ciencia y sociedad 2013

8/13/2019 Ciencia y Sociedad 2013

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M` kipgeth am `g ekmfekg mf `g shekmaga

@hs `éiktms am `g ekmfekg

Maugrah Sufsmt

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh< `éiktms am ahs ehsih`hjégs

Agvka Lhu

¸@`mjgrmihs g mftmfamr m` ufkvmrsh8

Utugrt E`grb

Krrgekhfg`kaga, eghs m kfehip`mtktua< `hs `éiktmsigtmiçtkehs am `g ekmfekg

Igreus au Uguthy

M` aksm÷h am hrjgfksihs vkvhs<kip`kegekhfms ëtkegs y shekg`ms

@uks Umrrgfh

?375@hs `éiktms

am `g ekmfekg


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Ehhrakfgahr

Maugrah Sufsmt

M` kipgeth am `g ekmfekg mf `g shekmaga

?375@hs `éiktms

am `g ekmfekg


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Mstm `korh rmehjm `hs tmxths am `gs ehfdmrmfekgs prhfufekgagsamftrh am` ^TKK eke`h Ekmfekg y Uhekmaga ,hrjgfkzgah phr `g Dufagekõf Ogfeh Ugftgfamr mf m` Guakthrkh am` EmftrhEmftrh Ekom`ms am Eu`turg

y Ekuagagfég mf igrzh am ?375.

Dufagekõf Ogfeh Ugftgfamr fh sm ngem rmsphfsgo`mam `gs hpkfkhfms vmrtkags phr `hs guthrms mf msths grtéeu`hs.

Fh mstç pmriktkag `g rmprhaueekõf thtg` h pgrekg` am mstm `korh, fk su trgtgikmfth kfdhriçtkeh, fk `gtrgfsikskõf am fkfjufg dhrig h phr eug`qukmr imakh, yg smg m`metrõfkeh, imeçfkeh, phr dhthehpkg,phr rmjkstrh u htrhs iëthahs, fk su prëstgih, g`quk`mr h eug`qukmrg htrg dhrig am emskõf am ush am`mlmip`gr, skf m` pmriksh prmvkh y phr mserkth am `hs tktu`grms am` ehpyrkjnt.

© Ehpyrkjnt ?375 Dufagekõf Ogfeh Ugftgfamr. Qhahs `hs amrmenhs rmsmrvgahs

Igqumtgekõf


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Éfakem

Srmsmftgekõf ............................................................................................................................... :


Maugrah Sufsmt .............................................................................................................................. ;

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh< `éiktms am ahs ehsih`hjégs

Agvka Lhu ......................................................................................................................................... 7>


Utugrt E`grb .................................................................................................................................... 17

Krrgekhfg`kaga, eghs m kfehip`mtktua<`hs `éiktms igtmiçtkehs am `g ekmfekgIgreus au Uguthy .......................................................................................................................... =5

M` aksm÷h am hrjgfksihs vkvhs< kip`kegekhfms ëtkegs y shekg`ms@uks Umrrgfh .................................................................................................................................... :>

Okhjrgdégs ....................................................................................................................................... >=


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M` eke`h Ekmfekg y Uhekmaga, hrjgfkzgah phr Dufagekõf Ogfeh Ugftgfamr ehf m`

holmtkvh am akvu`jgr `hs ü`tkihs gvgfems am `g ekmfekg, amakeõ su amekihsëp-tkig makekõf g rmmxkhfgr mf thrfh g `hs `éiktms am` ehfhekikmfth ekmftéeh.M` prhjrmsh am `g ekmfekg mf `hs ü`tkihs g÷hs ng pmriktkah amsekdrgr m` GAF,agtgr `g maga am` ufkvmrsh y ehimfzgr g amsmftrg÷gr `g ehip`mlg mstrueturgemrmorg`. Fh hostgftm, egag rmspumstg hotmfkag ag `ujgr g` p`gftmgikmfth amfumvgs kfeõjfktgs. ¸Umjukrç guimftgfah m` ehfhekikmfth h ``mjgrç uf ihimfthmf m` qum yg fh qumamf rmspumstgs8 M` prhjrmsh mf m` ehfhekikmfth pumam mf-ehftrgrsm ehf smrkgs ̀ kiktgekhfms amtmrikfgags phr m` prhpkh iëthah ekmftéeh,

phr fumstrgs egpgekagams kftm`metug`ms h phr rmstrkeekhfms tëefkegs qum kipkagfehftrgstgr ekmrtgs nkpõtmsks.

Ugomihs nhy qum m` emrmorh ―gufqum ehf ufg ehip`mlkaga iuy supmrkhr― ehf-tkmfm uf füimrh am fmurhfgs ehipgrgo`m g` füimrh am jg`gxkgs qum pumo`gf m`ufkvmrsh vksko`m. Sgrtkmfah am mstg gfg`hjég, m` prhdmshr am Déskeg Agvka Lhu mstgo`m-em ufg ehipgrgekõf mftrm `hs `éiktms am` emrmorh y `hs `éiktms am` ehsihs, p`gf-tmgfah eumstkhfms tgf kfqukmtgftms ehih euç`ms shf `hs `éiktms ehiputgekhfg`msam` ufkvmrsh, am` emrmorh y am ̀ g vkag (fgturg` h grtkekg`) mf m` duturh am` ufkvmrsh.

Srmsmftgekõf


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M` kftmfth phr amsvm`gr m` hrkjmf am` ufkvmrsh y ehiprmfamr su ehiphrtgikmfthng skah ufg ehfstgftm mf `g nksthrkg am` pmfsgikmfth déskeh. @g dhriu`gekõf am `g

tmhrég am ̀ g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg` phr pgrtm am Mksftmkf supush uf nkth mf ̀ g nksthrkgam `g ekmfekg pums prhphrekhfõ, phr prkimrg vmz, ufg dhrig am ehfamfsgr mùfkvmrsh mftmrh mf ufg sh`g meugekõf. Ukf miogrjh, ehih sm÷g`g Utugrt E`grb,`hs ü`tkihs amseuorkikmfths mvkamfekgf sus `kiktgekhfms y mstçf agfah ùjgr g `gmfufekgekõf am fumvgs tmhrégs. ¸Ehfstktukrçf `g mxp`kegekõf amfktkvg h sh`h ufpgsh içs mf `g oüsqumag am` ehfhekikmfth8 ¸@`mjgrmihs g mftmfamr g`jüf aégm` ufkvmrsh8

M` ehfvmfekikmfth am qum ̀gs igtmiçtkegs shf m` ̀mfjuglm mf m` qum mstç mserkthm` ufkvmrsh, ehfaulh g ̀g ehiufkaga ekmftéeg g ermmr qum amsekdrgr mstm ̀ mfjuglm pmriktkrég gègfzgr m` ehfhekikmfth. Am nmenh, ̀g nksthrkg am `g ekmfekg mstçrmp`mtg am amseuorkikmfths rmg`kzgahs jrgekgs g `hs rgzhfgikmfths igtmiç-tkehs. Igreus au Uguthy, mf egiokh, sm÷g`g qum `gs igtmiçtkegs mxkstmftmstgiokëf tkmfmf sus `kiktgekhfms y gsé `h iumstrgf g`jufhs am `hs rmths içsehfhekahs am mstg aksekp`kfg< `g eugargturg am` eéreu`h, m` tmhrmig am Dmrigt

h `g tmhrég am` eghs.

Shr ü`tkih, `hs `éiktms am` ehfhekikmfth ekmftéeh pumamf smr tgiokëf `hs `é-iktms am su gp`kegekõf. @uks Umrrgfh fhs kftrhauem mf `g kiphrtgftm eumstkõfam am`kiktgr `gs kip`kegekhfms ëtkegs am `g ekmfekg pgrtkmfah am su egiph amkfvmstkjgekõf, `g okh`hjég skftëtkeg, euyg fg`kaga ms m` aksm÷h, `g ihakegekõf y`g dgorkegekõf am smrms vkvhs ehf fms prçetkehs. Ms msmfekg` mf mstm smftkah `gmvgùgekõf am `gs getugekhfms ekmftéegs mf dufekõf am su kipgeth ëtkeh y shekg`.

Amsmgihs mxprmsgr fumstrh içs skfemrh gjrgamekikmfth g `hs pgrtkekpgftms mfm` eke`h, gsé ehih g su ehhrakfgahr, Maugrah Sufsmt, phr m` msdumrzh rmg`kzgahpgrg ngemr geemsko`m mstgs ehip`mlgs eumstkhfms g uf püo`keh fh mspmekg`kzgah.

