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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN THE HUMAN

BODY

Fo sevea yas Pof W O Atwate o WeseyaUivesity, ad his assistats have be cayi otsoe eabe expeiets elative to ood ad dieviewed o a stictly scietic poi o view Thests of tei ivestiatios have ee pbished by Departet o Aicte d by the tos Aica Expeiet tatio of Coectict Thohte cotesy of Po Atwe ad the oce of the e-et statios of the Uited ats Depatt of

cle w ae eabed to eet ai�ated decitio of espiatio coiee wich has bee of the eates assisace i a expeiets o t cosvatio of eey i the ha body Thepose of the appats is to stdy ao e this the cosevatio of ate ade osevatio of ey i the aiaois Viewed fo the oe pactatoit, the oect i to et o accatiatio tha we ow have eadite fdaeta aws of aia titiot es of food i the body he titivevae o ood atias ad the ways of tt o ood to the deads of heahwo, ad pse The eey of the icos the poteti eey of copods ofood ad di The eey of the otoi o two ids, the poeia eey othe icopetey oxidzd ateials ex-

cted especialy y the itesties adideys ad he ietic eey ie o fo the bdy i the fos o hat adextea sca wo Tis aes oto accot othe fos of ey whichay be ive o fo the body Thee by whch the appaats is cald espiatio caloiete is stedby the fact that it is esetay a espiatio appaats wit appliaces fo caoi-eic eaeets The caloiee is ssetiay a wate caoiete that isto say the heat voved i the chabe is eased by a ct o wte

The appat ides, s o a a

oo o chabe i whc the sbecais di the expeiet t ifished wit a fodi chai a d tab

J ,ituifi �mau. i ai d he efieai achi is asoo show

A he d of he chabe o the iht i s se heass doo which sevs as a wiow o the iht dst beow it ae the aaeets fo coi ad fo easi the cet o wa whic bis away thehet fo the iteio of the ca be At the ft ifot of the bic pila is a table at which th bseve sits o ecod the tepeate o the iteio of te ap-paas ad o the cet of a ad wate Th eiti achi which is behd the pia coos

ir

OUTLINE S1ETC OF RESPIRATION CALORIMETER.

CL • "CTtA

I coi o o the chabe th i passes thohaothe fezi appat show as a sae boc io ote setc Ths it psses thoh th eteF by whh t vole is ease, ad owad o thei pp H A tesio ealize is placed btwe the pp ad the ete espiatos fo sap the i ae show at the extee iht

Te a o th espiatio chabe wi be eadiydestood y efeece to the coss sectio The ieio is 7 fet lo, 6 feet 4 iches hih a 4 feet wiehe os bei oded The cbic cotet is 175

cc fee t The ie wal i ade o aeshts of coppe the seas bei sodeedso that whe the wdws ad othe ope-is ae coed the ca is ai tiht sothat a te a whic coes i ad oeso ca b eased The is a zic wal 3cs tse the cope wa This etach i te aoee pope ad issppoted by a woode fawo i theope spac I ode to potect it fo tctaios of the tepeate of the ooi which t stads it is icose withi heecocetic wls of wood Betwe the zicd the ieost wood wa is a ai spac f 2 iches wide Btwee this waad he ext is a hid ai space of 2 iches

a y a fot ai space of a

o se di the day, ad a odi b fo e a t ih Whe he expei ivos sca wo, a sta

HORIZONTA CRJSS SECTION O F RSRATION CALORIMETER

size The woode wls ae ade othed pie coveed with sheath pa-pe The ote wal is dole, wit

sheath pape betwee The ai i thspces A ad C is dead i wile i thespaces B ad D the ai ca be ept icostat cicatio by eas of otayfas i boxes otside It is ts poo ee the tepeae with wo acccy, the ote ai c D,

be e o the oase at u

the tepate ad te sce B fo e eatios Th wa e povidedat the ht with a ass widw ad doo At E s a coppe cyide whichoes tho al of the wals ad thechabes It s iches i diaetad seves fo passi food ad oth ateias i ad ot o the caoiete chabe Coicatio with the sbect i the chabe is eed easy byeas of a telephoe

