clase 3-perú la república conservadora 1896-1914(1)

Procesos histricos y econmicos del Per y el mundo contemporneo

Clase 3Per: la Repblica conservadora, 1896-1914

Profesora: Mara Alejandra Zegarra

2015-I


La desindustrializacin en el oriente prximo


2

Proceso de desindustrializacin

Reforzamiento de ventajas comparativas agrcolas

Introduccin de mejoras en productividad agrcola

Mayor disponibilidad de terrenos

Apertura comercial

Reduccin de costos de transporte y aranceles

Aumento en los Trminos de Intercambio


3

Industria en el Imperio Otomano

Hasta 1820: se abastecan de tejidos de algodn nacionales.

1830-1870: mejora en los trminos de intercambio

Reduccin del nmero de hilanderas domsticas y tejedores

Reduccin de la produccin de hilados de 11,550 T anuales entre 1820 y 1822 a 8,250 T entre 1840 y 1842.

Tipos de industria

Actividad domstica rural.

Fbricas tuvieron una vida corta por la potencia inadecuada y la liberalizacin de la economa.

Complejos industriales despus de 1870.


4

Desindustrializacin otomana

Despus de las Guerras Napolenicas vino un periodo de paz donde Inglaterra tuvo espacio para exportar sus manufacturas.

Incremento en la productividad manufacturera de Inglaterra aument su competitividad mundial.

Instalacin de polticas liberales en Asia y aumento de los trminos de intercambio


5

Cmo una parte de la industria textil pudo sobrevivir?

Geografa

Proteccin a la industria nacional porque las mercancas extranjeras no logaron entrar en regiones alejadas de las principales rutas o puertos comerciales.

Preferencias del consumidor

El estilo otomano fue difcil de imitar por los ingleses

Bajo precio de los hilados importados permiti a los tejedores reducir sus costes.

Reduccin de los trminos de intercambio, 1873 y 1896.


6

Poltica Comercial

Tratado de Balta-Liman (1838) Convencin Comercial anglo-turca

Imperio Otomano y Reino Unido

Reduccin de derechos de importacin (7.5%) y liberalizacin de mercados regionales

Muchos pases industriales europeos seguan siendo proteccionistas

Reino Unido busc establecer acuerdos comerciales con el mayor nmero de nacionales perifricas

Elimin todos los monopolios comerciales locales


7

Modelo neorricardiano: Imperio Otomano

Imperio Otomano exportaba alimentos

Implic un aumento en los salarios nominales y un descenso en la competitividad de los salarios en la industria

Sndrome holandes

Canasta exportadora

Trigo, lana, uvas, higos, tabaco, opio y seda

Antes de 1860, la canasta alimenticia (maz y habas) no formaba parte de canasta exportadora

Integracin econmica llev a incluir en la canasta exportadora a bienes agrcolas de consumo local

Presion al alza los precios de los alimentos erosionando la competitividad de las manufacturas ( salarios nominales).


8

Modelo neorricardiano: Imperio Otomano

Antes de 1860:

El mayor uso de tierras redujo el precio de los productos alimentarios de consumo local (antes de construccin de vas frreas)

Desindustrializacin absoluta

Consecuencia del aumento de los salarios propios textiles por la reduccin del precio internacional.

Aumento en el precio de los alimentos inducida por una crisis de productividad.

Aumento el precio del trigo destinado a exportacin.

Desindustrializacin relativa

Cuando los salarios propios textiles crecen a una mayor tasa que el resto de sectores.

Movimientos similares en el precio de alimentos de consumo y X.


9

Caractersticas de los trminos de intercambio

1800-1880: salarios reales estables

1800-1860:

3.5% anual: aumento de salarios propios textiles.

1% anual: aumento de salarios nominales.

2.4% anual: reduccin de precio de manufacturas.

Se duplic el ndice de precios al consumidor

Exportacin de alimentos de consumo interno.

1860-1880: reduccin en las tasas de desindustrializacin.

1.5% anual: aumento de salarios propios textiles.

0.1% anual: aumento de salarios nominales.

1.4% anual: reduccin de precio de manufacturas.

Finales del siglo XIX aumentan los salarios reales por mejoras en la productividad en todos los sectores econmicos.

Desindustrializaci se detiene por estabilizacin de TI.


10

Tendencias de los salarios y precios en el Imperio Otomano, (1860=100)


11

La desindustrializacin en Mxico


12

Caractersticas del siglo XIX

1810-1890:

TI crecen a un menor ritimo que el resto de pases de la periferia pobre.

1913:

Niveles de desigualdad entre pases industrializados y periferia pobre son mayores que en 1800.

Sndrome holands explica este proceso.

Volatilidad de TI redujo crecimiento del PBI de largo plazo.

Menores tasas de desindustrializacin

Bajo nivel de sndrome holands

Capacidad local de afrontar efectos del sndrome holands


13

Por qu Mxico no se desindustrializ al igual que el resto de la periferia pobre?

1820-1870:

Cambios en los trminos de intercambio y efectos del sndrome holands resultaron ms dbiles que en el resto de la periferia.

Mayor competitividad de sus salarios con respecto a pases industrializados.

Autonoma poltica para aplicar polticas vinculadas con el fomento de la industria.


14

Crecimiento econmico mexicano, 1700-1870

Siglo XVIII: crecimiento del PBI per cpita.

1800: altos niveles de urbanizacin en comparacin a pases europeos.

1820: PBI per cpita equivalente a 77% de la periferia continental europea.