Dufagekõf Ogfeh Ugftgfamr


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@hs `éiktms am `g ekmfekgMaugrah Sufsmt

Gohjgah, mehfhikstgy akvu`jgahr ekmftkdéeh

Ngstg ngem iuy pheh tkmiph fh fhs p`gftmçogihs sk `g ekmfekg tkmfm `éik-

tms. Mstçogihs smjurhs, ngoégihs yg amseuokmrth `g egftkaga kfshphrtgo`m am`éiktms qum tmfég m` eumrph nuigfh am thah tkph< am `g akmtg, am `g sgùa, am`tkmiph… @g nuigfkaga mrg uf phzh am `éiktms ehipgrgah ehf ufg ekmf-ekg qum ermégihs skf `éiktms, kfmdgo`m, dhrmvmr, qum kog g aurgr thag `g vkag.]fg am `gs ehsgs qum mstgihs amseuorkmfah ―y fh sõ`h im rmmrh g `hs`éiktms am `g nuigfkaga―, ms qum `hs ngoég déskehs, phr mlmip`h, m` tgig÷h.@hs qum ngoégihs ikrgah m` tmig am `g mvhùekõf sgoégihs qum, g pgrtkr amuf amtmrikfgah tgig÷h, m` ehrgzõf h `hs puìhfms qumagogf amigskgah

`mlhs am ekmrths õrjgfhs g `hs qum fh sm ``mjgog. Um jgfgog tmfkmfah uf tgig÷hogstgftm imfhr, içs gameugah g `g fgturg`mzg nuigfg. Am mstm tkph mrgf `hs`éiktms déskehs. @umjh mxkstégf `hs `éiktms fmurg`ms. Nm ehfhekah pmrshfgìmf-tm g Jmrgà Mamìgf y g` amseuorkahr am` smermth am `g vkag, Drgfeks Erkeb, yms eurkhsh, phrqum m``hs ngf pgsgah g÷hs mstuakgfah `hs `éiktms am `g ekmfekgam `g ehfekmfekg. Giohs ermégf qum mf `g ehfekmfekg mstgogf `g igyhr pgrtmam `gs mxp`kegekhfms am `g fgturg`mzg nuigfg, qum `g ehfekmfekg fhs pharégmxp`kegr uf aég ̀ h qum fhs pgsgog phr amftrh y vgtkekfgfah ̀ h qum fhs pgsgog phramftrh sgorégihs `h qum fhs pgsgrég amftrh am ufhs g÷hs. Qgiokëf nmihs ams-


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Maugrah Sufsmt

euokmrth htrhs `éiktms içs trmimfahs. Ehfhzeh g ekmftéehs am ahs tkphs< ufhsqum akemf qum m` emrmorh ms ufg engpuzg y htrhs qum akemf qum ms ufg dumftm

kfgegogo`m am ikstmrkhs y am jrgfakhskagams. [ ùmjh, g `g nhrg am pmfsgr mf `hs`éiktms nuigfhs, fh phamihs h`vkagr `hs `éiktms hrjgfkzgtkvhs h tmrgpëutkehs,ehih `g qukikhtmrgpkg. G ié ngy iuenhs iëakehs qum im akemf< «Fh së aõfamim vhy g msehfamr m` aég qum `g jmftm fhs pmrskjg pkakëfahfhs mxp`kegekhfms amphr quë gp`keçogihs `g qukikhtmrgpkg². _mgìmftm ms ufg ekmfekg ̀ `mfg am `éiktms.

Mstg fhenm, im justgrég ehipgrtkr ehf vhshtrhs am aõfam prhemam `g kftm`k-jmfekg. _msu`tg qum `g prkimrg kiprmskõf qum mstgihs amseuorkmfah ms qum

`g kftm`kjmfekg fh vkmfm am` emrmorh skfh am `hs ihvkikmfths am `gs pmrshfgs.M` mquk`korkh am `hs oépmahs skjum skmfah uf ikstmrkh pgrg `g prhpkg ekmfekg, msiuy akdéek` am mftmfamr. [h ermég, ehih iuenhs am vhshtrhs, qum mf m` emrmorhmstgog `g mxp`kegekõf am thah y qum tgram h tmiprgfh kog g ``mjgr mstg mxp`keg-ekõf, pmrh gnhrg im ahy eumftg am qum shf `gs akimfskhfms. Ms vmraga qum ufpmrrh tkmfm uf h`dgth ik`gjrhsh, pmrh yh hs akjh qum ms ik`gjrhsh m` mquk`korkham uf oépmah y qum ms ik`gjrhsh tgiokëf vmr eõih sm iumvmf `gs igfhs am

uf pkgfkstg kftmrprmtgfah g Ommtnhvmf. Sgrmem g`jh kfgègfzgo`m pgrg eug`qukmremrmorh2 ms kiprmskhfgftm gqum``h qum shihs egpgems am ngemr.

_meumrah qum eugfah ``mjgihs g Igarka, mf m` g÷h 4: h 44, mf `g egsg qumg`quk`gihs, ngoég mf m` tmenh ufg igfgag am iurekë`gjhs. G ik iulmr, qumms drgfemsg, ̀ m pgrmeég qum ̀ hs iurekë`gjhs fh phaégf mstgr mf `g egsg ahfamngoktgog ufg dgik`kg fhrig`. Mf egiokh, yh, qum shy nklh am uf iëakeh rurg`yg dg``mekah, im mauquë prkimrh ehf `hs gfkig`ms, ms amekr, qum prkimrh

gprmfaé am m``hs `h pheh qum nm sgokah mf `g vkag. Ukmiprm im ngf shrprmf-akah `hs gikjhs ekmftéehs qum mstgogf igrgvk``gahs amseuorkmfah qum `hsgfkig`ms tgiokëf tmfégf mihekhfms y yh ameég< «Smrh, ¸quë im mstçks ak-ekmfah8 Uk yh nm mstgah ehf `hs iurekë`gjhs am pmqum÷h y ehf `gs pmrakemsy ehf `hs jhrrkhfms y ehf `gs enutgs y mstçf ``mfgs am mihekhfms². Fh ngygoshùtgimftm fkfjufg akdmrmfekg mftrm m``hs y fhshtrhs.

Ng ngokah jrgfams ekmftéehs ehih m` prkigtõ`hjh Lhrak Ugogtmr Sk, qum ngemvmkftm g÷hs im ameégf< «Maugrah, fh ngy gpmfgs akdmrmfekg mftrm fhshtrhs y


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m` rmsth am `hs gfkig`ms2 g vmems fhshtrhs ngemihs `gs zgpgtk``gs uf phqukthimlhr qum `hs enkipgfeës, m``hs g vmems utk`kzgf ufg mspmekm am pgrgjugs

pgrg prhtmjmrsm mf uf aég am `ùvkg, pmrh mf m` dhfah shihs iuy pgrmekahs².[ gnhrg eugfah im mfeumftrh g Ikengm` Jgzzgfkjg, qum ms ufh am `hs jrgf-ams fmurõ`hjhs am Eg`kdhrfkg, im akem< «Maugrah, shihs akstkfths am` rmstham `hs gfkig`ms², g `h qum prmjufth< «¸Shr quë shihs akstkfths8². [ Jgzzgfk-jg rmsphfam< «Ué, shihs akstkfths phr `gs shekg` fmtwhrbs, jrgekgs g `gs rmamsshekg`ms². Gsé, `gs ehfmxkhfms mftrm kfakvkauhs fhs ngf ehfvmrtkah mf `gmspmekm içs kffhvgahrg, `h qum fhs ng pmriktkah kftmregiokgr jmfms,ehfhekikmfths, kfdhrigekõf y igfmrgs am smr. Oumfh, `g vmraga ms qum tgfth

`hs iüskehs ehih `hs iurekë`gjhs y `hs oépmahs ehf su mquk`korkh, fhs mstçfamihstrgfah qum fh ngem dg`tg mspmrgr jrgfams ehsgs am` emrmorh. Eugfahfhs mfdrmftgihs g jrgfams fmurõ`hjhs, ufhs im akemf< «M` emrmorh ms ufgengpuzg, Maugrah² y htrhs qum grigf< «M` emrmorh ms g`jh igrgvk``hsh qumfhs vg g trgfsdhrigr `g vkag², y yh gehstuiorh g ermmr g `hs ahs. _mgìmftm,m` jrgf egiokh, ̀g jrgf prhimsg fh mstç tgfth mf m` emrmorh ehih mf ̀ hs ih-vkikmfths y msths ngy qum gprmfamr`hs2 fh ngy içs rmimakh qum gprmfamr`hs

pgrg qum smgf g`jh rmgìmftm fumvh. Im geumrah am Sgu` Tg`ëry, uf `ktmrgthdrgfeës, y am ufg ehfvmrsgekõf qum tuvh ehf Gòmrt Mkfstmkf. Amspuës amngomr mstgah thag `g ig÷gfg phr m` pgrqum gfagfah, Sgu` Tg`ëry `m prmjuftõuf pheh igrgvk``gah y shrprmfakah am qum Mkfstmkf fh thigrg fkfjufg fhtg<«Hym, ¸fh thigs fhtgs am `h qum mstçs ngo`gfah phr sk tm vkmfm ufg kamg8²,y Mkfstmkf `m ehftmstõ< «Uk sm im heurrm ufg kamg, fh tm gpurms qum fh `gh`vkagrë mf `g vkag². [ ms vmraga, sm fhs heurrmf iuy phegs kamgs. [ pkmf-sh qum fh ms tgfth `g kftm`kjmfekg fk `g ehfekmfekg, skfh `hs ihvkikmfths `h

qum ng trgfsdhrigah g `g nuigfkaga, `h qum `g ng eh`hegah mf uf egiph amamspmjum kfshspmengah.

Im geumrah am ik nklg, `g tmremrg, Egrh`kfg, qum ms ogk`grkfg e`çskeg. ]f aég `maklm< «¸Wuë ms `h qum tm ng agah `g agfzg8². Nmihs lmrgrqukzgah `gs akstkftgsehipmtmfekgs y mf `g rmvhùekõf kfaustrkg`, eugfah yh mrg enkeh, mf prkimrùjgr tmfégihs `gs igtmiçtkegs, `g déskeg y mf m` ü`tkih ùjgr, mstgog `g agfzg.Eugfah `m prmjuftë g Egrh`kfg gemreg am quë `m ngoég agah `g agfzg, imehftmstõ skf auagr`h< «¡Qhah! @g agfzg `h qum im ng nmenh ms h`vkagrim am`


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Maugrah Sufsmt

ah`hr, m` ah`hr fh mxkstm pgrg ié². Qhah mipmzõ ehf pmqum÷gs nmrkags mf `hsamahs am `hs pkms, ùmjh mf `g mspgàg y ùmjh fh së aõfam, pmrh g ogsm am

rmpmtkr ufg y htrg vmz sm h`vkaõ thtgìmftm am` ah`hr. [ yh pmfsë qum sk iknklg tmfég qum ehipmtkr ehf g`jukmf qum sgom tgfth ehih m``g am su prhdmskõfmspmeéeg, vg g jgfgr phrqum gamiçs sm ng h`vkagah am` ah`hr. Sumam miprmf-amr `h qum smg. Ms amekr, Egrh`kfg sgoég am ermgtkvkaga. Sums okmf, nhy mstgihskftmftgfah mxp`kegr g `hs lõvmfms qum g `h imlhr nmihs ehimtkah uf mrrhrphfkmfah tgf oglh m` tmig am `g ermgtkvkaga.

