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Nueva DelhiDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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New Delhi

Localizacin en India

Ubicacin

Coordenadas: 2840 N 7713 E28.667, 77.217 2840 N7713 E28.667, 77.217

Pas India

rea

- Ciudad 42,7 km

Poblacin

- Ciudad () 321.883


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Puerta de la India, construida or los ingleses.

La ciudad naci como una ciudad lanificada y fue construida como la ciudad ca ital yfue nombrada as cuando los gobernantes ingleses mudaron la ca ital de la Indiabritnica a esta ciudad en 1911 desde Calcuta . Fue construida al sur de la antigua reaurbana. Hoy contina siendo la ca ital de la India inde endiente.

El laneamiento de la ciudad fue desarrollado or el arquitecto Edwin Lutyens. Lamayor arte de las instituciones del gobierno central de India se encuentran an en estarea. Lutyens dise una es ectacular zona administrativa, legado del im erialismobritnico. La avenida conocida como R aj ath , o Camino de los R eyes, se extend a desdeel memorial de guerra, en la actualidad la Puerta de la India , hasta el alacio

residencial o R ashtra ati Bhavan .

G eografa [editar ] El 'Territorio Ca ital Nacional' de Delhi tiene un rea total de 1.483 km. Est situadoentre la cordillera del Himalaya y Aravalis. La mayor arte del territorio est situado enla orilla oeste del r o Yamuna . La ciudad est situada a una altitud entre los 213 y los305 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Geogrficamente est situada en la zona norte del

as. Limita con los estados de Uttar Pradesh y Haryana .

Clima [editar ] El clima de Nueva Delhi es monznico caracter stico del sureste asitico aunque algoms seco. Tiene una estacin hmeda, el verano , desde finales de junio hasta finales dese tiembre y una seca ms larga que dura el resto del ao. Julio y agosto son los mesesms lluviosos, el resto del ao las lluvias son escasas y ocasionales con abundantes d asde sol con nieblas y humos rocedentes de la contaminacin atmosf rica. Las nevadasson escasas y muy raras. Las tem eraturas son suaves en invierno aunque contrastadasentre el d a y la noche al no haber a enas nubosidad. Las tem eraturas ms altas se danen los meses de rimavera, al no haber a enas reci itaciones (abril, mayo y junio)su erando casi todos los d as los 37 C udiendo rozar los 45 C. El verano es clidoaunque no tanto como la rimavera, el otoo como el invierno es ms suave.


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[ocultar ]Parmetros c limt icos promed io de Nueva De lhi Mes Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Ju l Ago Sep Oct Nov D ic

T emperaturadiar ia

mx ima (F)

20(69)

24(75)

29(85)

36(97)

39(103)

39(102)

35(95)

34(93)

34(94)

33(91)

28(83)

23(73)

T emperaturadiar ia

m n ima (F)

8 (46) 10(51)16

(60)21

(70)26

(79)28

(82)28

(82)27

(80)25

(77)19

(67)13

(55) 9 (48)

Prec ipitac i ntota l cm(pu lg)

1.67(0.66)

1.92(0.76)

1.06(0.42)

0.87(0.34)

1.82(0.72)

6.33(2.49)

11.96(4.71)

16.04(6.31)

8.83(3.48)

1.01(0.40)

0.44(0.17)

0.74(0.29)

F uente: Weatherbase1 2007 F uente #2: MSN.com2 2007

Demograf a [editar ] En el 2003, Nueva Delhi tena una poblacin total de 295.000 habitantes. El Terr itor ioNacional Capitaleo de Delhi, del cual Nueva Delhi es par te, tenia una poblacin de14,1 millones convir tindola en la segunda rea metropolitana ms grande de la Indiadespus de Mumbai. Hay 821 mujeres por cada mil hombres y el alfabetismo es de81,82%.

Cu ltura [editar ] El estatus de capital de Nueva Delhi ha ampliado la impor tancia de acontecimientos yfestividades nacionales. Acontecimientos como el Da de la Rep blica, Da de la

Independencia y Gandhi Jayanti(cumpleaos de Gandhi) se celebran con granentusiasmo en Nueva Delhi y el resto de la India. En el da de la independencia de India(el 15 de agosto) el pr imer ministro de India se dir ige a la nacin desde la For talezaRoja.

La mayora de ciudadanos de Nueva De lhi celebran el da volando cometas, que sonconsideradas un smbolo de liber tad.3 El Desf ile del da de la Rep blica es un grandesf ile cultural y militar que muestra la diversidad cultural y militar de India.4

Entre los festivales religiosos se incluye el Diwali (Festival de la luz), Durga Puja, Holi,Lohr i, Maha Shivaratr i, Eid ul-Fitr , Eid ul-Adha y Buddha Jayanti. El Festival Qutub esun evento cultural nocturno durante el cual act an msicos y bailar ines de toda India,con el Qutub Minar como fondo.

5Otros eventos como el Festival de cometas voladoras,

el International Mango Festival y V asant Panchami(Festival de la pr imavera) tienenlugar de forma anua l en Delhi.

L ugares de inters [editar ]


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Edificio con la tumba de Humayun .

Delhi es una de las ca itales del mundo con ms historia y dos de sus monumentos, elQutab Minar y la tumba de Humayun , han sido declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad .La ciudad ofrece mlti les lugares de inter s que incluyen el R ashtra ati Bhavan,antigua residencia de los virreyes britnicos y actual alacio residencial; la Puerta de laIndia , memorial erigido en honor de los soldados fallecidos durante diversas guerras; latumba de Humayun, de la que se dice que es la recursora del conocido Taj Mahal deAgra ; el R aj Ghat o memorial de Mahatma Gandhi ; o los restos de la antigua ciudad dePurana Quila.

KolkataFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jum to : navigation , search "Ca l tt a" red irec t here.

or o t her uses, see Ca l cutt a (d isamb ig ua tion).

?Kolkata West Bengal India

Victoria Memorial

Kolkata

Coordinates:2234 11 N8822 11 E22.5697, 88.3697

T ime zone IST (UTC 5:30)


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Area

Elevation

1,500 km (579 sq mi)

9 m (30 f t)

Distr ict(s) Ca lcutta

Popu lat ion Density

Metro

4,580,544 (2001)

9,920 /km

(25,693 /sq mi)

14,681,589

L anguage(s) Bengali , English,

Hindi,and UrduUrdu

Mayor Bikash RanjanBhattacharya

Codes

Pincode

Telephone

700 xxx

+91 (33)

Webs ite : www.kolkatamycity.com

The Kolkata urban agglomeration also includes por tions

of Nor th 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas distr icts.

Coordinates: 2234 11 N 8822 11 E22.5697, 88.3697

Ko l ata (helpinfo) (Bengali: s s ), IPA : ['kolkat a] , former lyCa lcutta (helpinfo), isthe capital of the Indianstate of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the R iver Hooghly. When referred to as "Kolkata", it usually includes thesuburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, mak ing it India's second-largest city and urban agglomeration.

Calcutta served as the capital of India dur ing the Br itish Raj until 1911. Once the centreof modern education, industry, sc ience, culture and politics in India, Kolkata witnessedintense political violence, clashes and economic stagnation from the years star ting 1954and continuing till this day. However, s ince the year 2000, economic rejuvenation hasled to a spur t in the city's growth. Like the other metropolitan cities of India, Kolkatacontinues to struggle with urbanisation problems like pover ty, pollution and traff iccongestion.


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Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, rang ing from the Indian struggle for independence to the lef tist and trade union movements.