Insurgencia (1810-1821): periodo de desorganizacin econmica.

Dcadas perdidas (1820-1870): debilidad de las instituciones surgidas tras la Independencia e inestabilidad poltica.

En este periodo las economas europeas estaban experimentaban un pujante desarrollo industrial.


15

Comercio exterior y liberalizacin econmica

1765: comercio entre Espaa y Mxico bastante regulado

Brindaba mayor facilidad para recaudar impuestos, pero tambin limitaba el comercio.

Exportaciones/PBI:

1796-1820: 9.6%

1820-1850: 12.5%

1872: 17%

Comercio colonial similar al republicano:

Exportaciones: cochinilla y plata

Importaciones: textiles


16

Industria textil en Mxico

Produccin textil :

1600: 1.5 millones de pesos

1700: 2 millones de pesos

1812: prcticamente nula

Obrajes tuvieron un mayor perjuicio que las empresas textiles de algodn por la alta competencia.

1579: 40

1770: 30

1810: 19

1750-1800: aument produccin de prendas de algodn en comparacin a las prendas de lana.

Diversificacin de productos algodoneros llev a expansin textil.

Sector beneficiado por conflictos armados en Europa

1802-1830: feroz competencia internacional por polticas comerciales.

1830: recuperan produccin textil a pesar de apertura del comercio en puertos del Pacfico.

17

Industria textil en Mxico

1835: creacin de fbricas textiles mecanizadas promovidas por el gobierno.

1835-1877:

Tasa de crecimieto de algodn se reduce pero la industria textil sigue creciendo

Menor nivel de desindustrializacin de sus pares en la periferia pobre

1870: prendas domsticas abastecan del 60% de la demanda interna.


18

Precio textiles/Precio grano para la India, Inglaterra y Mxico, 1751-1871


19

Crisis agrcola, 1771-1811

Consecuencias del incremento en el precio del maz:

Aumento en:

Costo de obrajes

Materias primas (algodn y lana)

Energa

Transporte

Reduccin de trabajadores textiles por migracin al campo

Desplome en poder adquisitivo

Reduccin de excedentes salariales

Cada en la demanda de textiles y prendas de lana

Hasta 1802: crece sector algodonero


20

Trminos de intercambio de Mxico, 1701-1871


21

Modelo neorricardiano: Mxico

1801-1820: 50% produccin de plata mundial se daba en Mxico.

Precio exgeno: demanda determinada por la conservacin de la reserva

Siglo XVIII:

Plata equivala al 75% del total de exportaciones

Textiles equivala al 66% del total de importaciones

Terminos de intercambio no se incrementaron

1828-1881:

Crecimiento de los trminos de intercambio fue el menor de Latinoamerica

Respuesta: precio de las exportaciones de plata se mantuvo estable


22

Ratio del precio de bienes transables y el maz, 1751-1871


23

Competitividad de los salarios mexicanos

1er periodo de desindustrializacin (1750-1810)

Reduccin del precio relativo de los bienes transables

Trasvase de recursos de manufacturas (textiles y minera) a agricultura

2do periodo de desindustrializacin (1810-1850)

Incremento del precio relativo de los bienes transables

Despus de la Independencia aument la superficie cosechada

Precio relativo de los productos textiles cay ms rpidamente en Inglaterra y la India que en Mxico


24

Competitividad de los salarios mexicanos

1751-1810: salario propio textil no muestra tendencia en Mxico, India e Inglaterra

Fue la falta de modernizacin la que redujo importancia en los mercados domsticos

1810-1840: competitividad de salarios mexicanos mejor

Salarios propios se mantuvieron constantes mientras que los de la India e Inglaterra crecieron

Despues de 1840: prdida completa de mercado

Aumento sustancial de salarios propios

Antes de 1850, salarios mexicanos fueron muy elevados lo cual redujo su competitividad

Escasa calidad de mano de obra no les permita competir

Baja educacin no permiti progreso tcnico ni innovacin

Reducido respaldo del gobierno para polticas de industrializacin

Subsidios al sector textil hubiera permitido competir a nivel global tal como lo hicieron EEUU y Alemania.

25

Por qu Mxico es la excepcin?

Modestas mejoras de TI

Dbil efecto del sndrome holands

Salarios competitivos

Independencia?

1825-1845: derechos de importacin representaban 50% de los ingresos federales. Algodn nacional no tena impuestos altos

1850: poltica arancelaria mixta

1870: mejores resultados que la periferia pobre


26

Crecimiento econmico del Per y el mundo, 1876-1914


27

PBI por origen industrial, 1876(estructura porcentual y soles)


28

PBI por tipo de gasto, 1876(estructura porcentual y soles)


29

Agricultura en el Per


30

Nmero de trabajadores y valor total de ingresos agropecuarios el ao 1876(en soles)
OcupacinNmero de trabajadoresIngresos SalariopromedioHombres709,115103,589,631146.08 Agricultores 513,27774,981,033146.08 Cascarilleros 1,566228,766146.08 Chacareros 253652.074456146.08 Ganaderos 15,5462,271,006146.08 Gaanes 507304.148913146.08 Labradores y jornaleros 153,71122,454,561146.08 Mayordomos 30945139.64028146.08 Pastores 20,3502,972,789146.08 Pescadores 4,276624,651146.08 Yanaconas 5730.4148913146.08Mujeres79,0557,699,06097.39 Jornaleras, labradoras 60,3295,875,36097.39 Pastoras 18,7261,823,70097.39Total 788,170111,288,691141.20