¸Wuë jrgf sg`th ng pmriktkah qum mxkstgf p`gftgs, gfkig`ms y nuigfhs8 Nm

ehfhekah g ekmftéehs qum pgsgrhf g÷hs msegrogfah pgrg mfehftrgr `gs rgzh-fms qum ngoégf pmriktkah pgsgr am hrjgfksihs ufkemù`grms g pùrkemù`grms(ehih fhshtrhs). Nhy shf iuenéskihs içs thagvég `hs hrjgfksihs ufkem-ù`grms qum `hs pùrkemù`grms, phr ekmrth, pmrh `hs smjufahs, akmrhf uf sg`thtrmimfah. Am rmpmftm tm mfehftrgogs ehf kfakvkauhs qum phaégf rmspkrgramsam `h g`th, qum phaégf gfagr, qum phaégf smr oépmahs, qum phaégf pmfsgr,qum phaégf rmsh`vmr egftkaga am prho`migs. Qhah msth egiokõ `g nksthrkg

am `g mvhùekõf y sm trgtg am` igyhr amseuorkikmfth qum nuoh mf `hs ü`tkihssmksekmfths ik``hfms am g÷hs. Ermmaim qum fh ng ngokah htrh amsam mfthfemsam mstgs egrgetmréstkegs. G msth ngy qum g÷gakr m` nmenh am qum `g mspmrgfzgam vkag phr prkimrg vmz mstç guimftgfah. Amsam 7>13, egag henh g÷hs, `gmspmrgfzg am vkag guimftg ahs g÷hs y imakh. Ms kferméo`m. Fh im mxtrg÷gqum mf Ukmrrg @mhfg, ahfam `g mspmrgfzg am vkag skjum skmfah `gimftgo`m-imftm am trmkftg g÷hs, `g jmftm pkmfsm g `g nhrg am ihrkrsm mf sk ngorç vkagamspuës am `g iumrtm. Smrh, ̧ fhshtrhs8 ¸[h, ehf henmftg g÷hs8 @h qum pkmfsh

ms sk gftms am `g iumrtm ngy vkag, sk nm vkvkah am vmraga h nm nmenh m` thfth,skf mftmrgrim am `h qum mstgog heurrkmfah.

Gegoh am ``mjgr am Drgfekg ahfam nm prhihekhfgah ik `korh Tkglm g` hptkiks-ih, qum sm ng trgauekah g` drgfeës. Ms uf `korh qum mserkoé mf Mspg÷g ngemufhs g÷hs y im prmjuftgogf `hs pmrkhakstgs< «Hkjg, ¸pmrh phr quë ms ustmahptkikstg8² y `h `ms ameég< «Ms qum ms iuy akdéek` fh smr`h. ¸]stma sgom qumsõ`h mf m` skj`h ^TKKK mf Murhpg sm qumigrhf içs am trmkftg ik` iulmrms phrorulgs, phrqum mrgf `gs üfkegs qum sgoégf g`jh am p`gftgs y am fgekikmfths


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y am vkvkr y mftrmjgrsm g `hs amiçs8². Nhy, ehftgihs ehf ekmftéehs ehihUtmvmf Skfbmr, am Ngrvgra, qum ngf mstuakgah mf amtg``m aurgftm g÷hs, quë

mstç heurrkmfah mf m` iufah ehf `hs éfakems am vkh`mfekg y ehf `hs éfakemsam mipgtég. _msu`tg qum, skf ùjgr g auags, ms iuenh igyhr `g mipgtég am nhyaég qum `g qum ngoég mf p`mfh skj`h ^^ ehf sus jumrrgs iufakg`ms y g `g vmzmf mstm p`gfmtg mstçf aksikfuymfah `hs éfakems am vkh`mfekg am ufg igfmrggshiorhsg. Smrh `g jmftm skjum skmfah pmskikstg phrqum fh sm ag eumftg amqum `h kiphrtgftm shf `hs ihvkikmfths.

¸Euç`ms shf `hs trms jrgfams ihvkikmfths qum im ngemf pmfsgr qum sm ng

trgfsdhrigah m` duturh am `g nuigfkaga8 Ehf `hs g÷hs amseuorkrëks qum ehf`g maga ufh ms içs dm`kz, pmrh msthy vkmfah g lõvmfms y `g vmraga ms qum imagf mfvkakg phrqum `ms qumagf iuenéskihs g÷hs, fh am sudrkikmfth skfh amamseuorkikmfths kferméo`ms. Ng ngokah eugtrh pmqum÷hs mxpmrkimfths< mf m`prkimrh am `hs eug`ms sm ngf mstuakgah ahs jruphs am rgthfms, ufhs `gikahsehfstgftmimftm phr su igarm y htrh jruph ehf ufg igarm dmrhz y mfjg÷hsgqum `ms agog pgtgags, fh qumrég sgomr fgag am m``hs. @g mspmrgfzg am vkag am

uf rgthfekth ms am ufhs ahs g÷hs y imakh, pmrh rmsu`tg qum `hs ig`trgtgahsvkvkmrhf imfhs am ahs g÷hs y `hs `gikahs ehfstgftmimftm vkvkmrhf `hs ahsg÷hs y imakh, mf prhimakh. Am gné ehfeùé qum ms prmeksh ehfek`kgr mftrmtmfk-ikmfth y ehfhekikmfth. Amsam mfthfems eugfah vmh g uf miprmsgrkh ehf `gegrg am pg`h `m akjh< «Hym, egiokg tu egrg, mipkmzg g shfrmér uf pheh phrqumskfh vgs g ``mvgr g tu miprmsg g `g qukmorg². Ukmiprm akjh qum vg`m içs ufoumf gikjh h ufg oumfg gikjg qum uf dçrigeh phrqum uf dçrigeh fh sgomseuçfah mipmzgrç g tmfmr mdmeth, fh sgoms euç`ms shf `hs mdmeths smeufagrkhs

y, phr `h imfhs, `g gikjg `h sgoms am mftrgag. Mstm ng skah uf mxpmrkimfthqum fhs ng nmenh mftmfamr `g kiphrtgfekg am trgtgr okmf g `hs amiçs, ammipgtkzgr ehf `hs amiçs, am ehipgrtkr m` ah`hr am `hs amiçs.

¸Euç` ng skah m` smjufah jrgf mxpmrkimfth8 Mstm ms am M`mgfhr Igjukrm,ufg ekmftéeg kfj`msg qum mstuakõ m` nkphegiph, m` õrjgfh am `g imihrkg amèmrmorh, mf `hs tgxkstgs am @hfarms, `hs eug`ms amomf mfdrmftgrsm g ufeg``mlmrh kiphsko`m am gprmfamr y tkmfmf qum mengr`m iuenhs ehahs, iuenhmstuakh. Igjukrm amseuorkõ qum, mf prhimakh, su nkphegiph mrg fmtgimftm


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Maugrah Sufsmt

igyhr mf vhùimf qum m` nkphegiph am` ekuagagfh imakh am @hfarms. [ fhngoég içs qum ufg rgzõf qum mxp`kegrg msh, y ms m` msdumrzh, `g mxpmrkmfekg

kfakvkaug` am ngomr kftmftgah gprmfamr g`jh qum pgrmeég amsehfemrtgftm. Msm` smjufah mxpmrkimfth m` qum fhs ng nmenh vmr `g kiphrtgfekg mfhrimam` msdumrzh, am `g mxpmrkmfekg kfakvkaug`. [h nm ermekah ehf gikjhs ―g`jufhsekmftéehs, htrhs fh `h mrgf― qum mstgogf akvkakahs mftrm jmfmtkstgs, pgrtkag-rkhs am qum `g jmfëtkeg aketgog `g mstrueturg am ufg ehfauetg, y g htrhs qumermégf qum `g mxpmrkmfekg kfakvkaug` lujgog uf pgpm` kiphrtgftm skfh amtmr-ikfgftm. Mstm amogtm sm ng zgflgah, sm ng gegogah, yg fgakm akseutm msh. Umsgom g ekmfekg ekmrtg qum `gs ahs phsturgs shf ekmrtgs y qum `g jmfëtkeg pumam

mstgr vm`gag, tg` y ehih ngf amihstrgah ̀ hs mspmekg`kstgs mf mpkjmfëtkeg. Ngyjmfms qum fh sm mxprmsgf y, mf egiokh, `g mxpmrkmfekg kfakvkaug` ms uf grigmsmfekg` pgrg m` ehfhekikmfth.

[ ¸euç` ng skah m` ü`tkih amseuorkikmfth8 M` ü`tkih amseuorkikmfth ms iuykiphrtgftm y pmriktkaim qum hs eumftm ufg gfëeahtg pmrshfg`. ]f aég, mfOgrem`hfg, gfagog phr `g eg``m y im vkfh ufg sm÷hrg am ufhs smtmftg g÷hs

``hrgfah y `m aklm< «Hym, gftms am fgag fh ``hrms, fh skrvm am fgag, akim quëtm pgsg², y im mxp`keõ< «Msthy ``hrgfah phrqum ustma im ng amvum`th `g ehf-gfzg mf `g kftukekõf y aurgftm smtmftg g÷hs im `g mstuvkmrhf igengegfah,im aklmrhf qum `h üfkeh qum ehftgog mrg ̀ g rgzõf². Mqukvhegagimftm, phrqum Lhnf Ogrjn y htrhs iuenhs pskeõ`hjhs ngf amseuokmrth gnhrg qum ̀ g rgzõf msufg ehsktg mdéimrg, gpmfgs mxkstm. Eugfah iks prhdmshrms im ameégf< «Msthngy qum mstuakgr`h, ngy qum vmr `g rgzõf², gnhrg pkmfsh qum fh ngy qum vmrfgag yg qum, rmgìmftm, ̀g kftukekõf ms ufg dumftm am ehfhekikmfth tgf vç`kag

ehih `g rgzõf, y msth ng ehìgah m` vgsh, msth ms `h qum fhs ng pmriktkahamekr rmgìmftm< «Fh sh`h pumah ehfsmjukr qum egiokmf `gs kamgs am `g jmftmskfh qum gamiçs pumah ehfsmjukr kfekakr shorm su mstrueturg emrmorg`².

