Derecho de los Desastres: Covid-19

Derecho de los Desastres:Covid-19

Editado por

Sergio García LongPontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Derecho de los Desastres: Covid-19

© Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020 Facultad de Derecho Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Perú. Teléfono: (51 1) 626-2000 / 5660 www.facultad.pucp.edu.pe/derecho

Editado por: Sergio García LongDiseño de cubierta: Corrección de estilo y cuidado de la edición: José Luis Carrillo M.

Diagramación de interiores: Tarea Asociación Gráfica EducativaPrimera edición: junio de 2020Tiraje: xxx ejemplaresHecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú No

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Prohibida la reproducción de este libro por cualquier medio, total o parcialmente, sin permiso expreso de los editores.

Impreso en Tarea Asociación Gráfica EducativaPasaje María Auxiliadora 156, Lima 5Publicado en junio de 2020.

7

Everybody knows that pestilences have a way of recurring in the world; yet somehow we find it hard to believe in ones that crash down on our heads from a blue sky. There have been as many plagues as wars in history; yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise.

Albert CamusThe Plague

1948

«To understand that,» Dombey said, «you have to go back twenty months. It was around then that a Chinese scientist named Li Chen defected to the United States, carrying a diskette record of China’s most important and dangerous: new biological weapon in a decade. They call the stuff ‘Wuhan-400’ because it was developed at their RDNA labs outside the city of Wuhan, and it was the four-hundredth viable strain of man-made microorganisms created at the research center.»

«Wuhan-400 is a perfect weapon. It afflicts only human beings. No other living creature can carry it. And like syphilis, Wuhan-400 can’t survive outside a living human body for longer than a minute, which means it can’t permanently contaminate objects or entire places the way anthrax and other virulent microorganisms can. And when the host expires, the Wu-ham-400 within him perishes a short while later, as soon as the temperature of the corpse drops below eighty-six degrees Fahrenheit. Do you see the advantage of all this?».

Tina was too busy with Danny to think about what Carl Dombey had said, but Elliot knew what the scientist meant. «If I understand you, the Chinese could use Wuham-400 to wipe out a city or a country, and then there wouldn’t be any need for them to conduct a tricky and expensive decontamination before they moved in and took over the conquered territory.»

«Exactly,» Dombey said. «And Wuham-400 has other, equally important advantages over most biological agents. For one thing, you can become an infectious carrier only four hours later coming into contact with the virus. That’s an incredibly short incubation period. Once infect-ed, no one lives more than twenty-four hours. Most die in twelve. It’s worse than the Ebola virus in Africa —infinitely worse. The Chinese tested in on God knows how many political prisoners. They were never able to find an antibody or an antibiotic that was affective against it. The virus migrates to the brain stem, and there it begins secreting a toxin that literally eats away the brain tissue like battery acid dissolving cheesecloth. It destroys part of the brain that controls all of the body’s automatic functions. The victim simply ceases to have a pulse, functioning organs, or any urge to breath.»

Dean KoontzThe eyes of darkness

1981

9

The following possibilities indicate the imminence and magnitude of the risk. The recurrence interval, calculated simply as the mean time elapsed between the six known influenza pan-demics, is about 28 years, with the extremes of six and 53 years. Adding the mean and the highest interval to 1968 give us the span between 1996 and 2021: we are, probabilistically speaking, very much inside a high-risk zone. Consequently, the likelihood of another influen-za pandemic during the next 50 years is virtually 100 percent, but quantifying probabilities of mild, moderate, or severe events remains largely a matter of speculation because we do not know how pathogenic a new virus will be and what age categories it will preferentially attack.

Vaclav SmilThe next 50 years: fatal discontinuities

2005

If developed countries begin to transform radically the current system of influenza-vaccine production, an influenza pandemic ten years from now could have a much less devastating outcome. The industrialized world must initiate an international project to develop the ability to produce a vaccine for the entire global population within several months of the start of a pandemic. The initiative must be a top priority of the group of seven industrialized nations plus Russia (G-8), because almost nothing could inflict more death and disruption than a pandemic influenza.

[…]

The world must form a better understanding of the potential for the emergence of a pandem-ic influenza strain. A pandemic is coming. It could be caused by H5N1 or by another novel strain. It could happen tonight, next year, or even ten years from now.