easeet o the tepates

tioa bicyce speciy aaed fo esihe wo is also itodced Lht ee hoh awidow so that the occpa ca see to ead adwite Vetilatio is poided by a ct o f eshai aitaied by a pp specialy deised o heppose This pp ot oy eeps p a costat c-et o ai, bt aso ases ts voe ad with-daws saes elaly ad accatey fo a aaysis The ai is ade o ee the chabeat the setepeate as wh it oe ot, o tht the itieof het boh i ad caed ot by this vetiati ce ae the sae Aaeets ae povided fo itodci ood ad di ito te chae ad o eovi th ecetaad o peveti thepasae of heat thohthe was o the appaa-ts The het ive fo te body is caed away by a cetof cod wate wchass thoh a seiso pips iside thecbe, bei the ee pocess by whichose ae heated byot wate I his caete itos becoeabsobes By ea-i the teeate owat cet as it e ad aso its ae of it is posile toy away the heatst fast as i is eeted ad ths itai a costat te-peate iide t h echbe he aot

of the otoi wate ad its peate aeeased ths detii the heat cariedaway O e e-avi is ade o aphoaph o e a-paats ad does otshow the p ad tea s p i a t o s ed fo ovi, esi, adap he etia

soio o ca ci cho ide coaied i a ta otshow i he avi The vtilai ce ofhe ai befoe it es the chbe is passd thohcoppe cyids which e iesed i bi i thisa The ai is cood to a tepeate of fo_2° to _° F At this ow tpeate ealy l ofhe wate i eoved fo the ai so it etes thechabe it e dy Jst befoe etei te a-be a the iht of the ass do i is wae to theepeate of he iteio of th chabe The otoi ai is daw o the ppe eft ha coe othe ea ed o the chabe d th dowwad adot by he be show poiety i o daa

ATWTER AND ROSA'S RESPIRATION CALORIMETER

© SENT AMERAN N

e ade i pa t b cy he-oees, bt aily by ectica ethods Theeae ve eectica theoees i dieet patsof the chabs, ad the easees ae so deicate tht eve te oveets of the peo isidesch as isi fo te chai, evea theseves tothe obsve otside y the iediate ise i thetheoetic ad The iece bewee hetepeate of the coppe wal ad that of the zic iseased by syse of theoeectc ctios thee ad fo pais istied o the sides topad botto The diece of tepeate o the wowas i ade as sa as possible by wai o cooi te i the space B O the ove 's tab is

a al vaoee ads c e W h e a t s o ebides ad bas oectic aps, o va-yi the heati cets ad switchs toi th aios cicits ito play I fotof the tale is he ecod boo fo otit obsevatis whiche v e y eosWth the aid f the deices which we hae sobiy desce, theeeiced oeto athe obeve's ae caily coto the epeate of he spceB ad ae t followhe atios of heiteio of the ca ey closey he c-etof cod wate whichasses hoh t hatbsobs iside t h e

chae is t eay ittle bove thez ot ad it isaaed o ow t scha te as to abob adcay o e heat s ta it is eed isidete appats T h epeate of the wae is eased as itees d as it coo The o o

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86

watr s measured tomatical b a proer apasWe have alady rfrd to the meter pump whchegulates mesues, and samples the vntlatng acurret We have also referred to the cool apparats

For each xperiment hch sally occupis severadays a diet is selcted such as has ben found by pr-vous experiments to met, as narly as may be, thened of the person nder expriment Mst of thematral and specaly the mas, are prepared in advance nd are kpt in cans afte sterlzng, i ncessary.  In puttn up bread for use, the cust s removedad the cumb is cut in small pieces and likisecannd he buter is carefully hed an put insml cups, and everythng else is done in the sameway. Sampe f eeything are tken for analysisThe determations mad are n gneral for ater carbn, hyden, ntrn ether extct ah and heatof cbuston.  A careful masurent and aalss sade of the exctory products. In the rst or pre-iminary prd f four days these analyses r made,the data sucng for a digstion and nitrgen meta-bols expent and on the eenn of the furthay the subject enters the respration chamber, al-thugh t ctual repration caloete experimtdes nt bgn utl seve o'clck on the ornn ofthe fth dy. A nht' s surn n th apparatus su f-cs get the tmperture f he air n the appaatusad ts contnt f cabonc acid and aer n equlb-ru s that accurate masurements may ben wththe mnng f the ft h day ad cntnu nti seveno'clock on the mornng of the nnth day thus mkgthe duration f ths experiment exactly fur days. Thean wegh hmself on a small Fabanks platformscale specally made f th pupse