Contents

[hide]y 1 Name y 2 History y 3 Geography y 4 Urban structure y 5 Climate y 6 Economy y 7 Civic administration y 8 Utilit y services and media y 9 Transpor t y 10 Demographics y 11 Culture y 12 Education y 13 Spor ts y 14 Notes y 15 References y 16 External links

[ed it] NameProbably based on K alikata, the name of one of the three villages (Kalikata, Sutanuti,

Gobindapur ) in the area before the arr ival of the Br itish.[1]

"Kalikata", in turn, isbelieved to be an anglicised version of K alikshetra(s , "Land of [the goddess]K l "). Alternatively, the name may have been der ived from the Bengali term kilkila ("f lat area").[2] Again, the name may have its or igin in the indigenous term for a natural canal, K hal , followed by K atta (which may mean dug).[3] While the city's name wasalways pronounced "Kolkata" in the local Bengali language, its off icial English namewas only changed from "Ca lcutta" to "Kolkata" in 2001, ref lecting the Bengali pronunciation. Some view this as a move to erase the legacy of Br itish rule.[4]

[ed it] H istory

Main article:History of K olkata

St. Paul's Cathedral was built in Kolkata dur ing the Br itish Raj


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A view of Calcutta from For t William 1807.

Kolkata por t in 1945. It was an impor tant military por t dur ing WWII.

The discovery of the nearby Chandraketugarh,[5]

an archaeological site, providesevidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millennia.[6] The city'sdocumented history, however, beg ins with the arr ival of the Br itish East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. JobCharnock , an administrator with the Company was traditionally credited as the founder of this city.[2] However, recently exper ts have endorsed the view that Charnock was not the founder of the city. [7]

In 1702, the Br itish completed the construction of old For t William,[8] which was usedto station its troops and as a regional base. Kolkata (then Calcutta) was declared aPresidency City, and later became the headquar ters of the Bengal Presidency.[9] Facedwith frequent sk irmishes with French forces, in 1756 the Br itish began to upgrade their for tif ications. When protests against the militar isation by the Nawab of BengalSiraj-Ud-Daulah went unheeded he attacked and captured For t William, leading to the infamousBlack Hole incident.[10] A force of Company sepoys and Br itish troops led by Rober t Clive recaptured the city the following year. [10] Kolkata was named the capital of Br itishIndia in 1772, although the capital shif ted to the hilly town of Shimla dur ing thesummer months every year, s tar ting from the year 1864. [11][dead link ] It was dur ing thisper iod that the marshes surround ing the city were drained and the government area waslaid out along the banks of the Hooghly R iver . R ichard We llesley, the Governor General between 17971805, was largely responsible for the growth of the city and itspublic architecture which led to the descr iption of Kolkata as "The City of Palaces".[12] The city was a centre of the Br itish East India Company's opium trade dur ing the 18thand 19th century; locally produced opium was sold at auction in Kolkata, to be shippedto China.[13]

By the ear ly 19th century, Ko lkata was split into two distinct areasone Br itish (knownas the White Town), the other Indian (known as Black Town). [14] Even at the time, thepover ty of the 'Black Town' shan ties was considered shock ing. The city underwent rapid industr ial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile and jute sectors; thiscaused a massive investment in infrastructure projects like railroads and telegraph byBr itish government. The coalescence of Br itish and Indian culture resulted in theemergence of a new Babuclass of urbane Ind ians whose members were of ten


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bureaucrats, professionals, read newspapers, were Anglophiles, and usua lly belonged toupper -casteHindu communities.[15] Throughout the nineteenth century, a soc io-cultural reform, of ten referred to as the Ben al Renaissanceresulted in the general uplif ting of the people. In 1883, Surendranath Baner jee organised a national conference the f irst of its k ind in nineteenth century India.[2] Gradually Kolkata became a centre of theIndian independence movement, especially revolutionary organisations. The 1905

Par tition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation andthe boycott of Br itish goods (Swadeshi movement).[16] These activities, along with theadministratively disadvantageous location of Kolkata in the eastern fr inges of India,prompted the Br itish to move the capital to New Delhi in 1911. [17]

The city's por t was bombed twice by the Japanese dur ing Wor ld War II .[18] As foodstocks were being diver ted to feed Allied troops, millions starved to death dur ing theBengal famine of 1943.[19] In 1946, demands for the creation of a Muslim state led tolarge-scale communal violence resulting in the deaths of over 2,000 people.[20] Thepar tition of India also created intense violence and a shif t in demographics largenumbers of Mus lims lef t for East Pak istan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus f ledinto the city.[21]

Over the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shor tages, str ikes and a violent Marxist-Maoist movement the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to aneconomic stagnation.[22][dead link ] In 1971, war between India and Pak istan led to the massinf lux of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on itsinfrastructure.[23] In the mid-1980s, Mumbai over took Kolkata as India's most populouscity. Kolkata has been a strong base of Ind ian communism as Wes t Bengal has beenruled by the CPI(M) dominated Lef t Front for three decades now the wor ld's longest-running democratically-elected Communist government.[24][25] The city's economicrecovery gathered momentum af ter economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, Information Techno logy (IT) services haverevitalized the citys stagnant economy. The c ity is also exper iencing a growth in themanufactur ing sector.[26]

[ed it] Geography

The Hooghly R iver with Vidyasagar Setu in background.


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Kolkata seen from Spot Satellite

Main article:Geo raphy of K olkata

Kolkata is located in eastern India at 2233 N, 8820 E in the Ganges Delta at anelevation ranging between 1.5 m (5 f t) to 9 m (30 f t).[27] It is spread linear ly along thebanks of the R iver Hooghly in a nor th-south direction. Much of the city was or iginally avast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoningpopulation.[28] The remaining wetland, known as East Calcutta Wetlands has beendesignated a "wetland of international impor tance" under the Ramsar Convention.[29]

Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial.Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, s ilt, var ious grades of sand and grave l under liethe city. These sed iments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 m (820 f t) and 650 m (2,133 f t) and the upper one ranging between10 m (33 f t) and 40 m (131 f t) in thickness.[30] According to the Bureau of IndianStandards, the town falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to ear thquakes)[31] while the wind and cyclone zoning is "veryhigh damage r isk", according to UNDP repor t.[31]

[ed it] Urban structure

Buildings in Central Kolkata

Kolkata city, under the jur isdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Cor poration (KMC), hasan area of 185 km (71 sq mi).[32] The Kolkata urban agglomeration, however, hascontinuously expanded and as of 2006, the urban agglomeration (Kolkata MetropolitanArea) is spread over 1,750 km (676 sq mi),[32] and compr ises 157 postal areas.[33] Theurban agglomeration is formally administered by severa l local governments including38 local municipalities. The urban agglomeration compr ises 72 cities and 527 towns andvillages.[32] The suburban areas of Ko lkata metropolitan distr ict incor porates par ts of thedistr icts Nor th 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.


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The east-to-west dimension of the proper city is narrow, s tretching from the HooghlyR iver in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of barely 5 km (3.1 mi)6 km (3.7 mi).[34] The nor th-south expansion is roughly dividedinto Nor th, Central and South Kolkata. Nor th Kolkata locality is the oldest par t of thecity, with 19th century architecture and narrow a lleyways. South Kolkata grew mostlyaf ter independence and cons ists of well-to-do localities. The Salt Lake City (Bidhan

Nagar) area to the nor theast of the city is a planned section of Kolkata. Rajarhat, alsocalled New Town, is a planned township being developed on the nor th-eastern fr ingesof the city.