31

Renta de la propiedad, 1876
Predio rsticoPredio urbanoContribucin eclesisticaTotales publicados133,48680,47017,067Totales ajustados343,059179,48448,982Renta estimada8,576,4754,486,2001,224,550

32

Jornales prevalecientes e ingresos regionales del Per, 1866(en pesos)
IntendenciaPoblacinIngreso totalIngreso promedioArequipa177,1814,722,28026.65Cusco243,0324,860,64020.00Huamanga142,2152,844,30020.00Huancavelica101,2772,025,54020.00Lima287,46915,768,86054.85Tarma270,0296,473,47023.97Trujillo566,08014,407,98025.45Puno259,4497,783,47030.00Maynas17,388347,76020.00Total2,064,12059,234,30028.70Costa1,030,73034,899,12033.86Sierra1,033,39024,335,18023.55

33

Composicin de la agricultura regional, 1876
ActividadSoles%Agricultura122,589,616100a. Agricultura Sierra 50,363,39441.08b. Agricultura Costa 72,226,22258.92-Exportacin37,304,68830.43-Consumo interno34,921,53428.49

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Agricultura de la Sierra, 1824-1896(en soles de 1876, en logaritmos)


35

Agricultura Sierra182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189617.27364414136288317.28288057130888317.30177992246388617.31242529847963917.25012840322192217.32693420457962917.33965276600862317.36190720583489317.30197200681390517.3808620830266717.39684630184968117.41920744462883917.42529244192168417.40843152152397617.46490130151670117.45735464489683517.45772392132478917.50380180680495117.5177812569269217.4684077882560817.38466211653928917.49866784529552917.41456619493212817.52815344774732217.54253125001768917.62134145283360117.603025242259917.64859282247018217.67064053761510317.6742726484943317.65426711850889817.66580652228428117.71781957105050517.72807222834608617.72862404635821317.737389142398317.75431864029532717.7614002345115217.7600345441197817.76381511304083117.70349829379152617.70718442256021117.7749964375107417.77763067460208617.77991737845330917.7819733004078717.79289571276128617.79483582754949117.79688904773168917.79916812138613117.79280295602272617.76375744543402717.73477515368646717.73903654181918617.64498430036912117.74946846286331917.82031036973488717.82847128890242817.80514471849080117.84354734484428917.85041707441622817.86067722051259917.86850442155492817.87822539994362717.85625719741042217.86679596415843117.90981875927123917.93006531996761117.9186543240000317.90995709413327917.94274401752089117.9551970654749717.990900160084131

Producto agrcola de la Costa peruana, 1874(en soles)
ProductoExportacinConsumo interiorTotalAzcar12,000,0003,000,00015,000,000Vinos y licores1,000,0008,000,0009,000,000Algodn1,285,000500,0001,785,000Arroz272,7681,000,0001,272,768Otros2,000,0003,000,0005,000,000

36

Industria
ActividadProduccinParticipacinMinera33,902,00128.97Manufactura60,036,61851.30Construccin23,097,76919.74Industria117,036,389100

37

Composicin del PIB del sector industrial, 1876

(en soles de 1876)

Cantidades exportadas de guano, 1870-1878(en toneladas mtricas)


38
AoCantidadesTotalDreyfusOtras fuentes18706,391698,177704,568187148,031393,624441,655187242,792134,877177,6691873342,425134,494476,9191874336,47620,788357,2641875373,68828,709402,3971876488,28597,121585,4061877336,265204,958541,2231878362,278504,134866,412

Fases de la minera en el siglo XIX(en soles de 1876)
AoPIBCrecimiento promedio anualMinera metlicaMinera no metlicaTotalMinera metlicaMinera no metlicaTotal1824939,836-939,83618404,352,791346,1664,698,9579.5810.0618785,063,85443,545,72648,609,5790.4012.726.1518964,929,303657,3495,586,652-0.15-23.30-12.02

39

Ingresos de trabajadores del sector manufacturero, Per, 1876(soles)
RubroTrabajadoresIngreso per cpitaIngreso total% Operarios 2,169146.08316,8480.53 Peones y obreros 85146.0812,4170.02 Tejedores 46,862146.086,845,60111.40 Costureras 44,37697.394,321,7797.20 Hilanderas 167,778599,898,90216.49 Artesanos y empresarios 9,064,07215.10 Artesanos pobres Lima 5,6201,040.045,845,0009.74 Artesanos pobres Provincias 70,757335.423,732,00039.53 Manufactura total 337,64760,036,618100

40

Contribucin de patentes, 1853 y 1864


41

Ferrocarriles y gasto pblico, 1868-1875(en pesos)
AoGasto fiscalFerrocarriles%186832,640,1516,250,00019.15186960,879,1913,753,2586.17187078,320,2064,500,0005.75187195,761,22122,000,00022.971872113,202,23034,756,13530.701873109,146,11021,873,31920.04187477,162,07011,500,00014.90187556,664,8406,875,00012.13Total623,776,019111,507,71217.88

42

Composicin del PIB del sector servicios, 1876(soles)
ActividadProduccin%Circulacin66,008,02577.43Comercio45,335,43053.18Transporte20,672,59524.25Servicios no especificados9,805,05711.50Vivienda4,486,2005.26Servicios domsticos5,318,8576.24Gobierno9,436,09711.07Servicios85,249,179100