Ehih nm akenh iuengs vmems, eugfah tmfég vmkftm g÷hs y mstgog mf m` Sgr-tkah Ehiufkstg sh`h gprmfaé ufg ehsg qum nm jugragah amsam mfthfems. @hsehiufkstgs am gqum` tkmiph ameégf< «Aëlgtm am ikrgr g `hs kftmstkfhs tgf-th tkmiph y pkmfsg eõih trgfsdhrigr m` iufah dumrg². Sums ms vmraga qumjrgekgs g msths eugtrh mxpmrkimfths, gnhrg phamihs pmfsgr mf eõih trgfs-


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dhrigr m` iufah dumrg. Gnhrg okmf, hs nm akenh `hs smermths pgrg trgfsdhrigrm` iufah pmrh fh hs vgyçks phrqum fh hs nm akenh g`jh skf `h eug` thah msth

fh skrvm am fgag. @hs pskeõ`hjhs y `hs fmurõ`hjhs ngf amseuokmrth gnhrg g`jhqum ``gigf m``hs «m` m`mimfth². M` m`mimfth ms gqum``h qum tm ngem vkorgr, qumtm ag ̀ g smfsgekõf am qum ehftrh`gs tu vkag y sh`h ngy ufg igfmrg am ehfsmjukrmstm ehftrh`< prhdufakzgfah mf m` ehfhekikmfth am tu m`mimfth. [h, eugfahvmh, y `h nm vksth mf Eg`kdhrfkg ngem pheh, ufg h`g kfimfsg ehf uf surstg mf`g ekig am ̀ g h`g aksdrutgfah, pkmfsh< «Ë` sgom euç` ms su m`mimfth². Smrh ms qumfh sh`h sgom euç` ms su m`mimfth, skfh qum sm ng pgsgah nhrgs ehftrh`gfahmstg h`g, sgom eõih ngemr`h y eugfah iks mstuakgftms akemf< «Fh mfehftrg-

ihs trgoglh², `ms akjh< «¸Euç` ms tu m`mimfth8² y im rmsphfamf< «Fh `h së².[ sk g÷gah< «¸Euçfth tkmiph ̀ m amakegs8², im akemf< «Fh ̀ h së². Ngy qum amak-egr`m iuenéskih tkmiph, msh ms `h qum `m akjh g iks fkmtgs, ms iuy kiphrtgftmamakegr`m nhrgs y nhrgs g` m`mimfth pgrg qum thegr m` pkgfh h m` gfagr mrjukahsurtgf mdmeth. Mfthfems, ms iuy kiphrtgftm, gprhvmengr `hs eugtrh amseuork-ikmfths g ̀ hs qum im rmdmrég gftms, lufth g g`jh tgf smfek``h ehih m` m`mimfth.¸Sgrg amseuorkr quë8 Sums fhshtrhs sgomihs, phr mlmip`h, qum m` ekufeumftg

y eugtrh phr ekmfth am `hs lõvmfms mspg÷h`ms mstçf mf m` pgrh phrqum susehipmtmfekgs fh shf `gs qum pkam `g shekmaga am` ehfhekikmfth skfh `gs qumpmaég `g rmvh`uekõf kfaustrkg`. Wum `hs lõvmfms am nhy mf aég gprmfagf mf `gsmseum`gs g ehfemftrgrsm, phr mlmip`h, ms ufg am `gs prkimrgs ehipmtmfekgs.Sums okmf, ngy uf dgihsh gikjh kfj`ës qum tkmfm uf rmtrgth am uf lhvmf ehfufg egiksmtg mf `g qum akem « Ihi, kt ks fht g amdekt gttmftkhf, kt ks tngt K‛i fhtkftmrmstma², ms amekr, «Igiç, fh ms uf aëekt am gtmfekõf, ms qum fh im kftm-rmsg². Mstgihs mf htrh iufah y tmfmihs qum mfehftrgr `g igfmrg am qum m`

iufah rmg` smg pgrtm am `gs ehipmtmfekgs am `hs lõvmfms.

¸Wuë htrh tkph am ehipmtmfekgs fumvgs ngy8 @g ermgtkvkaga. Fh sm pumamh`vkagr aurgftm tgfth tkmiph, ehih nmihs nmenh, `gs igfmrgs am smr ermg-tkvh. Fh fhs kftmrmsgog `h qum ouseçogihs2 mrg m` trgoglh qum phaégihsmfehftrgr, fh m` smr rmg`imftm ermgtkvhs, fh ouseçogihs m` ahikfgr `gsakstkftgs tëefkegs am ehiufkegekõf, fh ouseçogihs m` fh smr ehipmtktkvhsy smr içs eh`gohrgtkvhs… Mstgs shf `gs fumvgs ehipmtmfekgs qum `ms vgf gmfsm÷gr mf `gs mseum`gs g `hs lõvmfms eugfah sm ngygf prhauekah `hs egiokhs


15/88

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Maugrah Sufsmt

kfmvktgo`ms qum sm tkmfmf qum prhauekr. Qrgoglgr mf mqukph ms iuy akdéek`, yh `hvmh ehf gikjhs iéhs mf m` trgoglh qum msehfamf m` igk` qum ngf mfvkgah g

g`jukmf pgrg qum fh amseuorgs `h qum sh`h m``hs ermmf sgomr. H smg, m` mspérktuam eh`gohrgekõf sm supmrphfm h fh sm supmrphfm g` mspérktu am ehipmtmfekg.Fh sm pumam ngo`gr am kffhvgekõf, am smr egpgz am kffhvgr skf uf mfdhqumiu`tkaksekp`kfgr. _meumrah skmiprm g Uyafmy Ormffmr, m` Srmikh Fhom` suag-drkegfh, qum im ameég< «@hs qum içs im ngf mfsm÷gah shf `hs qum fh sgoégffgag am `h iéh². [ ms vmraga, ngy qum ousegr mf htrhs ufkvmrshs. Msth ms `hqum `ms akjh g `gs igarms eugfah im ngo`gf am `g dg`tg am ehfemftrgekõf amsus nklhs phr amigskgags ehipmtmfekgs, phr amigskgahs gpgrgths akjktg`ms

mf `hs qum mip`mgrsm, qum egag ehipmtmfekg ms uf ufkvmrsh fumvh y qum ngyqum sgomr uf pheh am thah m``h.

Gftms am tmrikfgr, im justgrég ehfstgtgr m` phamr kffkth am `g mxpmrkmfekgkfakvkaug`. Im geumrah am Gfthfkh Agigskh, uf jrgf fmurõ`hjh am hrkjmfphrtujuës, qum mstuvh mf `g ]fkvmrskaga am Khwg aurgftm iuenhs g÷hs yqum gnhrg mstç mf Eg`kdhrfkg. Agigskh `m ameég g ufg gikjg iég qum mstgog

amsmspmrgag phrqum ngoég pmrakah g su jrgf gihr< «¸Ngs egiokgah am ogrms,ngs egiokgah am rmstgurgftms, ngs egiokgah am kakhig, ngs egiokgah amekuaga, ngs egiokgah am ufkvmrsh8 [ `g htrg `m ameég< ‐Fh, fh, fh’. [ `m ehf-tmstgog< «Sums fh vgs g sg`kr am mstg². H smg, m` egiokh fh sh`h ms goshùtg-imftm fmemsgrkh mf tkmiph fhrig`, skfh qum ms kiprmsekfako`m mf tkmiph amerksks. Ngem akmz ik` g÷hs, fumstrhs gftmemshrms tuvkmrhf qum gprmfamr, pg-sgfah ngiorm, qum eugfah smiorgogs g`jh ngoég qum mspmrgr ufhs imsmspgrg ehsmengr, qum ngoég qum ihau`gr m` tkmiph, qum ngoég qum ehfhemr`h,

qum ngoég qum ehftrh`gr`h. [ ùmjh im prmjuftçks< «¸Shr quë ms tgf akdéek` sg`kram mstg erksks8². [ akems, mf pgrtm ng skah phrqum fhs ngf mfjg÷gah vkìmftm,mf m` smftkah am qum fhs ngf ngo`gah am ufg erksks p`gfmtgrkg ehih sk puakmrgngomr ufg erksks ehf Fmptufh h ehf Ugturfh h ehf ]rgfh. @g vmraga ms qum`hs qum ngoégihs mstuakgah mehfhiég fhs ``mvçogihs `gs igfhs g `g egomzgeugfah hégihs g uf ph`étkeh smrkh amekr qum msth mrg ufg erksks p`gfmtgrkg. Mfm` smjufah g÷h am egrrmrg tm mfsm÷gf, ehf mfhrim amtg``m, qum `hs aëektsam ufhs pgésms shf kjug`ms g `hs supmrçvkts am htrhs y qum, g mseg`g p`gfmtgrkg,thah mstç mquk`korgah. @h qum suemam ms qum ufhs pgésms mspmeéehs sm ng``gf


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mf erksks y shf erksks mspmeéegs. ¸G quë ng ehftrkoukah msh8 Ng ehftrkoukahg qum fhs lçrgihs imfhs mf `h qum kiphrtgog am vmraga y içs mf `h qum

fh kiphrtgog.

[, `umjh, amlgaim qum hs akjg ufg ehsg qum rmeumrah skmiprm qum `mh ufgehfvmrsgekõf mftrm @gp`gem y Fgph`mõf. [g sgoëks qum @gp`gem dum uf ekmfté-eh igrgvk``hsh qum mstuakõ iuy g dhfah m` mquk`korkh p`gfmtgrkh am `hs akstkf-ths p`gfmtgs, y amseuorkr phr quë m` Uh` fh sm trgjgog g `g Qkmrrg y phr quë `gQkmrrg fh sm trgjgog g `g @ufg. Fgph`mõf `m ``giõ y `m aklh< «¸@h ngs ehfsu`-tgah ehf Akhs8². [ `m ehftmstõ @gp`gem< «Msh fh, phrqum `h nm nmenh sh`kth,

gnhrg m` rmsth, ehfsü`tg`h². H smg, qum ngy qum gemptgr `h qum mstç ehiprh-ogah y fh ngy qum gemptgr thah m` ahjig, skfh `h qum ng skah ehiprhogah.