Central Kolkata houses the central business distr ict around the B. B. D. Bagh area. Thegovernment secretar iat, General Post Off ice, High Cour t, Lalbazar Police HQs andseveral other government and pr ivate off ices are located here. The Maidan is a largeopen f ield in the hear t of the city where severa l spor ting events and public meetings areheld. Several companies have set up their off ices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary cen tral business distr ict.

[ed it] C limateMain article:C limate of K olkata

Monsoon clouds over Howrah Br idge.

Kolkata has a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Koppen climate classif icationAw). Theannual mean temperature is 26.8 C (80.2 F); monthly mean temperatures range from19 C (66.2 F) to 30 C (86.0 F).[35] Summers are hot and humid with temperatures inthe low 30's and dur ing dry spells the maximum temperatures of ten exceed 40 C(104 F) dur ing May and June. [35] Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dippi ng to 9 C 11 C (54 F 57 F) between December and January. The h ighest recorded temperature is 43.9 C (111.0 F) and the lowest is5 C (41.0 F).[35]On an average, May is the hottest month with daily temperaturesranging from a low of 27 C (80.6 F) to a maximum of 37 C (98.6 F),while Januarythe coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 C (53.6 F) to amaximum of 23 C (73.4 F). Of ten dur ing ear ly summer, dus ty squalls followed byspells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy ra ins with ice sleets lash the city,br inging relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and

is locally known as K al baisakhi(s t , Nor'westers).[36]

Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of Sou th-West monsoon[37] lash the citybetween June and September and suppli es the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs dur ing the monsoon in August306 mm(12 in)). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunsh ine per annum, with the maximumsunlight occurr ing in March.[38] Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and theSuspended Par ticulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to other major cities


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of India,[39][40][dead link ] leading to regular smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the cityhas caused r ise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer.[41]

[ed it] Economy

Cognizant Technology Solution building at Salt Lake Sector -V, E lectronics ComplexMain article:Economy of K olkata

Kolkata is the main business, commercial and f inancial hub of eastern India and thenor theastern states. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange Ind ia's second-largest bourse.[42] It is also a major commercial and military por t, and the only city in the regionto have an international air por t. Once India's leading city and Capital, Kolkataexper ienced a steady economic decline in the years following India's independence dueto the prevalent unstabilised political condition and r ise in trade-unionism.[43] Betweenthe 1960s to the mid 1990s, f light of capital was enormous as many large factor ies wereclosed or downs ized and businesses relocated.[43] The lack of capital and resourcescoupled with a wor ldwide glut in demand in the city's traditional industr ies (e.g. jute)added to the depressed state of the city's economy. [44] The liberalisation of the Indianeconomy in the 1990s has resulted in the improvement of the city's for tunes.

Vendors se lling f lowers in a market. Informal economy in the form of hawkers hastraditionally been a major par t of the city's economy

Until recently, f lexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and theinformal sector has compr ised more than 40% of the labour force.[45] For example,roadside hawkers generated business wor th Rs. 8,772 crore (around 2 billion U.S.dollars) in 2005. [46] State and federa l government employees make up a large percentageof the city's workforce. The c ity has a large unsk illed and semi-sk illed labour population, along with other blue-collar and knowledge workers. Kolkata's economicrevival was led largely by IT services, with the IT sector growing at 70% year ly twice that of the national average.[26] In recent years there has been a surge of investments in the housing infrastructure sector with several new projects coming up inthe city.[47] Kolkata is home to many industr ial units operated by large Indiancor porations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companiesheadquar tered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, Bata India, Bir la Cor poration, Coal India Limited, Damodar Va lley Cor poration, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and


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Allahabad Bank . Recently, var ious events like adoption of "Look East" policy by thegovernment of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikk im as a border trade-routewith China and immense interest in the South East Asian countr ies to enter the Indianmarket and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position.[48][49]

[ed it] C ivic adm in istrat ionMain article:C ivic administration of K olkata See also:K olkata Municipal C orporation

Calcutta High Cour t

The civic administration of Kolkata is executed by several government agencies, andconsists of over lapping structural divisions. At least f ive administrative def initions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are: 1) Kolkata Distr ict, 2)the Kolkata Police area, 3) the Kolkata Municipal Cor poration area ("Kolkata city"), 4)"Greater Kolkata", which includes the KMC area and a few ne ighbourhoods adjacent toit, and 5) the urban agglomeration or Kolkata Metropolitan Area (Kolkata MetropolitanDevelopment Author ity (KMDA) is responsible for the statutory planning anddevelopment of the metroplit an area).

The governance of the city proper the area within which Kolkata Municipal Cor poration (KMC) functions involves the following author ities: the KMC itself, theCollector of the Kolkata Distr ict, the Kolkata Police, the Collector/Distr ict Magistrate(DM) of South 24 Parganas D istr ict, and the Super intendent of Police (SP) of South 24Parganas Distr ict. The area under KMC is divided into 141 administrative wards that are grouped into 15 boroughs. The cor poration as the apex body discharges its functionthrough the Mayor -in-Council, consisting of a mayor , a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members.[50] As of 2008, the CPI(M) led Lef t Front holds the power in KMC.The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sher iff of Kolkata.

As the capital of the state and the seat of the Government of Wes t Bengal, Kolkatahouses not only the off ices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, the state Secretar iat (Wr iters' Building) and the Calcutta High

Cour t. Kolkata also has lower cour ts; the Small Causes Cour t for civil matters, and theSessions Cour t for cr iminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by the PoliceCommissioner, comes under the Wes t Bengal Home Ministry. The c ity elects 3representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 21 representatives to thestate Legislative Assembly.[51]

[ed it] Ut ility serv ices and med ia


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VSNL tower of VSNL Ta ta Indicom a ma jor telecom service provider in the city

See also:K olkata in the media

The KMC suppli es potable water to the city, sourced from the R iver Hooghly. Thewater is pur if ied and treated at Palta water pumping station located in Nor th 24Parganas. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse of 2500 tonnes is transpor ted to thedumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. Agr iculture on this dumping groundis encouraged for na tural recycling of garbage and sewer wa ter.[52] Par ts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.[38] Electr icity issuppli ed by the pr ivately operated Calcutta Electr ic Supply Cor poration (CESC) to thecity region, and by the West Bengal State Electr icity Board in the suburbs. Frequen t interruption of power supply was a problem until the mid 1990s; however the situationhas since improved immensely with seldom power cuts occurr ing presently. The c ityhas 20 f ire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend to 7,500 f ire and rescuecalls on average per year. [53]

State-owned BSNL and pr ivate enter pr ises like Vodafone, Air tel, Reliance Infocomm and Ta ta Indicom are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available.Broadband internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, Tata Indicom, Air tel and Reliance being the leading service providers.

Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Aajkaal , Bartaman, San

bad Pratidinand Ganashakti, Dainik Statesman are widely circulated. Regional and national English newspapers such as The Tele raph, The Statesman, Asian A e, HindustanTimesand The Times of Indiaare sold in large numbers. Some ma jor per iodicals areDesh, Sananda, UnishK uri, Anandalok and Anandamela. Being the biggest tradingmarket in Eastern India, Kolkata has a substantial readership of many f inancial dailiesincluding Economic Times&Business Standard.[54] Vernacu lar newspapers such asthose in Hindi, Gujarati, Or iya, Urdu, Punjabi and Chinese are also read by a minor ity.Kolkata has ten local FM stations: AIR Kolkata (FM Rainbow & FM Gold), RadioMirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Power FM (107.8 MHz), Aamar FM (106.2 MHz), Gyan Van i (105.4 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), Meow FM (104.8 MHz),Fr iends FM (91.9 MHz)and Fever FM (104.0 MHz). The state-owned television

broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestr ial channels, while four MSO provide a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, 24 Ghanta, Kolkata TV andTara Newz.

