH18
Hat Yai Sungai Kolok Rantau Panjang Kota Bahru Kuantan Johor Bahru Johor
Bahru Causeway
AH19 Nakhon Ratchasima Kabin Buri Laem Chabang Chonburi Bangkok
AH25Banda Aceh Medan Tebingtinggi Dumai Pekanbaru Jambi Palembang Tanjung
Karang Bakauheni ferry Merak
AH26Laoag Manila Legazpi Matnog ferry Allen Tacloban ( Ormoc ferry Cebu)
Liloan ferry Surigao Davao ( Cagayan de Oro) General Santos Zamboanga
East and North-East Asia
AH30 Ussuriysk Khabarovsk Belogorsk Chita
AH31 Belogorsk Blagoveshchensk Heihe Harbin Changchun Shenyang Dalian
AH32Sonbong Wonjong Quanhe Hunchun Changchun Arshan Numrug Sumber
Choybalsan Ondorhaan Nalayh Ulaanbaatar Uliastay Hovd
AH33 Harbin Tongjiang
AH34 Lianyungang Zhengzhou Xian
South Asia
AH41 Border of Myanmar Teknaf Coxs Bazar Chittagong Katchpur Dhaka Hatikamrul
Jessore Mongla
AH42 Lanzhou Xining Golmud Lhasa Zhangmu Kodari Kathmandu Narayanghat
Pathlaiya Birgunj Raxaul Piprakothi Muzaffarpur Barauni Barhi
AH43 Agra Gwalior Nagpur Hyderabad Bangalore Krishnagiri Madurai Dhanushkodi
ferry Tallaimannar Anuradhapura Dambulla Kurunegala ( Kandy) Colombo
Galle Matara
AH44 Dambulla Trinconmalee
AH45 Kolkata Kharagpur Balasore Bhubaneswar Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Chennai
Krishnagiri Bangalore
AH46 Kharagpur Nagpur Dhule
AH47 Gwalior Dhule Thane ( Mumbai) Bangalore
AH48 Phuentsholing Border of India
AH51 Peshawar Dera Ismail Khan Quetta
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North, Central and South-West Asia
AH60 Omsk Cherlak Pnirtyshskoe Pavlodar Semipalatinsk Georgievka Taskesken
Ucharal Almaty Kaskelen Burubaital
AH61 Kashi Turugart Torougart Naryn Bishkek Georgievka Kordai Merke Shymkent
Kyzylorda Aralsk Karabutak Aktyubinsk Uralsk Kamenka Ozinki Saratov
Borysoglebsk Voronezh Kursk Krupets Border of Ukraine
AH62 Petropavlovsk Arkalyk Zhezkazgan Kyzylorda Shymkent Zhibek Zholy
Chernyavka Tashkent Syrdaria Samarkand Guzar Termez Hairatan Mazar-i-
Sharif
AH63 Samara Kurlin Pogodaevo Uralsk Atyrau Beyneu Oazis Nukus Bukhara
Guzar
AH64 Barnaul Veseloyarskyj Krasny Aul Semipalatinsk Pavlodar Shiderty Astana
Kokshetau PetropavlovskAH65 Kashi Arkaxtam Irkeshtam Sary-Tash ( Osh) Karamyk Vakhdat Dushanbe
Tursunzade Uzun Termez
AH66 Border of China Kulma Pass Khorugh Kulob Vakhdat Dushanbe
AH67 Kuitun Baketu Bakhty Taskesken Semipalatinsk Pavlodar Shiderty Karaganda
Zhezkazgan
AH68 Jinghe Alatawshankou Dostyk Ucharal
AH70 Border of Ukraine Donetsk Volgograd Astrakhan Kotyaevka Atyrau Beyneu
Zhetybai ( Aktau) Bekdash Turkemenbashi Serdar Gudurolum Inche Boroun
Gorgan Sari Semnan Damghan Yazd Anar Bandar Abbas
AH71 Dilaram Zarang Milak Zabol Dashtak
AH72 Tehran Qom Esfahan Shiraz Bushehr
AH75 Tejen Sarahs Sarakhs Mashhad Birjand Nehbandan Dashtak Zahedan
Chabahar
AH76 Polekhumri Mazar-i-Sharif Herat
AH77 Djbulsarcj Bamiyan Herat Tourghondi Serkhetabat Mary
AH78 Ashgabat Chovdan Pass Bajgiran Qucham Sabzevar Kerman
AH81 Larsi Mtskheta Tbilisi Sadakhlo Bagratashen Vanadjor Ashtarak Yerevan
Eraskh Sadarak Nakhchivan Julfa ( Jolfa) Ordubad Agarak Meghri
Aghband Goradiz Gazi Mammed Alat Baku ferry Aktau
AH82 Border of the Russian Federation Leselidze Sukhumi Senaki Khashuri Akhaltsikhe
( Vale) Zdanov Bavra Gumri ( Akurik) Ashtarak Yerevan Eraskh Goris
Kapan Meghri Agarak Nour Douz Jolfa Iveoqlu
AH83 Kazakh Uzungala Paravakar Yerevan
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AH84 Dogubayazit Diyarbakir Gaziantep Toprakkale ( Iskenderun) Adana Icel
AH85 Refahiye Amasya Merzifon
AH86 Askale Bayburt Trabzon
AH87 Ankara Afyon Usak Izmir
Notes: Routes in parentheses identify branches from the place indicated immediately
before the parentheses.