Shr ü`tkih, im geumrah am `gs phskok`kagams qum gorm m` iufah am `gsph`étkegs am prmvmfekõf. Dklghs qum iuy pheg jmftm ngo`g am `gs ph`étkegs amprmvmfekõf y, skf miogrjh, m` duturh g pgrtkr am gnhrg vg g ehfskstkr, shormthah, mf mvktgr qum sm prhauzegf amigfags am prmstgekhfms shekg`ms jrgekgs g

ph`étkegs gameugags am prmvmfekõf shorm ̀ gs qum gpmfgs sm ng nmenh g`jh y yhakrég qum fh sm ng nmenh egsk fgag. Kfe`ush mf imakekfg `gs tmrgpkgs içs egrgsmstçf g `g ihag, pmrh m` sgomr qum uf oumf gikjh ms imlhr qum uf dçrigeh,ms g`jh qum fh sm tkmfm mf eumftg. Mf Skfmag am Igr ahfam sum`h pgsgr ahsaégs g ̀ g smigfg phr ̀ g ig÷gfg, im ag justh vmr ̀ g egftkaga am jmftm qum mstçngekmfah lhjjkfj mf `g p`gyg eukagfah su akmtg phrqum skf eukagr su akmtg vgfg tmfmr prho`migs, shorm thah, ehf `g maga, msh vg eg`gfah pheh g pheh, pmrhm` duturh mstç ``mfh am ph`étkegs am prmvmfekõf.


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Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh<`éiktms am ahs ehsih`hjégs

Agvka LhuSrhdmshr am Déskeg

]fkvmrsktgt Gutÿfhig am Ogrem`hfg

Kftrhaueekõf

M` emrmorh nuigfh ms uf gutëftkeh ufkvmrsh kftmrkhr, ehf uf füimrh amfmurhfgs ehipgrgo`m g` füimrh am jg`gxkgs am` ehsihs vksko`m, pmrh ehfufg ehip`mlkaga iuy supmrkhr, yg qum `gs dhrigs am kftmrgeekhfgr `gs fmurh-fgs, g trgvës am `gs skfgpsks (içs am ekmf ok``hfms), shf iuenh içs vgrkgagsqum `g igfmrg, purgimftm jrgvktgthrkg, am kftmrgeekhfgr `gs jg`gxkgs. Ekmf ik`ik``hfms am jg`gxkgs dumrg, ekmf ik` ik``hfms am fmurhfgs amftrh< qukmf fh ngehfhekah mshs vërtkjhs kjfhrg ufg pgrtm kiphrtgftm am sé iksih. Mf m` skj`h ^TKK,

Sgseg` mxprmsõ mf sus Smfsgikmfths msm aho`m vërtkjh gftm `hs mspgekhs qum fhsrhamgf y `hs goksihs qum fhs ngoktgf< «¸Wuë ms m` nhiorm8 Fh ms içs qum ufgfgag rmspmeth g` kffkth, uf thah rmspmeth g `g fgag, uf pufth imakh mftrm `gfgag y m` thah, kffktgimftm g`mlgah am phamr ehiprmfamr `hs mxtrmihs². ]fgam `gs igfmrgs getug`ms am mfdhegr msm prho`mig pgsg phr ufg ehiokfgekõf amehsih`hjég y fmurh`hjég, prhphrekhfgfah fumvhs agths g `g rmmxkõf `hsõeg.

Mf mstg ehfdmrmfekg ehipgrgrmihs g`jufhs am `hs `éiktms am` ehsihs y am`emrmorh y eõih fhs gdmetgf. Mf ehfermth, fhs p`gftmgrmihs eumstkhfms sh-


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7;

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

orm sus `éiktms ehiputgekhfg`ms, eõih mshs gdmetgf g `hs `éiktms am` duturham `g vkag, y eõih pumamf smr gdmetgahs phr `hs ehftmfkahs thagvég pheh

ehfhekahs am` emrmorh y m` ufkvmrsh. ̧ Euç`ms shf `hs ̀ éiktms ehiputgekhfg`msam` ufkvmrsh, ehfskamrgah gfç`hjh g uf hramfgahr8 ¸Euç`ms shf `hs `éiktmsehiputgekhfg`ms am` emrmorh y eõih pharégihs ihakegr`hs8 ¸Euç`ms shf`hs `éiktms am `g vkag mf m` duturh am` ufkvmrsh8

Ehfskamrgr `gs eëù`gs, m` emrmorh y m` ufkvmrsh ehih hramfgahrms ms ufgimtçdhrg usug` mf fumstrg ëpheg, mf qum ̀ hs hramfgahrms y sus rmams mlmremfuf pgpm` tgf kiphrtgftm mf m` trgoglh y ufg dgsekfgekõf tgf gaketkvg mf m`

hekh. Mf rmg`kaga, ngy akdmrmfekgs oçskegs mftrm uf hramfgahr y ufg eëù`g, ufemrmorh h uf ufkvmrsh, pmrh rmsu`tg gtrgetkvh pmfsgr mf ̀ gs eumstkhfms qum smp`gftmgf g` kigjkfgr amsam mstg pmrspmetkvg msgs mftkagams. Mf htrgs pg`gorgs,gamiçs am vmr`gs ehih ehfstktukags phr igtmrkg y mfmrjég, ehih ms usug`,pmfsgrmihs tgiokëf mf m``gs amsam m` pufth am vkstg am `g kfdhrigekõf.

Mf mdmeth, m` ehfempth am kfdhrigekõf ―gftkquéskih ehfempth `hsõeh, ehf-

vmrtkah amspuës mf ehfempth ehjfktkvh, ehiufkegtkvh y shekg`, y pgrekgìmftmdhrig`kzgah mf tërikfhs eugftktgtkvhs phr E`guam Ungffhf mf 7;1=― ng kahheupgfah uf ùjgr egag vmz igyhr mf `g shekmaga, `g tmefh`hjég y `g ekmfekg<trgfsikskõf y gìgemfgikmfth am kfdhrigekõf am thah tkph mehfõikeg, ph-`étkeg, eu`turg`, amphrtkvg2 kfdhrigekõf jmfõikeg, imtgoõ`keg y fmurhfg` mfokh`hjég2 ehiputgekõf e`çskeg y ehiputgekõf euçftkeg, mf déskeg. @hs amsgrrh-``hs getug`ms mf okh`hjég, mf qum sm egiokg m` GAF (m` prhjrgig) am ufgeëù`g (m` hramfgahr), `h eug` ihakeg g `g `grjg g `g prhpkg eëù`g, ms ufh am

`hs mlmip`hs içs ``gigtkvhs am `g kiphrtgfekg okh`õjkeg am `g kfdhrigekõf.@g rmaueekõf gem`mrgag am ehstms am smeumfekgekõf y am séftmsks am` GAFgorm fumvgs pmrspmetkvgs akdéek`ms am kigjkfgr. Htrh mlmip`h, içs trgfsvmrsg`,am` rm`mvgftm pgpm` am `g ehiputgekõf mf m` pgrgakjig ekmftéeh getug` ms m`jrgf amsgrrh``h am `g skiu`gekõf kfdhriçtkeg am thah tkph am skstmigs ehihmstrgtmjkg am kfvmstkjgekõf< ̀g kfdhrigekõf prmvg`mem phr mfekig am ̀ g igtmrkgrmg` am `hs skstmigs qum sm mstç skiu`gfah ―vum`h am gvkhfms h am pçlgrhs,fgvmjgekõf am ouqums, ekreu`gekõf am guthiõvk`ms, akstrkouekõf am m`metrkekagamf ufg rma, mvhùekõf am mspmekms okh`õjkegs, ehiphrtgikmfths am skstmigs


19/88

?3

Agvka Lhu

mehfõikehs… @g skiu`gekõf am ufg rmg`kaga vkrtug` egag vmz içs amtg``gagy mekmftm, içs guagz m kigjkfgtkvg, pharég gem`mrgrsm iuenh sk sm ``mjgrg g

hotmfmr hramfgahrms euçftkehs, euyh pgrg`m`ksih igskvh kfermimftgrég mfvgrkhs õramfms am igjfktua `g egpgekaga am ehiputgekõf. Okh`hjég, déskeg, kf-dhrigekõf< nm gqué `gs `éfmgs am `g prmsmftm ehfdmrmfekg.

@hs `éiktms ehiputgekhfg`ms

@éiktms ehiputgekhfg`ms am` ufkvmrsh

G` ngo`gr am `éiktms am` ufkvmrsh pmfsgihs, shorm thah, mf sus `éiktmsmspgekg`ms y tmiphrg`ms. Fumstrh ufkvmrsh vksko`m tkmfm ufg maga fktg ―ufhs trmem ik` smtmekmfths ik``hfms am g÷hs― y uf rgakh am` hramf ammsg maga iu`tkp`kegag phr `g vm`hekaga am `g ùz ―mf rmg`kaga, ms uf pgram vmems igyhr, pmrh gnhrg fh fhs heupg mxgetgimftm mstm vg`hr. Msprhogo`m qum m` ufkvmrsh smg kffkth ―smjüf sm amauem am su jmhimtrég

prçetkegimftm p`gfg, mue`éamg g jrgf mseg`g―, gufqum pharég smr fkth y`hegìmftm p`gfh, ehih uf jrgf ph`kmarh mf eugtrh akimfskhfms. Smrh,akenh msth, gqué fhs heupgrmihs am htrhs `éiktms, `hs ehiputgekhfg`ms,qum mstçf rm`gekhfgahs ehf m` ehftmfkah am` ufkvmrsh. Msg pmrspmetkvgehiputgekhfg` ―h kfdhrigekhfg`― fhs prhphrekhfgrç uf fmxh am ufkõfmftrm m` emrmorh y m` ufkvmrsh.