[ed it] T ransport


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A busy road in Kolkata

The Howrah Br idge at night

Public transpor t is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams

and buses. The suburban ne twork is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs. TheKolkata Metro, run by the Indian Railways, is the oldest underground sys tem inIndia.[55] It runs parallel to the R iver Hooghly and spans the nor th-south length of thecity cover ing a distance of 16.45 km. Buses are the preferred mode of transpor t and arerun by both government agencies and pr ivate operators. Kolkata is India's only city tohave a tram network, operated by Calcutta Tramways Company.[56] The slow-movingtram services are restr icted to cer tain areas of the city. Wa ter -logging due to heavy rainsdur ing the monsoon some times interrupts the public transpor t. [57][58]

Kolkata is the only Indian city with trams

Hired forms of mechan ised transpor t include the yellow metered taxis, while autor ickshaws ply in specif ic routes. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors. Thisis unlike most other cities where Ta ta Indica or Fiats are more common. In some areasof the city, cycle r ickshaws and hand-pulled r ickshaws are also patronised by the publicfor shor t distances. Pr ivate owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to

other major cities due to the abundance in both var iety and number of publicvehicles.[59] However, the city witnessed a steady increase in the number of registeredvehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a per iod of seven years. [60] Theroad space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23%in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traff ic problems.[61] Kolkata MetroRailway and a number of new roads and f lyovers have deconges ted the traff ic to someextent.


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Kolkata has two major long distance railway stations at Howrah Station and Sealdah. Athird station named Kolkata has been launched in ear ly 2006.[62] The city is theheadquar ters of two divisions of the Indian Railways Eastern Railway and SouthEastern Railway.[63]

The city's sole air por t, the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Air por t at Dum

Dum to the nor th of the city, operates both domestic and international f lights. Kolkata isalso a major r iver por t in eastern India. The Kolkata Por t Trust manages both theKolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[64] There are passenger service to Por t Blair in theAndaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to var ious por ts in India andabroad, operated by the Shippi ng Cor poration of India. Also there are ferry servicesconnecting Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah.

[ed it] Demograph icsSee also:Ethnic communities inK olkata

One of Kolkata's slumsResidents of Kolkata are called C alcuttans. As of 2001, Kolkata city had a population of 4,580,544,while the urban agglomeration had a population of 13,216,546. The sex ratio is 828 fema les per 1000males[66] which is lower than the national average,because many work ing males come from rura l areas,where they leave behind their families. Kolkata'sliteracy rate of 80.86%[67] exceeds the all-India average of 64.8%. [68][dead link ] KolkataMunicipal Cor poration area has registered a growth rate of 4.1%, which is the lowest among the million-plus cities in India.[69]

Bengalis compr ise the major ity of Kolkata's population (55%), with Marwar is,Or iya and Bihar i communities forming a large por tion of the minor ities (20%)[70]. Some of Kolkata's minor communities include Chinese, Tamils, Nepalis, Telugus, Assamese,Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Tibetans, Maharashtr ians, Punjabis, Malayalees and Parsis. Major languages spoken in Kolkata are Bengali, Hindi, English, Or iya, andBhojpur i.

According to the 2001 census, 77.68% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 20.27%Muslim, 0.88% Chr istian and 0.75% Jains. Other minor ities such as Sikhs, Buddhist,Jews and Zoroastr ian constitute the rest of the city's population.[71] 1.5 million people,who constitute about a third of the city's population, live in 2,011 reg istered and 3,500unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums.[72]

[show]Ko l ata popu lat ion


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Kolkata repor ted 67.6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) cr imes registered in 35Indian mega cities in 2004.[73] Kolkata police distr ict registered 10,757 IPC cases in2004, which was 10th highest in the country. [74] The cr ime rate in the city was 71 per 100,000 against the national rate of 167.7 in 2006, which is the lowest among all themega cities in India.[75] Kolkata's Sonagachi area, with more than 10,000 sexworkers,[76] is one of Asia's largest red-light distr icts.

[ed it] Cu ltureMain article:K olkata culture See also:List of notableC alcuttans

Dakshineswar Kali Temple in Kolkata

The Tipu Sultan Mosque

Kolkata is a centre of culture in India. Shown here is the National Library

Kolkata has long been known for its literary, ar tistic and revolutionary her itage. As theformer capital of India, Kolkata was the bir thplace of modern Indian literary and ar tisticthought. Kolkatans tend to have a special appreciation for ar t and literature; its traditionof welcoming new talent has made it a "city of fur ious creative energy".[77]

A character istic feature of Kolkata is the para or neighbourhoods having a strong senseof community. Ty pically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom andof ten, a playing f ield. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat, and theseadda sessions are of ten a form of frees tyle intellectual conversation.[78] The city has atradition of political graff iti depicting everything from outrageous slander to wittybanter and limer icks, car icatures to propaganda.


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Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Or iental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. Several major buildings of the Colonial per iod arewell maintained and have been dec lared "her itage structures", while others are invar ious stages of decay. Es tablished in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest museumin Asia and houses vast collection of Indian natural history and Indian ar t.[79] TheVictor ia Memor ial, one of the major tour ist attractions in Kolkata, has a museum

documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading publiclibrary. Academy of Fine Ar ts and other ar t galler ies hold regular ar t exhibitions.

The city has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a k ind of folk -theatre), theatresand Group Theatres. Mainstream Hindi f ilms are popular, as are f ilms from the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "To llywood". To llygunj in Kolkata is the location of Bengali movie studios and the name "To llywood" (similar as Hollywood, USA) is der ived fromthat name. Its long tradition of f ilmmak ing includes acclaimed directors such as Satyajit Ray, Mr inal Sen, Tapan Sinha and R itwik Ghatak to contemporary directors such asAparna Sen and R ituparno Ghosh.

Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include r ice and macher jhol (f ish curry),[80] withrasagolla,sandesh and mishti doi (sweet yoghur t) as desser t. Bengal's vast reper toire of f ish-based dishes includes var ious hilsa preparations (a favor ite among Bengalis). Street foods such as beguni (fr ied battered eggplant slices), kati roll (f latbread roll withvegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuff ing), phuchka (deep fr ied crpe with tamar indand lentil sauce) and Chinese food from China Town in the eastern par ts of the city arequite popular. [81][82]

Bengali women commonly wear the sha ias per tradition and global/western outf its.Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear panjabiwithdhuti, which developed as a trend dur ing the renaissance per iod of Bengal. Kolkatansare becoming brand consc ious, which is attracting global brands to set up base there.

Durga Puja is the most impor tant and the most glamourous event in Kolkata.[83] Other notable festivals include Jagaddhatr i Puja, Diwali, Eid, Holi, Chr istmas, poila boishak (new year), Saraswati puja, Rath Yatra and Poush parbon (harvest festival). Some of thecultural festivals are Kolkata Book Fair , Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata FilmFestival and National Theatre Festival.

The city is also noted for its appreciation of Indian classical music as well as Bengali folk music such as baul. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature wasmodernized in the works of authors such as Bank im Chandra Cha ttopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sharat ChandraChattopadhyay. The r ich literary tradition set by these authors has been carr ied forward

in the works of Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha,Samaresh Majumdar , Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others.