The rprt f the Strs Arcltural ExperimentSatn, an alo the reports of the Dertment ofAgrc ulte are lld with mst intrestng tables gvin te rsuts of th arus xprmnts whch ecannt rproduce here. In ou CIENTIFC MERICANSUPPLMENT, Ns 1210 and 121, furthe nformatinon fod expermnts wll be nd. 

The olloing is a summary of the resuts of certainexpriments The purpose of the preliminary periodof fou days was to brng the bdy nto a least ap·proxate nitrgen and carbon quilr um with thefood and to ak the etermnaton of the amunts ofnutrents absorbed as narly acc at as prcticablThe income and outgo f the ntren were eterminddurin ths prod hch thus aountd to a diges-ion and meabolism experment. The metabolismfnitron carbn hydrogen and enery was deter-mned durng the nal eriod of four days. In one ofthe to experiments th man d as ltle musular xercis as he could well have th comfort In he otherhe was egged n quite acte muscular exercise Theexternal uscular ork was expended in drvin a

ynamo whch produced an electric currnt. The la-ter was passe d throu gh a rsistance coil, and thenergy ws tansformd nt hat whch was masuedwth that gven o frm the bdy. Th drence between the ncome and utgo of enery as masured inthse to cases as 3'2 and 11 per cent, and a ver-agd 2'2 per cent. Th amount of enery as meau redas in ch cse lss than the thereicl aount ofptental enr gy in the ateral cnsumed. On thewhole, the thortca aou ns of energy trans-formed and the found in the expeimnts is asclse as could be expectd ndr th circustancesThe xperiments do not demonstate copltly theconservation o energy in the normal oransm. Theydo, hoever, approach very closely to such dmonstratin. 

The study of hmn nutron is very portant, andt i excted that n time, with the aid of the experi-ence thus far ganed, apparats may be planned forexprmntng wt small anmals, a shep and dogsIf in turn hs eot should prove successful, the ne xtstep wll b to deise apparatus ad ethod fr experiments ith lrr animals suh as horses, oxenand cos.  It may be asked hat s the advantage ofsuch nue and panstkin eperments whch are,necsar y, carrid ot at eat expense. There arereally fe problems o mor importace than that ofnutron either as relatin o man or animals Abetr knolede of hese las with reference to ani-mals is needed as a foundatn f r prope understanding of practcal problems hch the frmer has tomet in the feedng of hs stock

The rk f Pf. Atwater and his able asistants isbein wtched ith intrst b those who apprcte the

sriu and iportant nature of cnomc prblem. • e· .

CCORDING to a recent Conslr Rprt there areghtee ocomoive factors in German; ftn ofthem buid fullsizd locomotves, and three buld n-nes for lght ralway, steel works, ec Th totaloutput of the factors is 1400 per yar The com-bined workg force is more than 15000 en. Germncomotivs are exported to nerly every county inEurope, and also to som exent to Asa Afca andSoth America Up to the present time n lcomotivefm the Uied States has etere Gerany.

Cufc au@orresponLence.

se of cientic ers

To the Editor of the CINTIIC MERAN:Is it nt a matter of sme surprise that odern cn-

tic writrs stll cl ng o the use of oblete naes?Take fr instance the termCarbonc acd, or as issomtms riten Carbonc acd gas, for the co-pound now moe poperly dsate as carbodox-d, whse symbl s CO. Chemst he ently

dscarded the use of the former nas as beng nac-urate and no apply only the lattr. There is ofcourse another cmpound formed by the unon of car-bondoxde and ater whch s the tre carbonic cdIts symbl s HCO. Whe dcult 01 perhaps mpossible t isolate on accunt of ts extrme nstabltyit is as postvely kon to be an acid as nitric acd orsulphuc acid sne frm it are ford the pimaryand scndary carbnats of th mtals repented bMCOand MCO

Authors of late texts in chemstry all recnze thsimpotant dstcton but such riters as Ga Hp-ki Carhart Cute ad othes, in ther wk nphyscs and Tarr in h otherse admrable text nelmntry gly not ee to he pad uchatentin to t. S or it my be all of thm rcog-nz the mdern na me cabon dixde but th ey stllclng tnaciusly to the use f th old. 