[…]

Can disaster be avoided? The answer is a qualified yes. Although a coming pandemic cannot be avoided, its impact can be considerably lessened. It depends on how the leaders of the world —from the heads of the G-8 to local officials— decide to respond. They must recog-nize the economic, security, and health threat that the next influenza pandemic poses and invest accordingly. Each leader must realize that even if a country has enough vaccine to protect its citizens, the economic impact of a worldwide pandemic will inflict substantial pain on everyone. The resources required to prepare adequately will be extensive. But they must be considered in light of the cost of failing to invest: a global world economy that remains in a shambles for several years.

This is a critical point in history. Time is running out to prepare for the next pandemic. We must act now with decisiveness and purpose. Someday, after the next pandemic has come and gone, a commission much like the 9/11 Commission will be charged with determining how well government, business, and public health leaders prepared the world for the ca-tastrophe when they had clear warning. What will be the verdict?

Michael T. OsterholmPreparing for the next pandemic

2005

11

The really dire bad news for health won’t make its appearance until late in the second half of the century, which we’ll discuss several pages from now. The only really alarming devel-opments in the first half will be far outweighed by the advancements I’ve just described, but they’re worth mentioning:

A bacterial infection resembling the «flesh-eating disease» of several years ago will arrive in 2010, transmitted to humans by almost microscopic mites undetectably imported on exotic birds. Known medications and antibiotics will be completely ineffective against this fungus like, extremely contagious disease, and its victims will be quarantined until it’s discovered that the bac-teria can be destroyed through some combination of electrical currents and extreme heat.

In around 2020 a severe pneumonia-like illness will spread throughout the globe, attacking the lungs and the bronchial tubes and resisting all known treatments. Almost more baffling than the illness itself will be the fact that it will suddenly vanish as quickly as it arrived, attack again ten years later, and then disappear completely.

[…]

The year 2020 will mark the end of the U.S. presidency and the executive branch of the government. Let’s say the America public will finally be fed up by then and leave it at that.

Sylvia BrowneEnd of days. Predictions and prophecies about the end of the world

2008

The funding we’re asking for is needed to keep strengthening our capacity here at home so we can respond to any future Ebola cases. It’s needed to help us partner with other countries to prevent and deal with future outbreaks and threats before they become epidemics. We were lucky with H1N1 that it did not prove to be more deadly. We can’t say we’re lucky with Ebola because obviously it’s having a devastating effect in West Africa, but it is not airborne in its transmission.

There may and likely will come a time in which we have both an airborne disease that is deadly. And in order for us to deal with that effectively, we have to put in place an infra-structure, not just at home but also globally. That allows us to see it quickly, isolate it quickly, respond to it quickly. So that if and when a new strain of flu, like the Spanish flu, crops up, five years from now or a decade from now, we’ve made the investment, and we’re further along to be able to catch it. It is a smart investment for us to make. It’s not just insurance, it is knowing that down the road, we’re going to continue to have problems like this, particularly in a globalized world, where you move from one side of the world to the other in a day. So this is important now, but it’s also important for our future, and our children’s future, and our grandchildren’s future.

Barak Obama2014

13

If anything kills over 10 million people in the next few decades, it’s most likely to be a highly infectious virus rather than a war. Not missiles, but microbes. […] The World Bank estimates that if we have a worldwide flu epidemic, global wealth will go down by over three trillion dollars and we’d have millions and millions of deaths. These investments offer significant benefits beyond just being ready for the epidemic. The primary healthcare, the R&D, those things would reduce global health equity and make the world more just as well as more safe. So I think this should absolutely be a priority. There’s no need to panic. We don’t have to hoard cans of spaghetti or go down into the basement. But we need to get going, because time is not on our side. In fact, if there’s one positive thing that can come out of the Ebola epidemic, it’s that it can serve as an early warning, a wake-up call, to get ready. If we start now, we can be ready for the next epidemic.

Bill GatesThe next outbreak? We’re not ready

2015

A major new global health crisis is a question of when, not if. Every president dating back at least to Ronald Reagan has dealt with major and unexpected outbreaks —HIV/AIDS, SARS, bird flu, Ebola, Zika. In recent years the world has been fortunate that these outbreaks have been either highly contagious (the 2009 H1N1 «swine flu» pandemic infected up to 200 million people), or highly fatal (the H5N1 «bird flu» strain had a fatality rate of up to 60 per-cent)—but not both at once. At some point a highly fatal, highly contagious virus will emerge —like the 1918 «Spanish flu» pandemic, which infected one third of the world’s population and killed between 50 and 100 million people.

Jeremy KonyndykDonald Trump, master of disaster?