Underlined sections indicate potential Asian Highway routes.
The word ferry shall not be construed so as to impose any obligation on the
Parties.
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Annex II
ASIAN HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION AND
DESIGN STANDARDS
I. GENERAL
The Asian Highway classification and design standards provide the
minimum standards and guidelines for the construction, improvement and
maintenance of Asian Highway routes. Parties shall make every possible effort
to conform to these provisions both in constructing new routes and in
upgrading and modernizing existing ones. These standards do not apply to
built-up areas.1
II. CLASSIFICATION OF ASIAN
HIGHWAY ROUTES
Asian Highways are classified as shown in table 1.
Table 1. Asian Highway classification
Classification Description Pavement type
Primary Access-controlled highways Asphalt or cement concrete
Class I 4 or more lanes Asphalt or cement concrete
Class II 2 lanes Asphalt or cement concrete
Class III 2 lanes Double bituminous treatment
Primary class in the classification refers to access-controlled
highways. Access-controlled highways are used exclusively by automobiles.
Access to the access-controlled highways is at grade-separated interchanges
only. Mopeds, bicycles and pedestrians should not be allowed to enter the
access-controlled highway in order to ensure traffic safety and the high
running speed of automobiles. At-grade intersections should not be designed
on the access-controlled highways and the carriageway should be divided by a
median strip.
Class III should be used only when the funding for the constructionand/or land for the road is limited. The type of pavement should be upgraded
to asphalt concrete or cement concrete as soon as possible in the future. Since
Class III is also regarded as the minimum desirable standard, the upgrading of
1 The Party should indicate built-up areas in accordance with its requirements.
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any road sections below Class III to comply with the Class III standard should
be encouraged.
III. DESIGN STANDARDS OF ASIANHIGHWAY ROUTES
1. Terrain classification
Terrain classification is shown in table 2.
Table 2. Terrain classification
Terrain classification Cross slope
Level (L) 0 to 10 per cent
Rolling (R) More than 10 to 25 per cent
Mountainous (M) More than 25 to 60 per cent
Steep (S) More than 60 per cent
2.Design speed
Design speeds of 120, 100, 80, 60, 50, 40 and 30 kilometres per hour are
to be used. The relation between design speed, highway classification and
terrain classification is shown in table 3. A design speed of 120 km/h should be
used only for Primary class (access-controlled highways), which has median
strips and grade-separated interchanges.
Table 3. Design speed, highway classification and
terrain classification
(Unit: km/h)
Terrain Primary Class I Class II Class III
Level (L) 120 100 80 60
Rolling (R) 100 80 60 50Mountainous (M) 80 50 50 40
Steep (S) 60 50 40 30
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3. Cross-section
The dimensions, such as right-of-way width, lane width, shoulder width,
median strip width, pavement slope and shoulder slope for each highwayclassification, are shown in table 4.
Pedestrians, bicycles and animal-drawn carts should be separated from
through traffic by the provision, where practical, of frontage roads and/or
sidewalks for the sections where smooth traffic is impeded by the existence of
such local traffic.
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Table 4. Asian Highway design stand
Highway classification Primary (4 or more lanes) Class I (4 or more lanes)
Terrain classification L R M S L R M S L
Design speed (km/h) 120 100 80 60 100 80 50 80
Width (m) Right of way (50) (40)
Lane 3.50 3.50
Shoulder 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.50 2
Median strip 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 N
Min. radii of horizontal curve
(m)520 350 210 115 350 210 80 210
Pavement slope (%) 2 2
Shoulder slope (%) 3 6 3 6
Type of pavement Asphalt/cement concrete Asphalt/cement concrete As
Max. superelevation (%) 10 10
Max. vertical grade (%) 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 Structure loading (minimum) HS20-44 HS20-44
Notes: Figures in parentheses are desirable values.
Minimum radii of horizontal curve should be determined in conjunction wit
The recommended width of the median can be reduced with the proper type of g
The Parties should apply their national standards when constructing structures su
Highway.
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4.Horizontal alignment
The horizontal alignment of the road should be consistent with the
topography of the terrain through which it passes. Minimum curve radii shouldbe applied only when necessary and should be used in conjunction with
transition curves. Compound curves should be avoided whenever possible. The
minimum radii of horizontal curves are shown in table 5 for each highway
class.
Table 5. Minimum radii of horizontal curve
(Unit: m)
Terrain Primary Class I Class II Class III
Level (L) 520 (1 000) 350 (600) 210 115
Rolling (R) 350 (600) 210 (350) 115 80
Mountainous (M) 210 (350) 80 (110) 80 50
Steep (S) 115 (160) 80 (110) 50 30
Note: Figures in parentheses are desirable values.
It is recommended that the application of the minimum curve radii be
limited to unavoidable cases and values larger by 50 to 100 per cent be
applied.