43

El PIB del sector comercio, 1876 (en soles)
ActividadValor%Comercio internacional16,459,07432.67-Mrgenes comerciales12,025,47423.87-Aranceles4,433,6008.80Comercio interno33,913,62667.33-Manufactura21,441,64942.57-Agr. Costa de consumo interno12,471,97724.76VBP comercio50,372,700100Insumos comercio5,037,27010PIB comercio45,335,43090

44

El PIB del sector transporte, 1876(en soles)
ActividadValor%VBP comercio 50,372,700219.30Aranceles4,433,60019.30VBP transporte22,969,550100Insumos transporte2,296,95510PIB transporte20,672,59590

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Gobierno, 1824-1896(soles de 1876)


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Gasto Fiscal18241825182618271828182918301831183218331834183518361837183818391840184118421843184418451846184718481849185018511852185318541855185618571858185918601861186218631864186518661867186818691870187118721873187418751876187718781879188018811882188318841885188618871888188918901891189218931894189518963678544.54497336045137133.95978072756850184.41836267246716108.59082894966518074.56296713936655583.03860610076640258.65596032057100318.48615942067750653.52832891147402783.90694816048001397.85136183448342776.19902435978238006.87801331938334797.82529771988576162.93798877498801886.452491030110445770.26613340310669309.72647821211311720.17645619311406244.82449828510966317.30055989910643247.97491924710211164.6636338089025151.3111243779079808.22713811328311875.14296890149568035.985579300712459379.05737329513350389.36275920816412170.921863219671969.29308039720152402.13804798918681296.417101120834984.71780430522741487.23429009727036876.23978700121729942.64043699924327811.16519339822410255.46357832129303408.74419959625207474.88389297620904013.90447264217520943.397335622919734.90795199628375235.61449082952527496.83142561566372863.10106070380461833.87277817792800584.22285889187247650.29845768261882425.95022771545344214.8275812045277965623475935.85825512918201832.115873318071823.68215500910792756.3471394931571429.0321086781485385.8583815596946807.950989145444756451.42556416156006087.11816825445962475.03808626076156966.73163157146170290.62945120974740990.49269090034438504.24939360945907081.65393679965257716.0552505995608236.79988953754953473.57630026347457175.4015428618712412.4812019113Gasto Fiscal Corriente2846817.86727011023846809.61917759575216117.91014752915412516.08484506985321182.95814272025241287.33071981934968801.08905922065175302.80302006755555652.10036838245208160.71549615925523506.85861118885657125.42136510095499710.15821599965496558.03875472025610641.69375218925741653.69831845076834838.3815798217050512.71543051027608699.17515605977880113.02425165857863271.13316997058019325.17729828048206238.55129258895313063.87267103145993312.52327565856164166.61839112086973355.14566347758084384.97919660157361586.82283729877851359.98496996248264085.64973139957589510.01005945916398876.07699616916565140.52762079249614269.034938428613518959.29016647913078648.28957948515701753.41144240615844941.25987457919295012.86651189616949602.30044519214402453.588664112422462.69896350112733534.30851950113155714.62724818714782692.87801519814753291.03599909714859350.93758998314723619.52008519912245503.85358351813591324.27911360211518124.06697860211758519.20000000113813245.37146029111545206.37612079511872509.8355403027090435.81531478931032369.8907037399975842.75518478535622017.285482172973124810.05378793093945773.79890980573917122.299269914044896.04170784914053649.34246450573114652.80121436992915930.69315118673880730.92506750773454122.10058691123684401.07306251073254246.21161981774899084.33467019915723727.9808398504

Importaciones, 1824-1896 (en logaritmos, en soles de 1876)


47

Original182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189616.05149099636092616.29551856108308215.32134657596717615.5223623234611916.04531339555548915.83343145622582216.07804486531308216.08618274093702315.76767443829774416.16970902294628615.99912923140142216.36495106202489316.5761159728900916.3148908753515316.16033185725207116.52617658326262216.73887840847983116.3566802282422916.68705336149313116.76735250482068916.76495403468614117.00966128585332616.90451447883682716.50731009352472616.95884200759358917.05310419222863117.07308388793408617.46628977116636617.30083761902870517.40345116504483516.99454860223828917.26848628522584417.06258598683860917.22498886864773117.31184004531920117.01809893804480117.46203026736241517.29572642315418616.94608886850368617.19872959849908217.4693773555864217.34213428669068717.42219621012628417.16939910703522217.14117919744823117.22836493770898217.35244698634737817.45101258048698217.55932326839042517.49393577014558717.31313328214408617.42639182128618817.37513724884758717.60052457149998217.6313883717130917.00323814702932216.03602400941516116.93404212774957117.05577042867587116.70865151556068217.05021568146312616.58694624736653416.73268903753930216.48542916050470816.87778295900912816.65705004634779116.86703937512200816.9970513125503916.90963015127067916.36018081632058616.19635797278592916.30623502925573116.795580557595489Tendencia15.9192088281360215.65464449168615215.6001296066523415.80863465786750216.00052577816267916.0698619978738916.08007933421918216.06238489464742616.06353755667101516.175874584829616.3161405522548416.35243601535612616.32740592201993116.36771230232865516.47335515628493116.56639577782022616.6468341669355316.70652852979128216.74607848392152616.80104338079108616.87022398533278216.90451447883682716.91809636102611916.96882567156263417.03453356999632717.12502739678108917.26955257275848917.35214439203659317.3184031720821617.22509904408008917.15466178188793117.18438814819526117.22498886864773117.24670166281541117.28609884561002717.29975482869550517.2714772169905317.22297880466302217.23458077054712617.32629859550188617.38216524840892117.31896597263595117.21258290194878917.18414056470368617.24464399220018217.34606787272258917.43710197936692617.48320497273031617.47704978293058217.43046416539138817.40076453506658217.45711136573001117.55699138394663117.45120296538241117.13526074832708116.95134113256948216.93404212774957116.96308551617758916.93578125155908216.80005193753128616.6902439595020816.65981764245373116.6773435921987716.72845712633952816.81454204292878216.87768706915964116.89898245723369316.77226781753288216.48405670329188816.31972147602182616.428571411340581