From the ear ly 1990s, there has been an emergence and popular isation of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as theemergence of what has been called JeebonmukhiGaan (a modern genre based onrealism) by ar tists like Kabir Suman, Anjan Dutta, Nachiketa and bands likeChandrabindoo, Cactus, Lakkhichhara, Fossils and Insomnia.


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The city holds an annual gay pr ide parade in the middle of Summer, the oldest inIndia.[84]

Kolkata is sister city to Long Beach, California in the United States.[85]

[ed it] Educat ion

The Indian Institute of Management, one of India's most prestigious business schoolshas a campus in Kolkata

Main article:Education inK olkata

Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by pr ivate (many of whichare religious) organisations. Schools mainly use English or Bengali as the medium of instruction, though Hindi and Urdu are also used. The schoo ls are aff iliated with theIndian Cer tif icate of Secondary Educa tion (ICSE), the Central Board for SecondaryEducation (CBSE), A-Level's (Br itish Curr iculum) or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, af ter completing their secondaryeducation, students typically enroll in a 2 year junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary fac ilit y aff iliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Educa tion. Students usually choose from one of threestreams liberal ar ts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams are alsoavailable. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programmes.

Kolkata has nine universities; numerous colleges are aff iliated to these nine or to other universities located outside of Kolkata. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857)has more than 200 aff iliated colleges.[86]Bengal Engineer ing & Science University,West Bengal University of Techno logy and Jadavpur University are notable engineer inguniversities.[87]Calcutta Medical College is the f irst institution teaching modernmedicine in Asia.[88] Other notable institutions are Presidency College and St. Xavier'sCollege. Some institutions of national impor tance are the Asiatic Society, BoseInstitute, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, the IndianAssociation for the Cultivation of Science, the Var iable Energy Cyclotron Centre, theSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta,the West Bengal National University of Jur idical Sciences, the Mar ine Engineer ing andResearch Institute , the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , the S.N.Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences , the Indian Institute of Social Welfare andBusiness Management and the National Institute of Fashion Techno logy.

[ed it] Sports


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Eden Gardens, a venue for cr icket matches

Cr icket and football (soccer) are popular spor ts in the city. Kolkata is one of the major centres of football activity in India.[89] Kolkata is known as Mecca of Ind ian Football.Calcutta Football League, which star ted in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.Kolkata is home of top national Spor ts Clubs such as Mohun Bagan AC, MohammedanSpor ting Club and East Bengal, who are among the top football clubs of India. MohunBagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only club to be entitled'National Club of India' whereas East Bengal stands as the most successful of all theIndian football clubs in international arena. Kolkata is also home to Shahrukh Khan-owned Kolkata Knight R idersIPL cr icket team franchise.

As in the rest of India, cr icket is extremely popular and is played throughout the city inits grounds and s treets. Tournamen ts, especially those involving outdoor games likecr icket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom are regular ly organized onan inter -locality or inter -club basis. The maidan area hosts several minor football andcr icket clubs and coaching institutes. Notable spor ts stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cr icket captainSourav Ganguly and OlympictennisbronzemedallistLeander Paes. Former football stars include Olympic medalist Sailen Manna,Chuni Goswami, P.K. Baner jee, Subrata Bhattacharya.

Kolkata is known for its large stadia. The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cr icket stadiums in the wor ld.[90]Salt Lake Stadium (also known as Yuva Bharati

Kr irangan)a mu lti- use stadium is the wor ld's third largest capacity football stadium.[91][92]Calcutta Cr icket and Football Club is the second-oldest cr icket club in thewor ld.[93] Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (thef irst golf club in the wor ld outside Br itain),[94]To llygunge Club and For t William. TheRoyal Calcutta Turf C lub (RCTC) holds regular equestr ian races and polo matches. TheCalcutta Polo Club is now considered as the oldest polo club of the wor ld.[95] TheCalcutta South Club is the venue for some na tional and international tennistournaments. From 2005, Sunfeast Open, a Tier -III tournament of Women's Tenn isAssociation Tour, takes place in Netaji Indoor Stadium. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training.

Mumba i


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Webs ite: www.mcgm.gov. in

Seal of the Municipal Cor poration of

Greater Mumbai

Coordinates: 1858 N 7249 E18.96, 72.82

Mumba i (Marathi: , Mumba , IPA:/ mumb i / (helpinfo)), former ly Bombay , is thecapital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the f inancial capital of India. With anestimated population of thir teen million, it is the second most populous city in thewor ld.[1] Along with the neighbour ing suburbs of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it forms, at nineteen million, the wor ld's f if th most populous metropolitan area. Mumbai lies on thewest coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . Mumbai's por t handles over ha lf of India's mar itime cargo. [2]

Mumbai is the commercial and enter tainment center of India, generating 5% of India'sGDP[3] and accounting for 25% of industr ial output, 40% of mar itime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.[4] Mumbai is one of the wor ld's top ten centresof commerce by global f inancial f low,[5] home to such impor tant f inancial institutions asthe Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchangeof India and the cor porate headquar ters of many Indian companies and numerousmultinational cor porations. The city also houses India's Hindif ilm and televisionindustry, known as Bollywood. Mumbai's business oppor tunities, as well as its highstandard of living, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city apotpourr i of many communities and cultures.

Contents

[hide]

y 1 Names y 2 History y 3 Geography y 4 Climate y 5 Economy y 6 Civic administration y 7 Transpor t y 8 Utilit y services y 9 Demographics y 10 People and culture y 11 Media y 12 Education y 13 Spor ts


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y 14 See also y 15 References y 16 External links y 17 Fur ther reading

[ed it] NamesThe name "Mumba i" is an eponym, etymologically der ived from Mumbaor Maha-Amba the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi and Aai, "mother" in Marathi.[6] The former name Bombayhad its or igins in the 16th century when the Por tuguese arr ived in the area and ca lled it by var ious names, which f inally took the wr itten formBombaim, still common in current Por tuguese use. Af ter the Br itish gained possessionin the 17th century, it was anglicised to Bombay, although it was known as Mumbaior Mambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambai in Hindi, Urdu.[7][8] The namewas off icially changed to its Marathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1995.

"Mumbai" wr itten in the Devanagar i scr ipt at the Ta j Mahal Palace & Tower .

A widespread explanation of the or igin of the traditional English name Bombayholdsthat it was der ived from a Por tuguese name meaning "good bay". [9] This is based on the

fact that bom(masc.) is Por tuguese for "good" whereas the English word "bay" issimilar to the Por tuguese baa (fem., bahia in old spelling). The norma l Por tugueserender ing of "good bay" wou ld have been boa bahia rather than the grammaticallyincorrect bom bahia. However, it is possible to f ind the form baim(masc.) for "littlebay" in sixteenth-century Por tuguese.

Other sources have a d ifferent or igin for the Por tuguese toponymBombaim. Jos PedroMachado's Dicionrio Onomstico Etimol ico da Ln ua Portu uesa ("Por tugueseDictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the f irst Por tuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambuor Tena-Maiambu,[10] pointing out that "MAIAMBU"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindugoddess af ter which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the

spelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn(1525)[11]

and then Mombaim(1563).[12]

The f inal form Bombaimappears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gas par Correia in his Lendas da ndia("Legends of India").[13] J.P. Machado seems to reject the"Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asser ting that Por tuguese records mentioning the presence of abay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral par t of the Por tuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, ada pted fromPor tuguese.[14]


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[ed it] H istory

The Haji Ali Mosque was built in 1631, when Mumba i was under Mugha l rule.Main article:History of Mumbai

Ar tifacts found near Kandivali in nor thern Mumbai indicate that these islands had beeninhabited since the Stone Age. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to250 BCE, when it was known as Heptanesia(Ptolemy) (Ancient Greek : AC luster of Seven Islands). In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed par t of the Maurya Empire,ruled by the Buddhist emperor, A oka. Dur ing its f irst few centur ies, control over Mumbai was disputed between the Indo-ScythianWes tern Satraps and the Satavahanas.The Hindu rulers of the Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when thek ingdom of Gujarat annexed them. Some of the oldest edif ices of the archipelago theElephanta Caves and the Wa lkeshwar temple complex date from this era.