It is recommended that the combination of distance, radius and gradient
of hairpin bends in the mountainous and steep terrain be considered.
Transition curves should be applied to connect curves with radii smaller
than the values shown in table 6. It is also recommended that transition curves
be applied even in cases where the radii are as large as twice the values in
table 6.
Table 6. Radii for which transition curves should
be applied
(Unit: m)
Terrain Primary Class I Class II Class III
Level (L) 2 100 1 500 900 500
Rolling (R) 1 500 900 500 350
Mountainous (M) 900 500 350 250
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Steep (S) 500 500 250 130
The minimum transition curve length shown in table 7 is recommended.
Table 7. Minimum transition curve length
(Unit: m)
Terrain Primary Class I Class II Class III
Level (L) 100 85 70 50
Rolling (R) 85 70 50 40
Mountainous (M) 70 50 40 35
Steep (S) 50 50 35 25
The maximum superelevation should be 10 per cent for all terrain
classifications.
5. Vertical alignment
The vertical alignment of any highway should be as smooth as
economically feasible, that is, there should be a balance of cutting and filling
to eliminate the rolling nature of land. In the use of the maximum vertical
gradient, it should be kept clear in the mind of the designer that, once
constructed to a given vertical grade, the highway cannot be upgraded to a
lesser gradient without the loss of the entire initial investment.
The maximum vertical grade shown in table 8 should be used for all
highway classes.
Table 8. Maximum vertical grade
Terrain classification Maximum vertical grade
Level (L) 4 per cent
Rolling (R) 5 per cent
Mountainous (M) 6 per cent
Steep (S) 7 per cent
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It is desirable to provide a climbing lane to up-gradient highways with
heavy truck traffic where the length of the gradient exceeds the values in
table 9.
The critical length of gradient section for the provision of a climbinglane is recommended for highway classifications Primary and Class I, as
shown in table 9.
Table 9. Critical length of gradient section for
the provision of a climbing lane
Terrain classification Primary Class I
Level (L) 3 per cent 800 m 3 per cent 900 m
4 per cent 500 m 4 per cent 700 m
Rolling (R) 4 per cent 700 m 4 per cent 800 m
5 per cent 500 m 5 per cent 600 m
Mountainous (M) 5 per cent 600 m 5 per cent 700 m
6 per cent 500 m 6 per cent 500 m
Steep (S) 6 per cent 500 m 6 per cent 500 m
7 per cent 400 m 7 per cent 400 m
6. Pavement
Carriageways should be paved with cement concrete or asphalt concrete.
However, Class III may be paved with double bituminous treatment.
The pavement of many road sections in the Asian Highway member
countries is damaged owing to insufficient load capacity. The design load for
pavements should therefore be determined carefully to prevent damage to the
road surface and consequently to reduce maintenance costs.
However, road pavements should be designed taking into account:
(a) Axle load;
(b) Traffic volume;
(c) Quality of materials to be used for basecourse and subgrade (as
the quality of road construction materials varies from country to
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country, the pavement load specification was not included in the
Asian Highway standards).
7. Structure loading
Increasingly heavy traffic, particularly container traffic, requires
properly designed load capacity (maximum axle load). In order to prevent
serious damage to road structures, and also to reduce maintenance costs, the
Asian Highway network, as an international road network, should have a high
design load capacity.
The minimum design loading of HS 20-44, which is the international
standard corresponding to full-size trailer loading, should therefore be used for
the design of structures.
8. Vertical clearance
Minimum vertical clearance should be 4.5 metres, which is the
requirement for safe passage of standard ISO containers. However, in cases
where sufficient clearance cannot be secured because of the high cost of
rebuilding existing structures such as bridges, gooseneck trailers with low
vehicle bed clearance may be used.
9.Environment
An environmental impact assessment, following national standards,
should be carried out when new road projects are prepared. It is also desirable
to extend this provision to include reconstruction or major improvements of
existing roads.
10.Road safety
While developing the Asian Highway network, Parties shall give full
consideration to issues of road safety.
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Annex III
IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNAGE OF THE
ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
1. The sign to be used to identify and indicate Asian Highway routes is
rectangular in shape.
2. This sign consists of the letters AH, generally followed by the number in
Arabic numerals assigned to the route.
3. It has a white or black inscription; it may be affixed to or combined with
other signs.
4. Its size should be such that it can be easily identified and understood by
drivers of vehicles travelling at speed.
5. The sign to be used to identify and indicate Asian Highway routes does
not preclude the use of a sign to identify roads on a national basis.
6. In principle, Asian Highway route numbers will be integrated into (or
combined with) the system of directional signs of the member States in
question. The numbering can be inserted before as well as after each access
road or interchange.
7. In case States are Parties to both the Intergovernmental Agreement on
the Asian Highway Network and the European Agreement on Main
International Traffic Arteries, the routes will be indicated by means of either
the Asian Highway route sign or the E-road sign, or both at the discretion of
the Parties.
8. In case the Asian Highway route changes over to another route or
crosses another Asian Highway route, it is recommended that the relative
Asian Highway route numbers be indicated before the access or the
interchange.