Exportaciones en el siglo XIX (en soles de 1876, en logaritmos)


48

Original182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189614.5241353384000514.74223118913229815.2253890443762515.30990351466482815.20010049546851914.90435002486274915.20070633867702415.31096754511556815.51965062664907415.49150817587346815.54996558055854215.48070615659642415.70425141671491815.8439270498186115.83863204792977415.92534343323539916.00820285487280616.16463433175482616.14136529223370116.04827339746698916.1204599670779716.10968309593038616.20916349919297516.49545304767408616.53754503453918216.73411989658352216.5117748693680516.78740021125032616.44243282794241516.88660447113339217.14041419174450117.15680203649360516.89825271060932717.34319580492148616.97683244760142816.73517208689388617.10819689043368216.86881381923678817.04836612180932717.10557762108760117.02507567196008217.20485243617504917.26452263026696317.30615200425433317.48178482962828217.55015770436007117.75416345277022117.54328504266008117.27078565604122717.73334383751971517.57882286997752217.71855341318521917.77646393254672617.79444925700278218.11573964248358617.09230389295608216.19172099230808815.9979474893903116.25358165135693916.3975500990499916.4999512509363716.4119900141206916.64553632047558616.41092353579762216.6221132758147816.66365451974365916.36647282247848516.5077899283381816.68349562248953116.78411260545472716.6432631713925316.61968905123974916.75318825181914Tendencia14.80849669026042615.10459958056527415.21906690714932415.2064226326954515.20025195627061815.22812017948439815.32853740119539915.45340863087807615.5055794012612715.5131581397386615.57392268842641215.69927511547951815.80636064059824415.86295739520082115.92570419279068416.02077860880391916.10807468289360116.13613896094480516.12299208057968216.11507153150418116.13994163231983216.25856000328451116.4344036572701116.52702203782278216.586688750050316.62938992426860116.63626746164310416.74329494075062616.92525583631558617.07696176159206317.14451115293175917.10771267808318217.02182484482446516.97683244760142816.9498277905102716.94070655197025517.00347804616618717.04836612180932717.06266899662888617.11609345003990517.19495128092653117.26001242524128217.33965286710122617.45496984196768217.53306448567714117.54843953893385617.54500320808498217.55216949948944117.6048710489506717.6836207773828117.73303104302558717.76648263381978417.78995292588890117.6189129159912617.04269450880558216.41686671747023116.20718615707031116.2741085985179816.3651679658943916.4303703445569216.45597063252851916.48651113874808216.56958246039118216.6221132758147816.59353243894500816.5363707652073316.5517163518760116.63956919895170116.67343750971518216.65332128416672916.670744441499181

Sector agropecuario en el siglo XX(en millones de dlares de 1979, en logaritmos)