2017

We already know how to stop local outbreaks before they spread. But time and time again, our human failings —various mixtures of fear, pride, complacency, hubris, denial, and fi-nancial self-interest— have created, worsened, or delayed the response to past epidemics. I asked myself, why does this keep happening?

Jonathan D. QuickThe end of pandemics

2018

It’s not a question of if the Apocalypse will occur, we’re repeatedly told, but when.

Mark HonigsbaumThe pandemic century

2019

15

Contenido

PresentaciónDecano de la Facultad de Derecho

Alfredo Villavicencio Ríos

IntroducciónEl baile de los que sobran

Sergio García Long

TOMO IPERÚ

DERECHO CIVIL

Cambio de circunstancias El derecho en los tiempos del COVID-19: la fuerza mayor se ha hecho «viral» y la excesiva onerosidad, también

Luciano Barchi Velaochaga

El COVID-19 y el cambio de circunstancias a nivel contractual. Un estudio preliminar

Jairo Cieza Mora

El impacto del COVID-19 en la aplicación de la excesiva onerosidad de la prestación en el Perú

Olga Fiorella Julia Vásquez Rebaza

Frustración del cumplimiento contractual por evento extraordinario: una construcción desde el Civil Law

Guillermo Andrés Chang Hernández

Frustración en los tiempos del coronavirus: una apología a la frustración del fin del contrato

Hugo Forno Odría

16

Contratos en cuarentenaSergio García Long

IncumplimientoApuntes sobre el incumplimiento contractual generado por el aislamiento social obligatorio

Alfredo F. Soria Aguilar

La excepción de incumplimiento como derecho contractual en el Código Civil peruano y su incidencia en el COVID-19

Roger Vidal Ramos

Contratos Contratos de servicio educativo y pandemia

Max Salazar Gallegos

El impacto del COVID-19 en los arrendamientos de establecimientos comerciales. Evaluación de la posición del arrendatario y alternativas legales de solución

Walter Vásquez Rebaza

Impacto del aislamiento social obligatorio en los contratos de arrendamiento de viviendas

Lorena Guardia

Personas y familiaEl amor en los tiempos del coronavirus. Los retos del derecho de familia

Yuri Vega Mere

La problemática jurídica del derecho a la identidad personal frente al COVID-19

Carlos Antonio Agurto Gonzáles y María-Pía Guadalupe Díaz Díaz

Reales y registralCOVID-19 y la resiliencia del sistema registral peruano

Gilberto Mendoza del Maestro

El bien común y el ejercicio de los derechos reales en épocas de pandemiaMario Solís Córdova

La propiedad y el común. Reflexiones sobre el valor de la comunidad en el presente de crisis

José Carlos Fernández Salas

17

DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL

El constitucionalismo de emergencia ante la pandemia del coronavirusCésar Landa

DERECHO LABORAL

Retorno seguro al trabajo. Algunas consideraciones a propósito del síndrome del edificio enfermo

Laura Torres Soto y Orlando De las Casas de la Torre Ugarte

El teletrabajo llegó para quedarse. Comentarios en torno a esta herramienta laboral en auge en la nueva normalidad

César Puntriano Rosas

La (in)seguridad jurídica laboral en el Perú en tiempos de pandemiaAndré Jorge Cossio Peralta

Desafíos del derecho laboral peruano pospandemia: repensando las relaciones laborales en un contexto de transformación y crisis

Ricardo Valdiviezo, Brian Velarde y Vito Salvador

DERECHO PENAL

Privados de libertad, derecho penal y pandemiaIván Meini

Riesgos penales en tiempos de COVID-19Juan Diego Ugaz Heudebert

El virus de la desobediencia a la Policía Nacional del Perú en estado de emergencia: fortaleciendo el debilitado principio de autoridad

Víctor García Sandoval

Prescripción penal y estados de emergenciaPamela Morales Nakandakari

DERECHO AMBIENTAL

Sistema jurídico ambiental, derecho de los desastres y COVID-19Pierre Foy Valencia

18

DERECHO DE LITIGIOS

El impacto del COVID-19 en la conducción de los arbitrajesMario Reggiardo Saavedra y Álvaro Cuba Horna

Hacia una práctica de Arbitration Tech. Aproximación a la ciberseguridad en el arbitraje internacional y nacional

Héctor Campos García

Tecnología y oralidad en el proceso civilRenzo Cavani

Debido proceso en tiempos de pandemiaRafael Prado Bringas y Francisco Zegarra Valencia

Innovaciones necesarias para los arbitrajes institucionales en el PerúMarianella Ventura

