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Coches Electricos

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Contenido CAPITULO 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 4

Electric car ......................................................................................................................................... 4

CAPITULO 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Etymology ........................................................................................................................................ 7

CAPITULO 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 10

CAPITULO 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 12

CAPITULO 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 16

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CAPITULO 1

Electric car

An electric car is an alternative fuel automobile that uses

electric motors and motor controllers for propulsion, in place

of more common propulsion methods such as the internal

combustion engine (ICE). Electric cars are a specifically a

variety of electric vehicle intended for use as a road-going

automobile. Electric cars are commonly powered by on-

board battery packs, and as such are battery electric vehicles

(BEVs). Other on-board energy storage methods that are

expected to come into use in the future include

ultracapacitors, fuel cells, and a spinning flywheel which

stores kinetic energy.

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Electric cars enjoyed

popularity between the mid-19th century and early 20th

century, when electricity was among the preferred methods

for automobile propulsion, providing a level of comfort and

ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline

cars of the time. Advances in ICE technology soon rendered

this advantage moot; the greater range of gasoline cars,

quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum

infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline

vehicles by companies such Ford, which reduced prices of

gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars,

led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion, effectively

removing it from important markets such as the United

States by the 1930s.

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In recent years, increased concerns over the environmental

impact of gasoline cars, along with reduced consumer ability

to pay for fuel for gasoline cars, has brought about renewed

interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more

environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run,

despite high initial costs. Electric cars currently enjoy

relative popularity in countries around the world, though

they are notably absent from the roads of the United States,

where electric cars briefly re-appeared in the late 90s as a

response to changing government regulations. The hybrid

electric car has become the most common form of electric

car, combining a internal combustion engine powertrain with

supplementary electric motors to run the car at idle and low

speeds, making use of techniques such as regenerative

braking to improve its efficiency over comparable gasoline

cars, while not being hampered by the limited range inherent

to current battery electric cars. Hybrid cars are now sold by

most major manufacturers, with notable models including

the Toyota Prius and the forthcoming Chevrolet Volt, a plug-

in hybrid which uses a fully electric drivetrain supplemented

by a gasoline-powered electric generator to extend its range.

As of 2009, the world's most popular battery electric car is

the REVAi, also known as the G-Wiz, which is produced by

an Indian company and sold in a number of countries in

Europe and Asia.

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CAPITULO 2

Etymology

Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV); the term

"electric vehicle" refers to any vehicle that uses electric

motors for propulsion, while "electric car" generally refers to

road-going automobiles powered by electricity. While an

electric car's power source is not explicitly an on-board

battery, electric cars with motors powered by other energy

sources are generally referred to by a different name: an

electric car powered by sunlight is a solar car, and an electric

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car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of hybrid car.

Thus, an electric car that derives its power from an on-board

battery pack is called a battery electric vehicle (BEV). Most

often, the term "electric car" is used to refer to pure battery

electric vehicles, such as the REVAi and GM EV1.

History

Main article: History of the electric vehicle

[edit] 1830s to 1900s: Early history

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Electric vehicle model by Ányos Jedlik, the inventor of

electric motor (1828, Hungary).Electricity is one of the

oldest automobile propulsion methods still in use today. The

invention of the electric vehicle is attributed to various

people, including the Hungarian inventor of the electric

motor, Ányos Jedlik, Vermont blacksmith Thomas

Davenport, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the

Netherlands, and Scotsmen Robert Davidson and Robert

Anderson. The invention of improved battery technology,

including efforts by Gaston Plante in France in 1865, as well

as his fellow countryman Camille Faure in 1881, paved the

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way for electric cars to flourish in Europe. France and the

United Kingdom were the first nations to support the

widespread development of electric vehicles, while the lack

of natural fossil resources in Switzerland resulted in the

rapid electrification of its railway network to reduce its

dependence on foreign energy. English inventor Thomas

Parker, who was responsible for innovations such as

electrifying the London Underground, overhead tramways in

Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel coalite,

claimed to have perfected a working electric car as early as

1884. Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion

engines, electric automobiles also held many speed and

distance records. Among the most notable of these records

was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by

Camille Jenatzy on April 29, 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped'

vehicle Jamais Contente, which reached a top speed of

105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Before the 1920s, electric

automobiles were competing with petroleum-fueled cars for

urban use of a quality service car.[1]

CAPITULO 3

German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on topIt was

not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to

electric vehicles, after A.L. Ryker introduced the first

electric tricycles to the US, many innovations followed, and

interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s

and early 1900s. In 1897, electric vehicles found their first

commercial application as a fleet of electrical New York

City taxis, built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon

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Company of Philadelphia, was established. Electric cars

were produced in the US by Anthony Electric, Baker,

Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Studebaker, Riker, and others

during the early 20th century. In 1917, the first gasoline-

electric hybrid car was released by the Woods Motor Vehicle

Company of Chicago. The hybrid was a commercial failure,

proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to

service.

1912 Detroit Electric advertisementDespite their relatively

slow speed, electric vehicles had a number of advantages

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over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the

vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars.

Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part

of driving, and electric vehicles did not require gear changes.

Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers

who used them as city cars, where their limited range proved

to be even less of a disadvantage. The cars were also

preferred because they did not require a manual effort to

start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to

start the engine. Electric cars were often marketed as suitable

vehicles for women drivers due to this ease of operation.

CAPITULO 4

Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913 (courtesy of the

National Museum of American History)Acceptance of

electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power

infrastructure, but by 1912, many homes were wired for

electricity, enabling a surge in the popularity of the cars. At

the turn of the century, 40 percent of American automobiles

were powered by steam, 38 percent by electricity, and 22

percent by gasoline. 33,842 electric cars were registered in

the United States, and America became the country where

electric cars had gained the most acceptance. Sales of

electric cars peaked in 1912.