@hs gspmeths ehiputgekhfg`ms am uf skstmig déskeh fhs phamihs rmdmrkr g

akvmrsgs dgemtgs< m` füimrh am okts fmemsgrkhs pgrg su amserkpekõf ―rm`gekh-fgahs ehf `g ehip`mlkaga am` skstmig―, m` tkmiph fmemsgrkh pgrg prhemsgrakeng kfdhrigekõf ―`g ``gigag prhdufakaga `õjkeg am` skstmig―, m` füimrh amokts prhemsgahs phr ufkaga am tkmiph phr m` skstmig ―h qum amomrégihsprhemsgr fhshtrhs pgrg skiu`gr ̀ g mvhùekõf am` skstmig― y m` füimrh am oktsgìgemfgo`ms mf m` skstmig, sk ëstm ms egpgz am getugr ehih imihrkg. Shr uf`gah, ngy ̀ éiktms déskehs jmfmrg`ms mstgo`mekahs phr ̀ g tmrihakfçikeg, ̀g tmhrégam `g kfdhrigekõf, y `g déskeg euçftkeg2 phr htrh, ngy `éiktms ehfermths rm`gekh-fgahs ehf `g ehfstktuekõf am` skstmig ehfskamrgah.


20/88

?7

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

¸Wuë ehiputg uf ufkvmrsh8

Sharégihs kigjkfgr qum m` prhjrgig am uf ufkvmrsh mstç ehfstktukah phrsus `myms déskegs, ehf su ehflufth ehfermth am vg`hrms pgrg sus ehfstgftmsufkvmrsg`ms y sus vg`hrms kfkekg`ms. ]fkvmrshs ehf akdmrmftms ehfstgftms désk-egs, h akvmrsgs dhrigs am `myms déskegs, mvhùekhfgrçf am dhrig akdmrmftm, htmfarçf ehftmfkahs akdmrmftms. Gsé, ̀ hs vg`hrms am `gs ehfstgftms ufkvmrsg`ms ―ufg vmkftmfg am ehfstgftms― y `gs ehfakekhfms kfkekg`ms rm`mvgftms shf g`jhgsé ehih m` GAF am` ufkvmrsh, am` eug` ampmfam su amsgrrh``h y su ehftmfkah.Um amomrég phamr mstgo`memr ufg rm`gekõf mftrm `hs akdmrmftms prhjrgigs y

`hs ehftmfkahs rmspmetkvhs am `hs akvmrshs ufkvmrshs kigjkfgo`ms. Sharégihsprmjuftgrfhs, gskiksih, sk msm ufkvmrsh egèu`grç kfamfkagimftm, h sk suehiputgekõf mftrgrç mf uf oue`m rmpmtktkvh. Msg eumstkõf, smjüf `g eë`mormshùekõf am Qurkfj pgrg m` prho`mig am `g amtmfekõf am` eçèu`h am uf hram-fgahr, fh skmiprm smrég amekako`m, am igfmrg qum fh amomihs suphfmr qumthahs `hs ufkvmrshs phsko`ms mvhùekhfmf ngekg uf duturh skmiprm fumvh.

Smrh, ¸quë ehiputg uf ufkvmrsh8 Uu prhpkg mvhùekõf, su prhpkh duturh, tg`vmz su prhpkg suoskstmfekg. [ `h egèu`g g mseg`gs akvmrsgs am ehip`mlkaga<trgymethrkgs am pgrtéeu`gs m`mimftg`ms, gtõikegs h ih`meu`grms2 eh`kskhfms,rmgeekhfms y mf`gems2 dhrigekõf am ih`ëeu`gs, igerhih`ëeu`gs y suprgih`ë-eu`gs2 dhrigekõf am eëù`gs y am hrjgfksihs… Ehiputg, tg` vmz, ngstg tmfmrehfekmfekg am sé iksih, y skjum ehiputgfah thagvég. Mf msm eõiputh, mfqum egag fkvm` am ehip`mlkaga gègfzg, ehiokfgfah `gs suorutkfgs qum `m eg-rgetmrkzgf, su akfçikeg prhpkg, surjmf ehip`kegekhfms mspmekg`ms g mfmrjégs

m`mvgags, phr ̀ g gpgrkekõf am fumvhs tkphs am pgrtéeu`gs qum fh ng``gihs mf ̀ gmxpmrkmfekg ngoktug` y, g tmipmrgturgs fhrig`ms, phr ̀ g kfimfsg ehiokfgthrkgphsko`m am mstrueturgs ih`meu`grms m kftmrgeekhfms mftrm m``gs.

]fh am ̀ hs mpkshakhs am mspmekg` kftmrës am msg ehiputgekõf ms, prmeksgimf-tm, `g mimrjmfekg am fhvmagams rgakeg`ms< ̀g vkag ufkemù`gr, ̀g vkag pùrkemù`gr,`hs smftkahs, `g kftm`kjmfekg... ]fg eëù`g, mf ekmrtg dhrig, sm ehiphrtg ehihuf pmqum÷h hramfgahr, ehf su prhjrgig am GAF y su ngrawgrm am G_F-ph-`kimrgsgs, rkohshigs y htrgs ih`ëeu`gs qum kftmrvkmfmf mf `g prhaueekõf am


21/88

??

Agvka Lhu

`gs prhtméfgs egrgetmréstkegs am `g mspmekm. Mshs ehiphrtgikmfths, skf miogr-jh, akstgf iuenh am smr prmameko`ms g pgrtkr am uf ehfhekikmfth mxeùskvh

am `gs ih`ëeu`gs qum `hs dhrigf.

Mf msg pmrspmetkvg, ufh am `hs `éiktms am` ufkvmrsh sm rmmrm g` jrgah içxk-ih am ehip`mlkaga am `gs mftkagams qum pumam ``mjgr g gòmrjgr. @g eumstkõffh ms hovkg, y ampmfam am `g mstrueturg déskeg y igtmiçtkeg am` ufkvmrsh. Shrmlmip`h, sk fh sm rhipkmrg `g skimtrég mftrm igtmrkg y gftkigtmrkg, ngorég sh`hùz< skip`kekaga içxkig. Uk `g akvmrskaga am m`mimfths quéikehs fh dumrg içsg``ç am` nkarõjmfh y nm`kh ―qum mrgf prçetkegimftm `hs üfkehs m`mimfths qum

ngoég mf m` ufkvmrsh eugfah tmfég trms ikfuths―, m` jrgah içxkih am ehi-p`mlkaga gègfzgo`m smrég iuy `kiktgah. Fh sgomihs, mf fumstrh ufkvmrsh, euç`ms m` jrgah içxkih am ehip`mlkaga gègfzgo`m< nmihs ``mjgah g `g vkag y `gkftm`kjmfekg kfakvkaug`ms, pmrh msg kftm`kjmfekg ms kfukag m kfermimftgag phrsu pgrtkekpgekõf mf ufg akimfskõf shekg`, egag vmz içs gip`kg y p`gfmtgrkg,mfhrimimftm gem`mrgag phr `gs rmams am hramfgahrms y am iõvk`ms. Umjüfpgrmem, m` ehekmftm kftm`metug` imakh am `g pho`gekõf suig trms pufths içs

egag akmz g÷hs, tg` vmz ehih ehfsmeumfekg g `g mxphskekõf am mstg igyhrakvmrskaga am mstéiu`hs. ̧ Um ``mjgrç prhpkgimftm g ufg kftm`kjmfekg p`gfmtgrkgkfehfemoko`mimftm akdmrmftm g `g am `g suig am kftm`kjmfekgs kfakvkaug`ms yjrupg`ms, mf uf fumvh tkph am rmg`kaga, mftrm vkrtug` y p`gfmtgrkg8

Htrh tmig am kftmrës ms ngstg quë pufth ms amtmrikfkstg msg ehiputgekõf.Agah uf prhjrgig, ¸qumag amtmrikfgag `g mvhùekõf y m` ehftmfkah am` ufk-vmrsh8 ¸Wuë pgpm` lumjg m` gzgr mf su mvhùekõf8 Mf m` mxgimf am g`jufhs

prho`migs rm`gekhfgahs ehf msg eumstkõf, skehquéikehs y okõ`hjhs tkmfmfvkskhfms akdmrmftms< m` kamg` mxp`kegtkvh am `hs prkimrhs ms içs amtmrikfkstgy ufkvmrsg`2 m` am `hs smjufahs, içs nkstõrkeh y ehftkfjmftm. Shr mlmip`h,`g vkag mf `g Qkmrrg ngem kftmrvmfkr, mf `gs prhtméfgs, vmkftm gikfhçekahs. ¸Shrquë fh akmekhenh h vmkftkaõs8 ¸Shr quë prmeksgimftm mshs gikfhçekahsy fh htrhs8 @hs déskehs kftmftgrégf ousegr rgzhfms ufkvmrsg`ms pgrg m` vg`hrvmkftm, vç`kags mf eug`qukmr p`gfmtg, mf tgfth qum `hs okõ`hjhs `h gtrkoukrégfmf oumfg pgrtm g `g nksthrkg y m` gzgr. G fkvm` içs `hsõeh, m` tmig amàmtmrikfksih ehfauem g ̀ g eumstkõf am ̀ g ̀ komrtga< ̧ ms ufg rmg`kaga, h okmf ms


22/88

?5

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

ufg kùskõf susektgag phr `g ehip`mlkaga am` amtmrikfksih suoygemftm y amfumstrg `kiktgekõf ehjfktkvg8

Mstkigekhfms ehiputgekhfg`ms shorm m` ufkvmrsh

Fhs prmjuftgrmihs gnhrg phr ̀ hs õramfms am igjfktua rm`gekhfgahs ehf g`ju-fhs gspmeths kfdhrigekhfg`ms am` ufkvmrsh. Mf prkimr ùjgr, ¸euç` ms m` füimrham okts fmemsgrkhs pgrg amserkokr m` ufkvmrsh vksko`m8 @g prmjuftg prmsuphfmqum ehfhemihs am quë mstç dhrigah m` ufkvmrsh, ehsg qum fh ms vmraga, yg

qum `g igtmrkg ehfhekag sõ`h dhrig uf ekfeh phr ekmfth am su ehftmfkah thtg`,y m` rmsth mstç dhrigah phr igtmrkg hseurg y mfmrjég hseurg, euyg ehfstktuekõfkjfhrgihs y, phr `h tgfth, rmsu`tg akdéek` amserkokr. _mstrkflgihs pums fumstrggtmfekõf g ̀ g igtmrkg. Uk ngy mf ë` ufgs 73;3 pgrtéeu`gs m`mimftg`ms, y sk pgrg egagpgrtéeu`g nmihs am prmeksgr phskekõf, vm`hekaga y mspéf amftrh am `hs ̀ éiktms amkfemrtkauiorm am `g déskeg euçftkeg, fmemsktgrégihs ufhs ekmf okts phr pgrtéeu`g,ehih içxkih. M``h agrég ufhs 73;? okts pgrg `g amserkpekõf am` ufkvmrsh.