Wold it not be bettr fr all scnc mn to mindthe same thing and be stctly accurat? Scence is

nothing if not truth.  W B BONNELL.Weseyan College, Mcn Ga, July 11 1899

J'oecion Agins Elctric tors

To the Edto of the CINTIC MERICAN:At the present time thre ems t be mch sad

about tornads, o lectrcal strms nd their gratdstuctieness, and I hae give cosiderablethought to ths subject for ny yea past, I belevethat much can b done to lssen thir dsstrous ef-fects. 

As long ago as 1855 I began the study f atosphercphnomena, and suded in vaus ays the at-spheric currents, electric ad thrse, for a numberof years wih the view of establshng a weatherbrau

In the ar above referred t I as in Minnsota andobseved one of these eleccal srms in oertn; ita on the st of the Mssssppi R and had evi-dntly coe fro m a l dstnce.  It passd though

a priitive forest of nsrth jst bere rach-in the rivr and eery tree, for nearly 1000 fet ideand as far as I cou ld see, as lvled the grnd ascompletely d evely as thouh flled by the ood-ma's ax. I also nticed that hs storm dd nt cssthe Msssspp bt when t rachd the stream t dis-appeared, the tber on the othe side of the rie notben dstubd at all. 

In my studs snce that tme I hve been more admore cnvinced that wheeer these electrcal strsreach large bdies of water they become dsspdthe elctrc current ben takn up in the aer. Ihave knn sall strams to b etrey dried up andhe atr taken from them h he ter was notin sucent amount to tak up the current. 

Obseration from that day to ths has led me to con-clude that partal, if not full proecton o cits anton can be btained by the erctn on the wes andouthwest of large copper or other etal cond uctors,srung upn steel r in ples and at interval sunkdeep into the earthhere water can b rechedthee heavy electrc codutors preferaly of opperWhen an electrical storm stiks thse cnductrs, itill be taken up as is often the ae n telraph lnes,where I hav known dzens of ols to be trn topices by one sh of lghtnn, whle if mad of stland occasionally conectd deep into the earh thater, th current would hav been carred awy andthe damage averted. 

Aothr and phaps mre ective mthd carry-ing o these great bdies f elctric currents contaiedin what is knon as hirlnds" hch form theworst knd of c ylones ould be o bnd the ra s ofralays wth copperthe sae s lectrc ralaysfor return currentsand ocasionally sinkng hudredsof feet ito the earth (if need b to rach ater) largecppr or other meta cnductrs. Ths culd slybe done wthout inury to a ral ay prhaps at thexpense o the cunty or State. The al ays runingn a lne neary noth and south wuld be th mstlkly to absorb thse currens, as nerly al trnadoesce from ethe he wes or southwe t and herecrossn thse lines wuld be absbd and cnductedsiently ad harmlssly into the arth rely anyralway extds very l dtaes wthu osnither bods f wtr or pont whe water cn bereachd; and if the cnductors from wellbnded railsreach ater, even many ils frm pont where anelectric storm strke, it woud be absrd and cariedo that pont bu t the more fquntly water culd bereached the more ctve would b ths method ofcyg away supus electcy causn tese sts.

© SENT AMERAN N

AUGST 5, 1899-

It wl be noted hat this is only o the pinciple ofthe lghtning rodtoo man of hch ar dfctivelyinstalled

In ths connection it will be understood that it s ustas imprtant to sink lare conductor deep into theearth aln th lne of rlays or oter mtal sed asan elctric cnuctr, in ordr to rach mosturothrwise such bndng ould not convert the ralayin a safty guard any more than the ordnary electrcrod of tday hch slom hs and dos not much need dep run conctions. 