49

Total1896189718981899190019011902190319041905190619071908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926192719281929193019311932193319341935193619371938193919401941194219431944194519461947194819491950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120125.04279325235223035.16665949004618245.17127174170719345.16661257547818755.21864914578098385.22748471063822435.24993358770374745.28801280790006175.29970455335269195.37904878249575275.41344144549205455.40787653627427565.46624671635872345.54149839514226015.55602968749814345.55504522229286835.59225180067593455.62798884351713195.74515285712476765.80253389006572465.83581758970786885.85742100955730565.91721002316484235.9387328296178495.96251886086120485.97578668663418626.04221930421791426.04346062871764026.08355422788963466.05660328413971886.13084133803568856.15714282988282066.17203749316315346.27302445798503966.21812262564721866.16298305621436446.19863131260506966.26782578855985766.34987504638822656.42176405942519686.43947612875611246.4120107147727336.43343527943339586.45912818214258086.5027173716931076.45945738669571416.41265783581449266.34599645843852766.42726175441714536.47455068587769316.49668045432274346.49189444889334146.52987651874713666.59969836630910136.63914967363421846.73039766776646796.78710245938116246.82967055695018656.86830046388546666.88960648731604146.90014214013279146.90539691698023096.99317146136448647.08246399605987347.20908384447301127.29982011854588737.37713291726819347.43582986494988247.52166578803515147.48048187042492437.53354656263029557.57013131090164047.54481515811125377.55005645357676427.68884919312285757.65456090153983757.53471787095736467.46287028582907037.55495590334386967.53356424744108557.56831049301940617.53771344867075757.5530904791302367.60177427591093577.52351083443987457.59532892846593557.62906653790173467.46610138056814247.60364211727664247.64430424919487457.71738921612890487.75150785499637967.83555482337720217.80071616632076657.74258185909132477.76263443386842777.70774616629083647.81560536221592457.96822186682839467.99306450923710538.03736472994240898.08592460614287848.08274258701258228.18740675381957498.25305825025650298.25211279723806978.31089122416447178.33354283381277488.33493053572302688.38636040337996578.46338721369979658.49739803835730368.5668330864238528.58354826431116898.61471199205961298.65745491263885478.7073213556747628Interna1896189718981899190019011902190319041905190619071908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926192719281929193019311932193319341935193619371938193919401941194219431944194519461947194819491950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120124.84733030967268964.94096454676243464.94971841610543534.95185020102068044.99369987318421245.00538219060838245.02651533660336465.05839783796138855.07211210194717845.13140331930169245.16014030659857345.16277200961379465.20704271657569965.26066753053623165.27662257845343245.28305568591518345.31286321861090465.34156598805617035.41511709126143795.45302230585104395.47848615703465045.49840989064697985.53487105757672465.55483358031118265.57489135403318245.59218074753387655.62892460678286715.63969001070027345.66615300378642765.66717091972372175.70620970004353195.72769817664008765.74537439204915315.78828602940827965.75413593439272655.70913806006211025.75379564066210145.80318382808086595.87367523672066845.93927908226990915.97219422908007765.94945714207769345.98221332814107146.01190479642869676.05928959140104346.03340876448295045.98099855989479065.9716627776827066.02994472199297166.06820199700593756.11436718103008846.12166260359407226.16633142654463036.23125442962761246.27575259802857846.35141125015732656.38151404436788466.39910869923867146.39968889000403346.4187847282608856.39792467264186556.40683741189741166.47929978159422156.52749470343686696.58727683413494526.63007886496227266.66739055814063346.75151937812969656.87764503690952016.84870549463089346.89233317054147416.95727033177164246.83130220034171036.94924931010703617.04156836612347187.05074046695589557.04786537014603457.00960912187969767.03960771619674217.06899691183077567.12431609392669347.09423524023416537.06153575175357427.08703882114623347.0524329924167047.18112590233772797.20332618029072077.13867138473859347.21097683898938967.18863368088119797.25154383505131247.37431461250826467.43511371638511787.33170862663040267.30802329776175797.37238339067783247.30888567028966657.42654756484277017.53856292980405847.60123962866698577.68180739251861947.77136848870766357.85303031027323687.90939253202425357.95039236229414667.97492185046412248.03394542634696418.07091604146730478.04098176962329358.12194336828090798.18705725478600688.21921337334756798.28690970592314898.33135766897569328.3977242446335198.3842256543125488.4759907105312848Exportacin1896189718981899190019011902190319041905190619071908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926192719281929193019311932193319341935193619371938193919401941194219431944194519461947194819491950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120123.31426871219938373.56736254350257953.55544751695471773.5229293395403033.61640168775195113.61387180164048523.64159372043588013.70404973507765823.70786691695568883.86202295147903873.91628661678745623.88175567717577773.98930271379117324.13436419196001034.14449147806756464.12013930292803554.18065611354043034.23790728961551464.47611509635851774.58164428489740244.63337491848107864.65887814892467844.77067638007467564.79554132471554694.82724748106441844.83196815875644164.95908465242913544.94145072157455985.0083950779201384.92513312430469345.06949404334483235.10483059858287465.11451895999466455.31444236365165425.22514266407770665.15239930796073515.17217470938587455.2759633712982575.37742237406812335.45965089612660845.45230691717746655.41675821367304345.41858843142543565.43723477148032245.47353572507784145.39592313194190175.3555072257543235.16838729084789345.29856199200708125.34142942620840615.31469780780377655.27939950671743045.29922897780760145.36875133959284065.38439158034528465.49370395482719155.60854593576850755.70538875081188035.80206228783527865.81582801221934625.85706199596384995.84761745221814615.92482416168896455.96038657027616656.11335599984682256.16689610016754756.21777808244175036.24266456383027536.11357337046996556.16819707128473656.17726848217457566.01338588139420166.13430254764416646.05773272112950696.1100461550418916.15669459127117246.16556081316460966.18502891146107016.23616104810443346.16536438776361086.07319358653078646.15077935951383036.17986874410921246.24781699303601466.1269346643604556.09853903803822656.11944306678984615.9013030773833416.08070969630891516.25284055841552276.24106860396273266.11552970697372536.21686709070474396.30012108151040896.07893119804543865.98724589494959245.83778265307442995.78928671965515036.00187249900491266.14758815444066546.21007354539596796.14416913692304785.97604638162691346.13641302357718036.25356177778320446.25415492049443166.34006892966331046.36954548755922016.31659067810604216.22606010331029146.41487619332869316.42303332520644956.51289365826612796.45377846883634026.46453489250678716.56604893024793066.5601662972941464

ndice de produccin minera, 18961929(1929=100)

50

ndices de la produccin del sector manufactura, 1896-1929(1929=100)

51

Importaciones de materias primas, 1896-1929(en miles de dlares de 1979; estructura porcentual)


52

Tipo de gasto Valor Participacin 1. Agricultura 122,589,616 37.73 a. Agricultura de la Sierra 50,363,394 15.50 b. Agricultura de la Costa 72,226,222 22.23 - Exportacin 37,304,688 11.48 - Consumo interno 34,921,534 10.75 2. Industria 117,036,389 36.03 c. Minera 33,902,001 10.44 d. Manufactura 60,036,618 18.48 e. Construccin 23,097,769 7.11 3. Servicios 85,249,179 26.24 f. Circulacin 66,008,025 20.32 - Comercio 45,335,430 13.95 - Transporte 20,672,595 6.36 g. Servicios no especificados 9,805,057 3.02