@g içxkig egpgekaga am ehiputgekõf am uf skstmig ehf mfmrjég M vkmfm agagphr M/n okts phr smjufah, ehf n `g ehfstgftm am S`gfeb am `g déskeg euçftkeg.Umjüf msh, sk nuokmrg uf çthih phr egag imtrh eüokeh am` ufkvmrsh y sk thagsu mfmrjég mstuvkmrg aksphfko`m pgrg ehiputgekõf, m` ufkvmrsh pharég rmg`kzgruf içxkih am 7373= hpmrgekhfms phr smjufah. G `h `grjh am su mxkstmfekg,ngorég rmg`kzgah pums ufgs 737?? hpmrgekhfms.

Uk vgihs ngstg `hs `éiktms am `g jrgvktgekõf euçftkeg, m` füimrh am okts ermemiuenh. Ukjukmfah `g tmhrég am `hs gjulmrhs fmjrhs, m` füimrh içxkih am oktsam` ufkvmrsh mstç rm`gekhfgah ehf m` çrmg am` nhrkzhftm hosmrvgo`m. Ehf-tgfah m` füimrh am çrmgs m`mimftg`ms ―eugargakths qum tkmfmf ehih grkstg`g `hfjktua am S`gfeb―, m` füimrh am okts gsekmfam g 737??. Mf egiokh, sk smgìgemfgrg uf okt phr egag euokth am S`gfeb am `hs qum ``mfgf m` vhùimf amùfkvmrsh, sm gègfzgrég ufhs 737>1 okts. Mf msm egsh, fhs prmjuftgihs euç` ms`g rm`gekõf mftrm m` nhrkzhftm eõsikeh y m` ehftmfkah eõsikeh, g` mstk`h amuf nh`hjrgig.


23/88

?1

Agvka Lhu

Uurjmf, fgìmftm, `éiktms igtmrkg`ms y igtmiçtkehs am` ufkvmrsh. Shr mlmi-p`h, gufqum m` füimrh am pgrtéeu`gs m`mimftg`ms qum ehftkmfm m` ufkvmrsh ms

am` hramf am 73;3

, uf füimrh qum pgrmem mfhrimimftm m`mvgah, msm füimrham pgrtéeu`gs fh ogstg fk tgf skqukmrg pgrg tmfmr skiu`tçfmgimftm uf sh`hmlmip`gr am egag ufg am ̀ gs prhtméfgs phsko`ms am smsmftg h içs gikfhçekahs ―yg qum m``h suphfm ?343, ms amekr, 73;3, phskok`kagams akdmrmftms―.

@éiktms ehiputgekhfg`ms am` emrmorh

M` ehfempth am ehiputgekõf mf m` ufkvmrsh pumam pgrmemr ufg igfmrgkffmemsgrkgimftm shstkegag am ngo`gr am tmigs qum pharégf smr amserkthsskf msm ehfempth ―gufqum m``h fh ms gsé, g` imfhs eugfah sm ``mjg g` GAF, gèmrmorh y `g shekmaga―. Smrh pgrmem fgturg`, mf egiokh, rmdmrkrsm g `g getkvk-aga ehiputgekhfg` am` emrmorh, õrjgfh amakegah, prmeksgimftm, g prhemsgr`g kfdhrigekõf qum `m ``mjg ―am` mxtmrkhr, am` iksih eumrph― y prhphrekhfgrrmspumstgs gameugags g akenhs mstéiu`hs m kfdhrigekhfms.

@hs `éiktms ehiputgekhfg`ms am` emrmorh mstçf rm`gekhfgahs ehf m` füimrham fmurhfgs, ehf sus ehfmxkhfms y skfgpsks, ehf m` rktih am su getugekõf, ehf`g vm`hekaga am trgfsikskõf y ehf m` eõakjh fmurhfg`. Shamihs ngemr mstk-igekhfms am` füimrh thtg` am ehiputgekhfms qum pumam mdmetugr m` emrmorhphr ufkaga am tkmiph y g `h `grjh am `g vkag, y prmjuftgrfhs quë sm pharégngemr pgrg kfermimftgr akeng egpgekaga am ehiputgekõf.

Uk suphfmihs ekmf ik` ik``hfms am fmurhfgs, y sk ëstgs sm akspgrgf ik` vmemsphr smjufah tmfarmihs ufgs 7371 sm÷g`ms phr smjufah. Uk suphfmihs ufgvkag am ufhs henmftg g÷hs tmfarmihs ufgs 1º73?5 sm÷g`ms mf ehflufth. Mstgssm÷g`ms mstgrégf rm`gekhfgags, mf prkfekpkh, ehf m` prhemsgikmfth am thahs ̀ hsmstéiu`hs y thags `gs rmmxkhfms, am thags `gs mxpmrkmfekgs am` emrmorh, ehfs-ekmftms h fh. Mstg egftkaga gpgrmftmimftm kfjmftm ehrrmsphfam g imakh ihàm okts. Mf prkfekpkh, sk ehfhekërgihs quë mstgah imftg` ehrrmsphfam g egagmstgah fmurhfg`, ehf msg kfdhrigekõf ogstgrég pgrg rmngemr `g mxpmrkmfekgam thag ufg vkag. Mf g`jufgs mspmeu`gekhfms vkskhfgrkgs (ehih `gs rmdmrkags


24/88

?=

Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

ehih akjktg` kiihrtg`kty h ikfa up`hgakfj ), sm ng pmfsgah mf kftrhauekr msgkfdhrigekõf mf uf hramfgahr kfimfsgimftm phtmftm qum fh sm `kiktgrg g

ehfsmrvgr mshs agths, skfh qum skjukmrg ehiputgfah sus phskok`kagams amduturh, mf kftmrgeekõf ehf htrgs kfakvkaug`kagams euygs kfdhrigekhfms krégfskmfah kftrhauekags mf ufg rmg`kaga vkrtug` içs gigo`m qum fumstrg rmg`kagaam egag aég< mf prkfekpkh, msgs mxkstmfekgs vkrtug`ms pharégf geemamr g ehfh-ekikmfths kfimfshs y tg` vmz g p`gemrms am jrgf kftmfskaga. Ms ufg imtçdhrgkfdhriçtkeg am uf geemsh g ufg mspmekm am pgrgésh ―qum, prhogo`mimftm,tgipheh mstgrég mxmfth am ehfkeths mftrm msgs «g`igs kfdhriçtkegs²―. Msgsprhimsgs h egfths am skrmfg tmefh`õjkehs tgf vmekfhs g `g imtgdéskeg y `g

rm`kjkõf gtrgmf g vmems `g gtmfekõf am uf füimrh ehfskamrgo`m am pmrshfgs.

Ehstm mfmrjëtkeh y vm`hekaga am trgfsikskõfam `gs sm÷g`ms fmrvkhsgs

@g egpgekaga am ehiputgekõf am` emrmorh mstç `kiktgag phr `g rm`gtkvg `mftk-

tua am trgfsikskõf am `gs sm÷g`ms. Egag sm÷g` fmurhfg`, h phtmfekg` am geekõf,ngem kftmrvmfkr `g mftrgag mf m` gxõf am g`jufhs ik``hfms am khfms am shakh,y `g sg`kag am g`jufhs ik``hfms am khfms am phtgskh. ]fg vmz trgfseurrkah m`phtmfekg`, ufgs ohiogs ih`meu`grms qum ehfsuimf GQS sm mfegrjgf am mx-pu`sgr m` shakh qum ng mftrgah y am rmeupmrgr m` phtgskh qum ng sg`kah. Msghpmrgekõf rmqukmrm uf ekmrth tkmiph y eumstg mfmrjég. M` ehfsuih thtg` ammfmrjég am` emrmorh vkmfm g smr am ufhs ?= h 53 vgtkhs, ufg eugrtg pgrtm am`h qum jgstg uf eumrph nuigfh imakh mf rmphsh. Ehih m` emrmorh pmsg

gprhxkigagimftm ? bk`hs, y m` eumrph ufhs 43, m` ehfsuih am mfmrjég phrufkaga am igsg mf m` emrmorh ms ufgs skmtm vmems supmrkhr g` am` eumrph mftërikfhs imakhs. M` mxemsh am mfmrjég ehf rmspmeth g `g imakg imtgoõ`kegpumam smr kftmrprmtgah ehih `g mfmrjég jgstgag mf ehiputgekõf y, shormthah, mf trgfsikskõf am sm÷g`ms g `hs `grjh am `hs gxhfms. Am thags igfmrgs,mf `h qum rmspmetg g` rmfakikmfth mfmrjëtkeh, uf emrmorh ms içs mekmftmqum uf hramfgahr. Shr mlmip`h, `g skiu`gekõf getug` am` emrmorh am ufg ihs-eg (ufgs ahsekmftgs ik` fmurhfgs, ̀g ik`ëskig pgrtm am` emrmorh am uf rgtõf),rmqukmrm uf hramfgahr iuy jrgfam y prhauem iuenh eg`hr. Srmeksgimftm, `g


25/88

?4

Agvka Lhu

jrgf prhaueekõf am eg`hr ms ufh am `hs dgethrms `kiktgftms mf `g phtmfekg am`hs hramfgahrms getug`ms, phr `h eug` `g tmrihakfçikeg am `g ehiputgekõf ms

uf gspmeth am jrgf kftmrës mf `g tmefh`hjég getug`.