In 1534, the Por tuguese appropr iated the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. Theywere ceded to Char les II of England in 1661, as dowry[15] for Cather ine de Braganza.These islands, were in turn leased to the Br itish East India Company in 1668 for a sumof 10 per annum. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islandsto be ideal for setting up their f irst por t in the sub -continent. The population quick lyrose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the Br itish East India Comp anytransferred its headquar ters from Surat to Mumbai. The city eventually became theheadquar ters of the Bombay Presidency.

The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the arr ival in India, on 2nd December 1911, of K ing George V and Queen Mary and was completed on 4th December, 1924.

From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large civil engineer ing projects aimedat merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. Thisproject, known as the Hornby Ve llard, was completed by 1845, and resu lted in the total area swelling to 438 km. In 1853, India's f irst passenger railway line was established,connecting Mumbai to the town of Thane. Dur ing the Amer ican Civil War (1861 1865), the city became the wor ld's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom inthe economy and subsequen tly enhancing the city's stature.


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The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seapor ts on the Arabian Sea.[16] Over the next thir ty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of manyof the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906,mak ing it the second largest in India af ter Calcutta. As capital of the BombayPresidency, it was a major base for the Indian independence movement, with the Quit

India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubr ic event. Af ter India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of Bombay State. In the 1950 thecity expanded to its present limits by incor porating par ts of Salsette island which lay tothe nor th.

Af ter 1955, when the State of Bombay was being re-organised along linguistic lines intothe states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, there was a demand that the city be constituted asan autonomous city-state. However, the Samyuk ta Maharashtra movement opposed this,and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following protests inwhich 105 people were k illed by police f ir ing, Maharashtra state was formed withMumbai as its capital on May 1, 1960.

Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Mar tyr's Square") as a memor ial to theSamyuk ta Maharashtra movement.

The late 1970s witnessed a cons truction boom and a signif icant inf lux of migrants,

which saw Mumbai over take Kolkata as India's most populous city. This inf lux causedunrest among local Maharashtr ians who worr ied about the loss of culture, jobs, andlanguage.[17] The Shiv Sena Par ty was formed by Balasaheb Thackeray for the pur poseof secur ing the interests of Maharashtr ians.[18] The city's secular fabr ic was torn apar t inthe r iots of 199293, af ter large scale sectar ian violence caused extensive loss of lifeand proper ty. A few mon ths later, on March 12, a ser ies of co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by the Mumbai underwor ld k illed around three hundred people.In 1995, the city was renamed Mumbaiby the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, inkeeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions af ter histor ic local appellations. There have a lso been terror ist attacks, sponsored by Is lamic extremists, onpublic transpor t buses in past years. In 2006, Mumba i was also the site of a major terror ist attack in which over two hundred people were k illed when severa l bombs

exploded almost simultaneously on the Mumbai Suburban Railway.[19]

See also:Timeline of Mumbai events

[ed it] GeographyThe metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumba i suburban distr ict and also thecities of Navi Mumbai and Thane


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Main article:Geo raphy of Mumbai

Mumbai lies at the mouth of Ulhas R iver off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, par tially shared with the distr ict of Thane. Much of the city lies just above sea level, with average elevations rangingfrom 10 m (33 f t) to 15 m (49 f t). Nor thern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the

city is 450 m (1,476 f t).[20]

The city spans a total area of 603 km (233 sq mi).

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is located near to the city, and covers a lmost 1/6th of thecity area. It is to be noted big cats such as panthers are still residing in this national park [21][22] next to millions of people in an age of hab itat shr inkage and species extinction.

Apar t from the Bhatsa Dam, six major lakes supply water to the city: Vihar , Va itarna,Upper Va itarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located inBor ivili National Park , within the city's metropolitan limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for industr ial pur poses. Three sma ll r ivers,the Dahisar, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara o(r Oshiwara) or iginate within the park,while the now infamous Mithi R iver or iginates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overf lowing from Vihar and Powa i Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented withnumerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with largemangroveswamps, r ich in biodiversity. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. Inthe suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The under lying rock of theregion is composed of black Deccan basalt f lows, and their acid and basic var iantsdating back to the late Cretaceous and ear ly Eoceneeras. Mumbai sits on a seismicallyactive zone[23] owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area isclassif ied as a Zone III reg ion, which means an ear thquake of up to magnitude 6.5 onthe R ichter -scale may be expected.[citation needed ]

[ed it] C limateAverage temperature and precipit ation in Mumbai.

Main article:C limate of Mumbai

Lying in a tropical zone and the near the Arabian Sea, Mumbai's climate falls into twomain seasons: the humid and the dry season. The humid season, between March andOctober, is character ized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 C (86 F).Between June and September, the monsoon ra ins lash the city supplying most of thecity's annual rainfall of 2,200 millimetres (86.6 in). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 millimetres (135.9 in) in 1954. [24] The highest rainfall recorded in asingle day was 944 millimetres (37.17 in) on 2005-07-26.[25] The dry season, betweenNovember and February, is character ized by moderate levels of humidity and warm tocool weather. Cold nor ther ly winds are responsible for a mild chill dur ing January andFebruary.

Annual temperatures range from a h igh of 38 C (100 F) to a low of 11 C (52 F). Therecord high is 43.3 C (109.9 F) and record low is 7.4 C (45.3 F) on 1962-01-22.[26].Though 7.4 C (45.3 F) is the lowest recorded by one of the two off icial meteorological


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weather stations, a low of 6.5 C (43.7 F) was recorded on February 8, 2008 at aweather station near Kanher i Caves that lies within city limits.[27]

[ed it] Economy

Cuffe Parade is an impor tant business distr ict in Mumbai, home to the Wor ld TradeCentre as well as other impor tant f inancial institutions.

The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.Main article:Economy of Mumbai

Mumbai is India's largest city. It serves as an impor tant economic hub of the country,contr ibuting 10% of a ll factory employment, 40% of a ll income tax collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of a ll central excise tax collections, 40% of India'sforeign trade and Rs. 40 billion (US$ 930 million) in cor porate taxes.[28] Mumbai's per -capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 1,136.17) which is almost three times the national average.[29] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including State Bank Of India,Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and four of the For tune Global 500 companies arebased in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and f inancial institutions also have branches inthis area, the Wor ld Trade Cen tre (Mumbai)[30] being the most prominent one. Until the1980s, Mumba i owed its prosper ity largely to textile mills and the seapor t, but the local economy has since been diversif ied to include engineer ing, diamond-polishing,

healthcare and information technology. Mumbai is home to the Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre, and most of India's specialized, technical industr ies, having a modernindustr ial infrastructure and vast, sk illed human resources. R ising venture capital f irms,star t-ups and established brands work in aerospace, optical engineer ing, medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all var ieties, shipbuilding andsalvaging, and renewable energy and power.