- Vivienda 4,486,200 1.38 - Otros servicios 5,318,857 1.64 h. Gobierno 9,436,097 2.90 PIB 324,875,184 100 Poblacin 2,699,106 PIB per cap. 120.36

Tipo de gasto Valor Participacin

1. Agricultura 122,589,616 37.73

a. Agricultura de la Sierra 50,363,394 15.50

b. Agricultura de la Costa 72,226,222 22.23

- Exportacin 37,304,688 11.48

- Consumo interno 34,921,534 10.75

2. Industria 117,036,389 36.03

c. Minera 33,902,001 10.44

d. Manufactura 60,036,618 18.48

e. Construccin 23,097,769 7.11

3. Servicios 85,249,179 26.24

f. Circulacin 66,008,025 20.32

- Comercio 45,335,430 13.95

- Transporte 20,672,595 6.36

g. Servicios no

especificados

9,805,057 3.02

- Vivienda 4,486,200 1.38

- Otros servicios 5,318,857 1.64

h. Gobierno 9,436,097 2.90

PIB 324,875,184 100

Poblacin 2,699,106

PIB per cap. 120.36

Tipo de gasto Soles Participacin Demanda global (1+2) 360,025,256 110.82 1. Demanda interna 307,517,895 94.66

a. Consumo privado 262,370,594 80.76 b. Gasto de gobierno 11,758,519 3.62 c. Inversin interna bruta 33,388,782 10.28

- Inversin bruta fija 36,696,276 11.30 -Nuevas construcciones 32,996,814 10.16 -Maquinaria y equipo 3,699,462 1.14 -Variacin de inventarios -3,307,494 -1.02

2. Exportaciones 52,507,361 16.16 Oferta global 360,025,256 110.82 3. Producto interno bruto 324,875,184 100.00 4. Importaciones 35,150,073 10.82

Tipo de gasto Soles Participacin

Demanda global (1+2) 360,025,256 110.82

1. Demanda interna 307,517,895 94.66

a. Consumo privado 262,370,594 80.76

b. Gasto de gobierno 11,758,519 3.62

c. Inversin interna bruta 33,388,782 10.28

- Inversin bruta fija 36,696,276 11.30

-Nuevas construcciones 32,996,814 10.16

-Maquinaria y equipo 3,699,462 1.14

-Variacin de inventarios -3,307,494 -1.02

2. Exportaciones 52,507,361 16.16

Oferta global 360,025,256 110.82

3. Producto interno bruto 324,875,184 100.00

4. Importaciones 35,150,073 10.82

Rubros Soles de 1876 Ingresos del trabajo 111,288,691 Renta de propietarios 8,576,475 Haciendas azucareras 1,500,000 Propiedades de la Iglesia 1,224,450 PIB agropecuario 122,589,616

Rubros Soles de 1876

Ingresos del trabajo 111,288,691

Renta de propietarios 8,576,475

Haciendas azucareras 1,500,000

Propiedades de la Iglesia 1,224,450

PIB agropecuario 122,589,616

Poblacin total

1876

Total de matrculas

esperadas,

% de Lima

Matrculas actuales,

% de Lima

Dficit

Distritos % de Lima 1853 1864 1853 1864

Lima 101,488 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - -

Callao 33,638 33.1 33.1 6.8 14.7 26.3 18.4

Ica 9,763 9.6 4.8 1.1 2.7 3.7 2.1

Trujillo 10,538 10.4 5.2 2.8 1.3 2.4 3.9

Cusco 8,583 8.5 4.2 6.3 - -2.1 4.2

Cerro 12,317 12.1 6.1 3.3 5.2 2.8 0.9

Tacna 10,778 10.6 5.3 6.2 5.3 -0.9 -

Arequipa 23,805 23.5 11.7 2.6 2.9 9.1 8.8

Dficit total como % del valor total de matrculas de patentes 32.1 29.1

Lo mismo sin incluir al Callao 15.1 11.7

Poblacin total

1876

Total de matrculasesperadas,

% de Lima

Matrculas actuales,

% de Lima

Dficit

Distritos

% de Lima

1853

1864

1853

1864

Lima

101,488

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

-

-

Callao

33,638

33.1

33.1

6.8

14.7

26.3

18.4

Ica

9,763

9.6

4.8

1.1

2.7

3.7

2.1

Trujillo

10,538

10.4

5.2

2.8

1.3

2.4

3.9

Cusco

8,583

8.5

4.2

6.3

-

-2.1

4.2

Cerro

12,317

12.1

6.1

3.3

5.2

2.8

0.9

Tacna

10,778

10.6

5.3

6.2

5.3

-0.9

-

Arequipa

23,805

23.5

11.7

2.6

2.9

9.1

8.8

Dficit total como % del valor total de matrculas de patentes

32.1

29.1

Lo mismo sin incluir al Callao

15.1

11.7

Ao Oro Plata Cobre Plomo Zinc Petrleo Total

(%)