Leyes salvajes, suspensión de peajes y coronarbitrajes Fabio Núñez del Prado

Suspensión de acuerdos internacionales de inversiónEugenia Simó García

La tutela jurisdiccional efectiva en tiempos de COVID-19: apuntes sobre la cláusula rebus sic stantibus en materia cautelar

Kevin Villanueva Sotomayor

DERECHO DE SEGUROS

Derecho de seguros y COVID-19Alonso Núñez del Prado Simons

La actual problemática del seguro de interrupción del negocio frente al COVID-19

Carlos Augusto Acosta Olivo y Pedro Richter Valdivia

DERECHO COMERCIAL

Continuidad de las sociedades durante los desastres mediante la celebración de juntas de accionistas y sesiones de directorio

Mariano Peró Mayandía

19

Juntas generales de accionistas no presenciales en la sociedad anónima ordinaria: ¿se requiere un cambio de la Ley General de Sociedades?

Gabriella Valenzuela

Mecanismos concursales adoptados para enfrentar la crisis del COVID-19Anthony Lizárraga Vera-Portocarrero

Cobrar o condonar, esa es la cuestión: comentarios al cobro de intereses en reprogramaciones durante el COVID-19

Darío Bregante Tassara y Adolfo Morán Cavero

DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO

Las potestades de la administración sanitaria peruana y COVID-19Juan Carlos Morón Urbina

TEORÍA GENERAL

El derecho en tiempo de emergencia sanitariaCarlos Ramos Núñez

Estado de emergencia mundial y el nuevo nomos de la tierraEduardo Hernando Nieto

Abrir las fronteras del derecho a los principios de la naturalezaFernando del Mastro Puccio

Hacer elecciones y tomar decisiones en tiempos de pandemia: un análisis desde la teoría de la justicia

José Enrique Sotomayor Trelles

Dinámicas alrededor de la educación en una facultad de derecho en pandemia: hallazgos preliminares

Hans Enrique Cuadros Sánchez

20

TOMO IIEXPERIENCIA INTERNACIONAL

LATINOAMÉRICA

El «hecho del príncipe» como circunstancia sobreviniente durante la ejecución de los contratos

Carlos Pizarro Wilson

¿Cómo enfrentar los efectos del COVID-19 en una legislación que no reconoce explícitamente la «teoría de la imprevisión»?

Enrique Alcalde Rodríguez

Gobernanza del riesgo de desastres frente al COVID-19 en EcuadorHugo Cahueñas

O coronavírus e os contratos. Extinção, revisão e conservação. Boa-fé, bom senso e solidariedade

Flávio Tartuce

REINO UNIDO

Covid-19 and frustration in English lawHugh Beale y Christian Twigg-Flesner

Coronavirus contract law in ScotlandHector L. MacQueen

ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA

Force majeure in the time of coronavirusKenneth A. Adams

EUROPA

Financing the corona crisis in the European Union, meandering between national selfishness and community thinking

Hans Bernd-Schäfer

La Unión Europea en tiempos de coronavirusAlessandro Somma

21

Teaching and researching in law during the beginning of the corona pandemic

Viola Heutger

Coronavirus: force majeure? Hardship? Deferral of obligations? Some practical elements. Advice for the analysis and redaction of clauses

Denis Philippe

Remarks on the effects of the pandemic on long-term contractsGuido Alpa

Legislatore e giudice nel governo delle sopravvenienze contrattuali originate dalla pandemia COVID-19

Claudio Scognamiglio

L’impossibilità ed eccessiva onerosità della prestazione debitoria a causa dell’epidemia di COVID-19

Pietro Sirena

La normativa emergenziale in materia di obbligazioni e di contratti in Italia Fabrizio Piraino

The COVID-19 crisis beyond civil liabilityFrancesca Benatti

El coronavirus en el derecho de daños. Responsabilidad civil por daños causados en relación con la pandemia del COVID-19

Albert Ruda

Un primer análisis sobre los instrumentos para intervenir en los contratos en tiempos de COVID-19

Fernando Gómez Pomar

Al fin la madre de todas las batallas del COVID-19: “«Rebus sic stantibus». Con ocasión de una reciente propuesta institucional

Ángel Carrasco Perera

COVID-19, fuerza mayor y contrato, en el amplio panorama del Derecho de los Desastres

Carmen Jerez, María Kubica y Albert Ruda

22

Estonian contract law. How well prepared to response to pandemicIrene Kull y Georg Kuusik

Greece. Corona virus and its impact on contractsEugenia Dacoronia