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city'sworkforce. Mumba i also has a large unsk illed and semi-sk illed labour population, who


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pr imar ily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi dr ivers, mechanics and other such bluecollar professions. The por t and shippi ng industry, too, employs many residents, directlyor indirectly. In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other par ts of the city; the distr ict has anestimated 15,000 single-room factor ies.[31]

The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, areheadquar tered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood produces thelargest number of f ilms per year in the wor ld; and the name Bollywood is a por tmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Marathi television and Marathi f ilm industry are also basedin Mumbai.

Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed aneconomic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the f inance boom in the mid-ninetiesand the IT, expor t, services and BPO boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the dr iver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumba ikars has led to a direct increase inconsumer spending. Mumbai has been ranked 10 th among the wor ld's biggest centres of commerce in terms of f inancial f low in a survey compiled by Mastercard Wor ldwide.[5]

[ed it] C ivic adm in istrat ionMain article:Brihanmumbai Municipal C orporation

Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: the city and the suburbs, which also form twoseparate distr icts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as theIsland C ity.[32] The city is administered by the Br ihanmumbai Municipal Cor poration(BMC) (former ly the Bombay Municipal Cor poration), with executive power vested inthe Municipal Commissioner , who is an IAS off icer appointed by the state government.The Cor poration compr ises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twentyfour municipal wards, f ive nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor . The BMC is incharge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for adm inistrative pur poses. Almost all the statepolitical par ties f ield candidates in the elections for Counc illors. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region consists of 7 Municipal Cor porations and 13 Mun icipal Councils.In addition to the BMC, it includes the Municipal Cor porations of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar , Bhiwandi-Nizampur and Ulhasnagar .[33]

The Bombay High Cour t exercises jur isdiction over Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu,and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.


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Greater Mumbai forms two distr icts of Maharashtra, each under the jur isdiction of aDistr ict Collector . The Collectors are in charge of proper ty records and revenuecollection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in thecity.

The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner , who is an IPS off icer. The

Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The c ity is divided into sevenpolice zones and seven teen traff ic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traff ic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. [34] The Mumbai Fire Br igade depar tment is headed by the Chief Fire Off icer, who isassisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Off icers and six Divisional Off icers.

Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Cour t, which exercises jur isdiction over thestates of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Terr itor ies of Daman and Diu and Dadraand Nagar Haveli. Mumbai also has two lower cour ts, the Small Causes Cour t for civil matters, and the Sessions Cour t for cr iminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA(Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) cour t for people accused of conspir ing and abettingacts of terror ism in the city.

The city elects six members to the Lok Sabhaand thir ty-four members to theMaharashtraV idhan Sabha(State Assembly). Mumbai is headed by mayor ShubhaRaul, Municipal CommissionerJairaj Phatak , and Sher iffIndu Shahani.

[ed it] T ransport

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, headquar ters of the Central Railway, is aUNESCOWor ld Her itage Site.

Main article:Public transport in Mumbai

Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on public transpor t to travel to and from their work place. Transpor t systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Ra ilway,BEST buses, taxis, auto r ickshaws, ferr ies, and aeroplanes.

The city is the headquar ters of two railway zones: the Central Railway (CR)headquar tered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and the Wes tern Railway (WR)headquar tered near Churchgate. The backbone of the city's transpor t, the Mumbai Suburban Ra ilway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of thecity, in a nor th-south direction. The Mumbai Metro, an underground and e levatedrailway system that is currently under construction, will run from Versova to Andher i toGhatkopar when the f irst phase is completed in 2009. Mumba i is well connected to most par ts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains or iginate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar , Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra terminus and


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Andher i. Mumba i's suburban ra il systems carry a total of 6.3 million passengers everyday.[35]

A BEST bus.

Public buses run by BEST cover almost all par ts of the metropolis, as well as par ts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Buses are used for commu ting shor t to medium distances,while train fares are more econom ical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs atotal of 3,408 buses, [36] ferrying 4.5 million passengers da ily over 340 routes. Its f leet consists of single-decker, doub le-decker, ves tibule, low-f loor, disabled-fr iendly, air -conditioned and the recently introduced Euro III compliant CNG powered buses.MSRTC buses provide intercity transpor t and connect Mumbai with other major citiesof Maharashtra and other states. The Mumba i Darshan is a tour ist bus service whichexplores numerous tour ist attractions in Mumbai

Black and yellow-metered, taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Auto r ickshaws operate in the suburban areas of Mumba i. R ickshaws, which run on CompressedNatural Gas, are the main form of hired transpor t. These three-wheeled vehicles are aquick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transpor t and canaccommodate up to three passengers.

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Air por t is South Asia's busiest air por t.[37]

Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Air por t (former ly Sahar International Air por t) is the busiest air por t in South Asia.[37] The Juhu aerodrome was India's f irst air por t, and now hosts a f lying club and a helipor t. The proposed Navi Mumbai International Air por t which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctionedby the Government and would help relieve the increasing traff ic burden on the existingair por t. Mumbai handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traff ic in the country.

With its unique topography, Mumba i has one of the best natural harbours in the wor ld,handling 50% of the country's passenger traff ic, and much of Ind ia's cargo.[2] It is alsoan impor tant base for the Indian Navy, being the headquar ters of the Wes tern Naval


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Command. [38] Ferr ies from Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches inthe area.

[ed it] Ut ility serv ices

BMC headquar ters.See also:Mumbai's water sources

The BMC suppli es potable water to the city, mos t of which comes from the Tulsi andVihar lakes, as well as a few lakes fur ther nor th. The water is f iltered at Bhandup, whichis Asia's largest water f iltration plant. Even India's f irst underground wa ter tunnel will come up in Mumbai.[39] The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance andgarbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metr ictonnes is transpor ted to dumping grounds in Gorai in the nor thwest, Mulund in thenor theast, and Deonar in the east. Sewage treatment is carr ied out at Wor li and Bandra,

and disposed off by two independent mar ine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km(2.3 mi) at Bandra and Wor li respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planningstages.

Electr icity is distr ibuted by BEST in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Ta taPower , and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electr icity Distr ibution Co. Ltd) in thesuburbs. Most of the city's electr icity is hydroelectr ic and nuclear based. Consumptionof electr icity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest telephone serviceprovider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over f ixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides f ixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar , Air tel,BPL group, Reliance Communications and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Broadband internet penetration is increasing in thecity, with MTNL and Tata being the leading service providers.

Since 1995, many par ts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided byMahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gasstations.

[ed it] Demograph ics


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See also:Growth of Mumbaiand Mumbaistatistics

According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 13 million,[40] with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million.[41] TheRural Mumbai Metropolitan Region has a population

of 1.04 million.[33]

According to extrapolations carr iedout by the World Gazetteer in 2008, Mumba i has apopulation of 13,662,885 [42] and the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 20,870,764. [43] The population density isestimated to be about 22,000 persons per square k ilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average.[44] There are 875 fema les toevery 1,000 ma les, lower than the national average.[citation needed ]

The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (80%), Muslims (14%%), andChr istians and Sikhs (2.5%). The rema inder are Parsis 100,000, Jains 4% or around500,000,Buddhists, Jews and atheists.[citation needed ]

Since the 1970s, Mumba i has witnessed a construction boom and a s ignif icant inf lux of migrants, mak ing it India's largest city.

According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups' demographics are: Maharashtr ians

(53%), Gujaratis (22%), Nor th Indians (17%), Tamilians (3%), Sindhis (3%),Tuluvas/Kannadigas (2%) and others.[citation needed ]

Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India.Marathi, the off icial language of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Other languagesspoken are Hindi and English. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya ablend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented words is spoken on thestreets. English is extensively spoken and is the pr incipal language of the city's whitecollar workforce.