1/

4.11 20.75 29.94 5.70 0.47 39.03 100

1896 10.14 17.40 1.57 - - - 4.50

1897 27.37 14.83 2.12 - - - 4.84

1898 27.37 23.99 6.47 - - - 8.04

1899 37.50 29.51 10.98 - - - 10.95

1900 47.29 32.99 17.49 0.46 - 0.19 14.12

1901 26.76 28.99 33.78 0.41 - 0.19 17.33

1902 6.23 24.99 27.26 0.35 - 0.37 13.77

1903 3.24 24.81 23.47 0.98 - 1.12 12.80

1904 0.26 24.63 20.20 1.62 - 1.03 11.67

1905 2.87 8.22 46.34 1.62 - 0.94 16.16

1906 0.43 15.33 44.25 5.79 - 1.59 17.40

1907 0.20 15.62 76.01 6.02 - 2.90 27.48

1908 2.87 19.32 47.69 3.59 - 4.31 20.29

1909 0.35 17.95 38.04 5.32 - 9.27 19.05

1910 1.19 34.36 62.40 5.90 - 9.93 30.07

1911 0.38 32.14 110.97 7.52 0.75 14.04 45.82

1912 0.49 41.04 51.33 10.65 0.75 21.25 32.81

1913 39.73 31.71 61.17 10.65 0.75 22.19 35.80

1914 1.48 23.84 43.56 7.64 - 23.03 27.48

1915 49.12 31.02 60.72 5.79 - 18.82 34.31

1916 30.58 49.19 77.64 6.83 - 30.34 46.94

1917 32.15 51.13 74.16 4.63 - 30.15 46.17

1918 29.97 47.00 68.37 2.55 - 33.61 44.72

1919 33.39 49.80 65.88 4.86 - 33.24 44.68

1920 28.18 42.33 50.77 2.31 0.79 30.62 37.23

1921 59.34 46.54 54.31 1.74 - 38.67 43.55

1922 80.77 64.17 58.22 2.43 - 38.01 49.04

1923 101.30 86.79 69.03 2.43 - 38.30 57.93

1924 113.32 102.05 56.05 3.24 0.91 54.31 64.00

1925 104.26 94.22 58.40 12.73 50.36 65.26 67.75

1926 92.30 110.38 66.46 35.07 94.74 78.56 79.70

1927 81.67 88.40 84.97 21.41 93.23 75.28 78.18

1928 59.48 101.29 93.37 71.76 55.64 81.84 87.71

1929 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Ao

Agricultura de

exportacin

Construccin

Demanda de

alimentos

Importacin de

materias primas

Total

(%)

1/

35.15 47.34 78.90 15.43 100

1896 13.53 14.98 32.01 44.80 20.64

1897 17.43 16.68 34.14 42.99 22.74

1898 17.22 18.26 36.05 49.60 24.26

1899 16.67 19.82 37.86 52.83 25.46

1900 18.30 20.82 39.00 57.04 26.80

1901 18.26 23.01 41.41 58.95 28.50

1902 18.77 25.69 44.24 68.25 30.59

1903 19.98 28.05 46.64 73.78 32.65

1904 20.06 30.20 48.75 77.80 34.66

1905 23.40 32.73 51.16 80.02 37.15

1906 24.71 36.34 54.48 85.50 39.86

1907 23.87 39.95 57.66 93.40 41.79

1908 26.58 39.40 57.19 86.26 42.48

1909 30.73 38.18 56.12 76.08 42.49

1910 31.04 37.52 55.54 69.70 42.59

1911 30.29 39.29 57.09 75.73 43.16

1912 32.18 40.52 58.16 64.09 44.31

1913 34.08 43.16 60.40 60.53 45.99

1914 43.24 40.26 57.93 79.45 47.48

1915 48.06 38.75 56.62 76.26 49.20

1916 50.61 42.54 59.88 106.04 51.80

1917 51.91 42.34 59.71 133.76 54.04

1918 58.06 43.70 60.85 113.89 56.39

1919 59.52 49.03 65.20 128.04 59.44

1920 61.43 49.58 65.64 151.17 61.56

1921 61.73 51.20 66.92 138.77 63.33

1922 70.09 53.96 69.06 137.62 65.87

1923 68.87 60.08 73.66 91.21 68.82

1924 73.64 66.43 78.24 133.81 71.67

1925 67.75 67.06 78.68 80.10 74.45

1926 78.27 74.69 83.94 88.94 79.28

1927 81.09 86.49 91.66 93.82 84.39

1928 81.88 83.68 89.86 103.78 89.63

1929 100 100 100 100 100

Ao

Importacin de

materias primas

Importaciones % Ao

Importacin de

materias primas

Importaciones %

1896 25,067 86,438 29% 1913 33,872 199,247 17%

1897 24,056 81,545 30% 1914 44,460 164,667 27%

1898 27,753 95,701 29% 1915 42,677 152,416 28%

1899 29,564 103,733 29% 1916 59,338 228,224 26%

1900 31,917 113,988 28% 1917 74,851 277,226 27%

1901 32,987 137,447 24% 1918 63,730 245,114 26%

1902 38,192 166,052 23% 1919 71,652 249,751 29%

1903 41,289 187,676 22% 1920 84,592 299,800 28%

1904 43,538 197,902 22% 1921 77,656 292,549 27%

1905 44,777 206,345 22% 1922 77,009 253,175 30%

1906 47,846 227,837 21% 1923 51,039 276,978 18%

1907 52,267 248,892 21% 1924 74,882 330,496 23%

1908 48,269 237,780 20% 1925 44,823 349,875 13%

1909 42,576 211,822 20% 1926 49,773 351,643 14%

1910 39,002 205,274 19% 1927 52,503 353,361 15%

1911 42,380 201,810 21% 1928 58,072 362,868 16%

1912 35,867 199,259 18% 1929 55,959 404,235 14%

clase 3-perú la república conservadora 1896-1914(1)

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