@g vm`hekaga am `gs sm÷g`ms g `h `grjh am` gxõf guimftg ehf m` rgakh am` gxõfy ehf `g kfvmrsg am `g egpgekaga m`ëetrkeg am su imiorgfg phr ufkaga amçrmg. Ngy, pums, ahs mstrgtmjkgs pgrg m`mvgr `g vm`hekaga< kfermimftgr m` rgakham` gxõf, h rmauekr `g egpgekaga m`ëetrkeg am su imiorgfg. Guimftgr m` rg-akh suphfm eëù`gs içs jrgfams< ms amekr, içs ehfsuih am mfmrjég y imfhsegpgekaga am ikfkgturkzgekõf. Mf egiokh, sm pumam rmauekr `g egpgekaga am

`g imiorgfg mfvh`vkëfah`g ehf ufg egpg am ikm`kfg, ehih ufg ekftg gks`gf-tm, qum guimftg uf pheh m` jrhshr am `g imiorgfg. Ehf m``h, sm guimftg`g vm`hekaga skf guimftgr iuenh m` tgig÷h y, içs güf, sm rmauem `g mfmrjégehfsuikag, yg qum m` füimrh am khfms am shakh y phtgskh qum gtrgvkmsgf `gimiorgfg ms iuy kfdmrkhr.

Ikm`kfkzgr `hs gxhfms ms ufg igfmrg am guimftgr `g egpgekaga am prh-

emsgikmfth fmurhfg` phr ufkaga am tkmiph. M` emrmorh am `hs m`mdgftmstkmfm içs fmurhfgs qum m` emrmorh nuigfh. Ukf miogrjh, ehih ms iuenhigyhr y tkmfm imfhs ikm`kfg, fh prhemsg tgftg kfdhrigekõf. ]fg igfmrgehflmturg` am kfermimftgr `g kftm`kjmfekg am uf m`mdgftm smrég, tg` vmz, kferm-imftgr su jrgah am ikm`kfkzgekõf. Eugfah fgemihs, `hs gxhfms mstçf phehikm`kfkzgahs y pheh g pheh sm vgf ikm`kfkzgfah, amsam m` `õou`h heekpktg`g `hs `õou`hs drhftg`ms. Msths ü`tkihs, `g pgrtm qum mdmetüg ehiputgekhfmsiçs am`kegags mf `h qum rmspmetg g `g ehfekmfekg y `g egpgekaga am amekr, sm

ikm`kfkzgf mf m` pmrkhah am `g gah`msemfekg, `h eug` pumam ehftrkoukr g ufgkfmstgok`kaga pskeh`õjkeg, qum sm suig g `hs egiokhs nhrihfg`ms am msmpmrkhah.

G` mfsgygr ehf gskaukaga y pmrsmvmrgfekg g`jufg getkvkaga, `gs pgrtms am` em-rmorh kfvhùergags mf m``h guimftgf su jrgah am ikm`kfkzgekõf, ehsg qumguimftg `g rgpkamz y megekg mf tg` getkvkaga. @g ikm`kfg sm prhauem mf mèmrmorh phr `gs h`kjhamfarhekths, qum miktmf ufhs orgzhs mfvh`vmftms qumrhamgf vgrkgs vmems g`jufhs am `hs drgjimfths am` gxõf. Dumrg am` emrmorh,


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Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

mf egiokh, `g ikm`kfkzgekõf sm prhauem phr uf tkph akdmrmftm am eëù`gs, `gseëù`gs am Uenwgff.

Htrg phskok`kaga am phtmfekgr `g kftm`kjmfekg, mfsgygag mf g`jufhs gfkig`ms, msutk`kzgr g`jufhs fmurhrmempthrms jmfëtkegimftm ihakegahs am dhrig qumtmfjgf uf tkmiph am rmempekõf içs `grjh qum m` usug`. Ehf m``h, sm ng kferm-imftgah fhtgo`mimftm `g egpgekaga y rgpkamz am gprmfakzglm ―phr mlmip`h,am egikfhs mf `gomrkfths― phr pgrtm am rgthfms y ehfmlhs.

Uk ehipgrgihs m` phtmfekg` am geekõf ehf ufg sm÷g` m`metrõfkeg mf uf hr-

amfgahr, ehfstgtgihs qum m` prkimrh aurg uf ik``õf am vmems içs qum m`smjufah. Mf mdmeth, ufg sm÷g` m`metrõfkeg phfm mf ihvkikmfth ufhs phehsm`metrhfms mf uf mspgekh am phehs fgfõimtrhs. Mf egiokh, m` phtmfekg` amgeekõf ihvk`kzg uf füimrh iuenh içs ehfskamrgo`m am khfms, ̀ hs eug`ms shfiuenh içs pmsgahs ―y `mfths― qum `hs m`metrhfms, y amomf rmehrrmr uf ms-pgekh igyhr. Uk dumrg phsko`m rmprhauekr g mseg`g, mf vmrskõf m`metrõfkeg, ufemrmorh, pharég rmg`kzgr uf ik``õf am vmems içs ehiputgekhfms phr smjufah.

Mf tërikfhs prçetkehs, mf tgf sõ`h ufg nhrg ehiputgrég tgftg kfdhrigekõfehih uf emrmorh getug` mf henmftg g÷hs am vkag.

Fmurhkfdhriçtkeg

Amsam 7;>;, sm rmg`kzgf skiu`gekhfms ehiputgekhfg`ms am akvmrshs emrmorhs ―amsam emrmorhs iuy skip`ms ehih m` am` jusgfh Egmfhrgoanytks m`mjgfs g`

am `g ihseg Arhshpnk`g im`gfhjgstmr , h am uf rgtõf―. ]fh am `hs holmtkvhs ms``mjgr g `g skiu`gekõf am` emrmorh nuigfh (Nuigf Orgkf Srhlmet). ]fh am`hs prmçiou`hs am msm prhymeth ms m` Oùm Orgkf Srhlmet, kfkekgah mf ?33=mf `g ]fkvmrskaga Sh`ktëefkeg Dmamrg` am @gusgffm, y mf m` qum pgrtkekpgfufgs ekmfth trmkftg ufkvmrskagams (Igarka eh`gohrg mf mstm prhymeth ehfm` suoprhymeth Eglg`, am` emftrh am Uupmrehiputgekõf y Tksug`kzgekõf). Mfmsm prhymeth sm kftmftg ehiokfgr agths ih`meu`grms, emù`grms, am õrjgfhs yskstmigs, ehjfktkvhs, am amsgrrh``h, mfvmlmekikmfth, mfdmrimagams y phskok`k-agams am kftmrgeekõf ehf hramfgahrms, pgrg prhphrekhfgr uf igreh jmfmrg`


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Agvka Lhu

skstmiçtkeh qum phfjg mf ehftgeth `hs amsgrrh``hs mf akdmrmftms egiphs amkfvmstkjgekõf fmurhokh`õjkeg.

Fgturgìmftm, fh sm pharég, phr gnhrg, mdmetugr ufg skiu`gekõf thtg` am` em-rmorh< sm prmtmfam, içs okmf, ehfstrukr uf iham`h ufkegah am `gs ehùifgsehrtkeg`ms, qum gtrgvkmsgf `gs smks egpgs am fmurhfgs am` fmheõrtmx nuigfh,ehf emftmfgrms am fmurhfgs, ehfmetgags am dhrigs rm`gtkvgimftm egrgetmrés-tkegs. ]fg ehùifg ehrtkeg` tkmfm ufhs ? ik`éimtrhs am g`th y imakh am rgakh,y ehftkmfm ufgs smsmftg ik` fmurhfgs mf `hs nuigfhs (mf `hs rgthfms, ufgsakmz ik`). M` prhymeth pgrtm g fkvm` emù`gr, skiu`gfah içs h imfhs rmg`éstkeg-

imftm ufg fmurhfg, g fkvm` ih`meu`gr pgrg mstuakgr ̀ g kfumfekg am ̀ hs jmfms,pgrg skiu`gr amspuës içs h imfhs ufg ehùifg ehrtkeg`. Mf ?377 sm ehfsk-jukõ uf imshekreukth am ufgs ekmf ehùifgs ehf ufhs akmz ik``hfms am eëù-`gs, y sm mspmrg ̀ `mjgr g ufhs ekmf imshekreukths mf ?371, qum ehrrmsphfamrégg uf emrmorh am rgtõf. Sgrg ?3?5, sm prmtmfam ``mjgr g uf emrmorh nuigfh,qum ehrrmsphfamrég g ufhs ekmf ik` imshekreukths.

@éiktms déskehs am` emrmorh

@g egpgekaga thtg` am ehiputgekõf am` emrmorh ampmfam am` füimrh am fmurh-fgs, am su ehfmetkvkaga, am` tkmiph am trgfsikskõf am ̀ gs sm÷g`ms y am` füimrh amsm÷g`ms miktkags phr ufkaga am tkmiph. Kfermimftgr m` füimrh am fmurhfgs amèmrmorh smrég ufg phskok`kaga g tmfmr mf eumftg. Sgrg m``h, sm amomrég ihakegrg`jufgs dgsms am` amsgrrh``h am` emrmorh aurgftm su dhrigekõf. Aurgftm msg mtg-

pg, mf m` emrmorh am `hs enkipgfeës sm prhauemf trmkftg y ufg aup`kegekhfms am`füimrh am fmurhfgs, y mf m` am ̀ hs nuigfhs trmkftg y trms aup`kegekhfms. