Download - 15571135 Speciality Fibres Ppt
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Mineral & Specialty Fibers
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SPECIALTY FIBERS “Manmade fibers that
are generally the result of considerable research and have certain characteristics which limit their use to narrow or specific areas of application.”
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SPECIALTY FIBERS
Polymers Mineral Fibers • Vinyon• Saran• Novoloid (Kynol)• Polycarbonate fibres• Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fiber• Alginate fibers• Fluorocarbon fibers• Graft copolymer fiber (Chinon II)• Matrix fiber (Cordelan)
• Rock wool• Fiberglass• Asbestos
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1. VINYON
‘VINYON’ is a generic term used for a fiber in which fiber forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed 85 % by weight of vinyl chloride units.
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Three fiber variations are :
1. Polyvinylchloride (100% PVC)
2. Vinyl chloride copolymers
3. Chemically modified Polyvinyl chloride
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Polyvinyl chloride (85%-86.5%) and polyvinyl acetate
(15%-13.5%) are copolymerized. Resultant vinyl resin copolymer fiber is dissolved in
acetone, filtered, deaerated and stored in heated tanks as a viscous solution.
Later extruded through spinneret down a hollow tube in presence of a current of warm air to evaporate the acetone, producing filaments in tow form.
Tow is passed through lubricating bath and cut into staple.
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PROPERTIES
Relatively week High extensibility (stretch) Water repellent High resistance to acids and alkalies Does not take dyes well Non-toxic, does not mildew or support bacterial growth,
not attacked by moth/ larvae/ beetles Does not support combustion
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USES
Bonding fiber for nonwovens Widest application in heat-sealable papers, fulled and
needled felts and bonded fabrics Used for molding, embossing, bulking Not suitable for spinning into yarn, however, can be
blended into fabrics for industrial applications
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2. SARAN
The generic term ‘SARAN’ is used for a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed at least 80% by weight of vinylidine chloride units.
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
Vinylidene chloride is copolymerized with small quantity of vinyl chloride to produce powdered resin.
Resin is melted and extruded through a spinneret into water-cooling bath.
While still being cooled, it is drawn out 400% to improve crystallinity and molecular orientation, increasing strength in a manner similar to nylon.
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APPEARANCE AND PROPERTIES Natural colour pale gold or straw Excellent abrasion resistance Stretchable Rather stiff Essentially non-absorbent Good resistance to bleaches, alkalis,
acids Resistant to mildew, bacteria and
insects. Non-flammable
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USES Monofilament yarn: car seat covers, filter fabrics,
outdoor furniture tape, insert screening, grille fabrics Multifilament yarn: filter cloth, upholstery, drapery and
rope
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3. NOVOLOID (KYNOL)
A generic term for manufactured fiber containing at least 55% by weight of cross-linked Novolac.
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
A crosslinking agent is blended with Novolac resin at temperatures below 40 degree C, rapidly melting the blend.
Melted blend is fiberized before it can cure. Resulting fibers are cured by exposing to acidic gas.
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PROPERTIES
Principal characteristic: flame resistance Natural color gold Fair abrasion resistance and resilience Excellent resistance to mildew, insects and ageing
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USES
Flame retardant garments and protective clothing
Home furnishings Blended with other fibers to enhance
properties, while retaining much of the flame retardant characteristics
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4. POLYCARBONATE FIBERS
In a chemical sense, these are polyesters derived from carbonic acid.
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
An aromatic dihydroxyl compound is condensed with suitable carbonic acid derivative such as carbonyl chloride or esters of carbonic acid.
Fiber is extruded through a spinneret into a monofilament.
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PROPERTIES AND USES Chemical composition can vary so significantly that
specific properties cannot be provided Presently made only for very limited and specific
purposes like basting for tailoring men’s suits
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5. POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE FIBER (PBI)
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain aromatic polymer having recurring imidazole groups as an integral part of the polymer chain
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
PBI is prepared from tetra-aminobiphenyl and diphenyl isophthalate spun via a dry spinning process using dimethyl acetamide as the solvent.
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PROPERTIES
No melting point Good strength (stretch about 30% of its length) Abrasion resistant More absorbent than other man made fibers Resistance to inorganic acid and organic
solvents
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USES
Thermal protective clothing Application In aircraft, aerospace, industrial and
medical uses
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6. ALGINATE FIBERS
Multifilament yarns from jellylike calcium alginate which had practical value
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METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
Fine powder of seaweed dissolved in solution of sodium carbonate and caustic soda.
Coming solution bleached with sodium hypochlorite. Alginic acid then neutralized with sodium carbonate to
form solution of sodium alginate. Solution extruded through spinneret into bath of acid Streams emerging coagulate into fibers which are
washed, oiled, dried and wound.
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PROPERTIES
Dry strength Strength is lost when wet Nonflammable
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USES
Used as scaffolding to support other yarns in the manufacture of lightweight, sheer and lacy fabrics
Medical application for dressing Flameproof characteristics has also fiber suitable for
limited applications.
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FIBERGLASS Fiberglass is made from
extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called "fiberglass" in popular usage.
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MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Melting Forming into Fibers Continuous Filament Process Staple Fiber Process
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PROPERTIES
High ratio of surface area to weight Susceptible to chemical attack Traps air within Properties are the same along the fiber and across the
fiber Moisture is easily adsorbed
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USES
Mats Building insulation Thermal insulation Heat/Corrosion resistant fabrics High strength fabrics Boat frames
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ASBESTOS General name that
applies to several types of fibrous silicate minerals, existing in nature in metamorphic or altered basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks.
Six minerals defined as "asbestos" are chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite.
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TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos can be subdivided into two major classifications of minerals: Amphiboles and Serpentines. All but one form, chrysotile, are amphiboles. Chrysotile is a serpentine.
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Mining Separating Quality Control
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PROPERTIES
Nonflammable Insoluble in water and organic solvents Resistant to acids High Strength
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USES
Fireproofing Low density insulation board and ceiling tiles Thermal and chemical insulation Mud and texture coats Clutch plates
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ROCK/STONE WOOL
Rock wool is an amorphous silicate manufactured from rock
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Stone wool is a furnace product of molten stone, at a temperature of about 1600 °C, through which is blown a stream of air or steam. More high tech production techniques are based on spinning molten rock (lava) on high speed spinning wheels.