Like other metropolises in the developing wor ld, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countr ies:widespread pover ty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic andeducational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at apremium, Mumbai residents of ten reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing,usually far from work places, and therefore requir ing long commutes on crowded masstransit, or clogged roadways. Accord ing to 2001 census of Ind ia, about 54% of the city'spopulation lives in slums.[45]Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 m illion people[46]. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of cr ime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is theAr thur Road Ja il. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra dur ing

[show]Popu lat ion Growth


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the 1991-2001 decade was 1.12 m illion, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition tothe population of Mumba i.[47]

[ed it] Peop le and cu lture

The Asiatic Society of Bombay is a library that holds Indian literature.Main article:Mumbai culture

A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar , Mumbaiteor Bombayite. Many residentslive close to major railway stations for easy access to their work places, as a signif icant amount of time is spent on daily commuting.Mumba i's appetizing foods and cuisineshave been inf luenced by the r ich but not too spicy styles of cook ing from Maharashtra and surrounding Gujarat state. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialtiesinclude Dhan Sak , K hicheri, Bombli Batata Bhaji, K ama K akri, SolachiK adhi, MinV ela C urry and C urried Bombay Duck .[48] Local roadside fast food includes vada pav,panipur i, paav bhaji, and bhelpur i.

Mumbai is the bir thplace of Indian cinema Dadasaheb Pha lke laid the foundationswith silent movies followed by Marathi talk ies and the oldest f ilm broadcast here inthe ear ly 20th century. Mumba i also boasts of large number of c inemas, including thewor ld's largest IMAX dome theatre,[49] which feature mainstream Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. Many f ilm festivals are avidly attended throughout the year.Besides cater ing to cinephiles, the city has a thr iving theatr ical tradition in Marathi,Hindi, Urdu, English and other regional languages.

Chowpatty is one of the most famous beaches of Mumba i and a pr ime spot for

Mumbai's roadside cuisine.

Contemporary ar t is well-represented in both government funded ar t spaces and pr ivatecommercial galler ies. The government-funded ar t galler ies include The Jehangir Ar t Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Ar t. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vas tuSangrahalaya (former ly The Pr ince of Wa les Museum) is a renowned museum in thehear t of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India which houses rare and anc ient exhibits of Indian history. [50] Mumbai has a very popular zoo named Jijamata


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Udyaanwhich also harbours a garden w ithin its boundar ies.[51] The city of Mumbai ishome to many well known Indian poets.

Mumbai has two UNESCO Wor ld Her itage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus andthe Elephanta Caves.[52] The Western Railways is also planning to make a proposal tothe UNESCO to include the Churchgate building in the list of Wor ld Her itage Sites.[53]

Popular places in the city are Nar iman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti , Juhu Beach, andMar ine Dr ive. Essel Wor ld[54] is an international-style theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach. Asia's largest theme water park, Wa ter K ingdom,is also located in Mumbai.

Ganesh Chatur thi, a popular festival in Mumbai.

Mumbai residents celebrate Western and Indian festivals with great fanfare. Festivalsand celebrations are observed by res idents of all communities and religions. Diwali,Holi, Chr istmas, Navratr i, Good Fr iday, Eid, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chatur thi,Durga Puja and Maha Shivratr i are some of the most popular festivals in the city. TheKala Ghoda Festival is an exhibition of a wor ld of ar ts that encapsulates works of ar tistes in the f ields of music, dance, theater, f ilm and all the genres of ar t that make for the vibrantly r ich culture of Mumbai.[55] A week long fair known as the Bandra Fair or

the Mount Mary Festival is celebrated by people of all faiths. The Banganga Festival isa two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January wh ich is organised bythe Maharashtra Tour ism Development Cor poration (MTDC) at the histor ic BangangaTank in Mumbai.[56] The Elephanta Festival which is celebrated every February on theElephanta Islands, is dedicated to the classical Indian Dance and Mus ic with ar tists fromacross the country converging on the occasion conjur ing a mesmer izing atmosphere onthis picturesque island.[57]

Mumbai has several sister cities:[58]

y Los Angeles, United States.y Yokohama , Japan.y Stuttgar t, Germany.y Ber lin, Germany.y Saint Petersburg, Russia.y London, United K ingdom.

[ed it] Med iaSee also:List of Mumbai radio stations


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Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations.Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Timesof India, Mid-day, DNA, and Indian Express. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta,Lokmat and Maharashtra Times. Newspapers are also pr inted in other Indian languages.Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar , which has beenpublished in Gujarati since 1822. Bombay Durpan - the f irst Marathi newspaper wasstar ted by Balshastr i Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.

[59]Popular magazines areSaaptahik Sakaal , Lokprabha in Marathi and India Today, Outlook in English.

Bollywood is based in Mumbai.

Numerous Indian and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Mumbai householdsreceive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a ma jor ity of them areproduced to cater to the city's polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of manyinternational media cor porations, with many news channels and pr int publicationshaving a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, providestwo free terrestr ial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DD Sahyadr i, Mee Marathi, Zee Ta lk ies, Zee TV, STAR Plus and news channels like Star Majha are popular. Popular news channels entirelydedicated to Mumbai and Maharashtra include Marathi news channels Star Majha,Zee24 Taas,Sahara Samay Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain massacceptance, due to high installation costs. Popular DTH enter tainment services in

Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai,with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcastingon the AM band.[60] Mumbai also has access to popular Commercial radio providers likeWor ldSpace, Sir ius and XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) star ted by theUnion Government in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduouscompetition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[61]

Bollywood, the Hindi f ilm industry that is the largest f ilm producer in the wor ld, isbased in Mumbai. Bollywood produces more than 800 f ilms a year, twice as many asHollywood. It has an audience of 3.6 billion people.[62] Film studios in Goregaon,including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The Marathi Film Industry isalso based in Mumbai.

[ed it] Educat ion


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The Nehru Science Centre in Mumbai is India's largest interactive science centre.

See also:List of colle es in Mumbai

Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or pr ivate schools(run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive f inancial aid from thegovernment. The schools are aff iliated either with the Maharashtra State Board(MSBSHSE), the all-India Council for the Indian School Cer tif icate Examinations(CISCE) and the Central Board for Secondary Educa tion (CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the moreexpensive pr ivate schools. A major ity of residents prefer pr ivate schools because of better infrastructure.

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Junior College, where they select one of three streams: ar ts, commerce or science. This is followed by either a genera l degree course in a chosen f ield of study, or

a professional degree course, such as law, engineer ing, medicine etc. Most colleges inthe city are aff iliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities inthe wor ld in terms of the number of gradua tes. The Indian Institute of Techno logy,Mumbai which is India's premier engineer ing schools, National Institute of Industr ial Engineer ing (NITIE), VJTI (Veerma ta Jijabai Technological Institute), SNDT Women'sUniversity, Ta ta Institute of Social Sciences are the other universities in Mumbai.Mumbai is also home to Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), theesteemed business and management school in Asia[citation needed ]. The Sir J. J. Schoo l of Ar t, is aff iliated with the University of Mumbai, and offers degrees in f ine ar t andsculpture. It won the Award of D istinction at the UNESCO Asia-Pacif ic Her itageAwards in 2006.[63]

Mumbai is home to two of India's impor tant research institutions The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR ), Indian Institute of Techno logy Bombay and theBhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MWnuclear research reactor at their facilit y in Trombay.

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