Pasdn Cal. , July 7 1899 T.   K C. OWE

TE PEARL-BTTON INUSTRY OF TE

MISSISSIPI IVER

BY HUGH M. SMITH

The busnss f mking buttons frm the shlls four atve reh atr ussels is f qute rcent orgn,but hs lrady rachd comparaely large prprtons and sem destined to have further groth. Tef s entertad hovr, that through indscrnate shng ethds, the suppy f mussls ay be ssuly reducd tht th cotnuance of the indusay be imperld. The pssblity of the arly ex-hstin f the musel bd n tht part of the M sss-spp Rer hch is in Ia ad Ilis led a numberof nteted prss to request the United Stat s shComssn k an nvsgatn of the subjectas that is the st in whch the buess is more extnsve and has be lnst stablshe d. A compe-hensive rpor* n the ndustry hich hs ben pe-pared by the ritr is abut to b published by heCommisn

he man ufacte of buttons fo the shells of nat vefrsh atr mussl s bgan in the U nt d States n 1891he iauguatn of th usiness beng made p ssbleby he hgh dut on imprted buttons imposed by thetari bll of 1890 The rst person to engag in thbsness was Mr. J. F Bepple ho had fr anyyears ben smlaly e ngaed i Hab, GermanyOn accunt of an bundace of sutable mussels n itsviciny Muscatine, a was selecd as the ste of thers acry and hs no become the leadg centerOther towns n the Mssipp and ts tributes frmtme to time establshed wors unt in 1898 thre eetwntyone cmmuntes n Ia n Illnos in hchbuttons ere mde A remarkable devlpment f hbuies occurrd in 1898 no ls tha thrysx fatories beng stalhed durn the rst sx months fthat year Butn kng has n bcme ne theprncipal busneses alon a sectn f the Mssissppnerly 00 les n lenh bteen Frt dson a,and Sabula, a.  It gs eplet t large ubersof peple t hat are condered gd ges for sucabor I als uppots a ery mprtant shery athich any hured persns make a I vn Anotheriportant feaure h M9spp Rve buton in-dutry is th transfrma f a het useless pr-duct into a valubl cmdty, hch s placd n thearks at reasnab prcs. 

Thee are abut 400 spes of muse fnd in heMissssppi Rve ad t tbu bt cmparatvelyfe re no utlzed or re adaped to button ma-ng The reuiements f a shll f the buttonmakrs standpint, ar sucent thcknes a formclr f he urface ad arou strata the shell and dg of toughss hat wll wthstand the nces-ary tretmnt wthout crackin or splittng Thn-shelled ussls ar bslutely ueless fr buttn mak-ing En f rgnaly as thck as a butt, the ncessry gndng and plshng reduc thm to mre

afer. Th preferrd cr s whte but creacolredshll are lso eploy Shlls wth pnk purleyll, or smnclored nacre are no sutabl, s thecor fad th ae nd is apt to be not unfrm. Certan shels tha atsfactly com be thcknssand clor are nevthlss useles caue thy aresoft o brttle and brek esly du maufactur

Cincdent th the sblshment f the btton n-dustry in I a d Illis thee ha rsen a ew p-lr noenclature fr the mussels r clams utilzed. The nams apled by th hermen and manufacturershave som refernce to the c r shape of th shellOrigally qu te lcal, thy are n neraly ppl dthruhout the hole strtch f th rve n hich shin s done

By far th mst mprtant spcs f mussel used inbtton mak g s the ngerhd. It has the gn-era hap f the quhg r rund clam and s chaactrzed by a ry thck ad hevy hell wh a ackor dark brn utsde skn ad a glstening hte n

teror the latter clr beng unfr through h hckns of the shll.  It s f rtvl small sze the max-imum ben nly 4� r 5 nches fr the reatest out-sde diametr nd the average ut 3 ches It isoften found n immense bed, prfering uddy sandad muddy ravel bttm but also frequentn sadybttom. Aut a dozen ther spces e utized. Theprncipal n the verncular of the regn are thesand shll, te muckt," the derhrn" the bttery" te bluepint" and the pocketbook"

* The Mussel Fishery and Per-butto Iusty of he Mssssppi Rver.

Bulen ot � Uied Se� Fish Comisn 189 ge, 24 pla.