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[edit] 1920s to 1980s: Gasoline dominates

The low range of electric cars meant they could not make

use of the new highways to travel between citiesAfter

enjoying success at the beginning of the century, the electric

car began to lose its position in the automobile market.

Factors including improved road infrastructure in the 1920s

and the discovery of large reserves of petroleum in Texas,

Oklahoma, and California paved the way for gasoline cars to

gain popularity, with their longer range and newly-affordable

fuel. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow

speed and low range, and gasoline cars were now able to

travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics. Gasoline

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cars became ever easier to operate thanks to the invention of

the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912, which

eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline

engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more

bearable thanks to the use of the muffler, which had been

invented by Hiram Percy Maxim in 1897. Finally, the

initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by

Henry Ford brought the price as low $440 in 1915

(equivalent to roughly $9,200 today). By contrast, in 1912,

an electric roadster sold for $1,750 (roughly $39,000 today).

By the 1920s, the heydey of electric cars had passed, and a

decade later, the American electric automobile industry had

effectively disappeared.[2]

The Henney Kilowatt, a 1961 production electric carYears

passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars.

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While ICE development progressed at a brisk pace, electric

vehicle technology stagnated. In 1947, the invention of the

point-contact transistor brought about the creation of modern

semiconductor controls and improved batteries; this led to

new possibilities for electric propulsion. Within a decade of

the creation of the transistor, Henney Coachworks and the

National Union Electric Company, makers of Exide

batteries, formed a joint venture to produce the first modern

electric car based on transistor technology, the Henney

Kilowatt. Despite the Kilowatt's improved performance with

respect to previous electric cars, consumers found it too

expensive compared to equivalent gasoline cars of the time,

and production ended in 1961. Even though the Kilowatt

was a commercial failure, its technology paved the way for

the next generation of electric vehicles. On July 31, 1971, an

electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the

first manned vehicle to be driven on the Moon; that car was

the Lunar rover, which was first deployed during the Apollo

15 mission. The "moon buggy" was developed by Boeing

and Delco Electronics, and featured a DC drive motor in

each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium

hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.

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CAPITULO 5

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[edit] 1990s to present: Revival of mass interest

The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced as a

result of the California Air Resources Board (CARB)

mandate, had a range of 160 mi (260 km) with NiMH

batteries in 1999After years outside the limelight, the energy

crises of the 1970s and 80s brought about renewed interest in

the perceived independence electric cars had from the

fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. At the 1990

Los Angeles Auto Show, General Motors President Roger

Smith unveiled the GM Impact concept electric car, along

with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for

sale to the public.

In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board

(CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency",

began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions

vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-

emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. Impressed by

concept vehicles such as the Impact, CARB set guidelines

that would require carmakers to make 10% of their fleets

emission-free by 2003. In response, automakers soon

developed electric models to comply with the new

regulations; however, the automakers were widely accused

of deliberate self-sabotage, failing to adequately promote

their electric vehicles in order to create the false impression

that consumers were not interested in electric cars, while

fighting against the CARB mandate using lobbyists and

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lawsuits. Electric cars were expensive to develop and cost

two or three times as much as equivalent gasoline cars to

produce; as such, they were not a profitable enterprise for the

car companies. In 2001, CARB was forced to neuter its ZEV

mandate, resulting in almost all production electric cars

being withdrawn from the market, and in many cases

destroyed by their manufacturers.

In response to a lack of major-automaker participation in the

electric car industry, a number of small companies cropped

up in their place, designing and marketing electric cars for

the public. In 1994, the REVA Electric Car Company was

established in Bangalore, India, as a joint venture between

the Maini Group India and AEV of California. After seven

years of research and development, it launched the REVAi,

known as the G-Wiz i in the United Kingdom, in 2001. In

2007, Miles Electric Vehicles announced that it would bring

the XS500, a highway-capable all-electric sedan to the US

by early 2009. California company Tesla Motors, hoping to

gain a foothold in the electric sports car market, released the

Lotus Elise-based Tesla Roadster in 2008.

The Think City is a popular electric car in

Europe.Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or

environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans,

who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were

affordable despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower

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gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their

product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed

larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were

preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda

Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North

America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917.

Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric

powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an

environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy,

without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles,

albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars.

Sales were poor due to the lack of interest attributed to the

car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel-efficient

car at the time.

The Nissan LEAF is an electric car that is expected to be

marketed in the North America, Europe, and Japan,

beginning in autumn 2010.The 2000s energy crisis brought

renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America,

sales of the Toyota Prius (which had been on sale since 1999

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in some markets) jumped, and a variety of automakers

followed suit, releasing hybrid models of their own. Several

began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers

called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of

oil prices.

The global economic recession in the late 2000s led to

increased calls for automakers to abandon fuel-inefficient

SUVs, which were seen as a symbol of the excess that

caused the recession, in favor of small cars, hybrid cars, and

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electric cars. The most immediate result of this was the

announcement of the 2010 release of the Chevrolet Volt, a

plug-in hybrid car that represents the evolution of

technologies pioneered by the EV1 of the 90s. The Volt will

be able to travel for up to 40 mi (60 km) on battery power

alone before activating an ICE to run a generator which re-

charges its batteries.

The Nissan LEAF, due to be launched in 2009,[3] is the first

all electric, zero emission five door family hatchback to be

produced for the mass market. Lithium-ion battery

technology, smooth body shell and advanced regenerative

braking give the LEAF performance comparable to an ICE, a

range of around 160 km and the capability to reach 80%

recharge levels in under 30 minutes.[4]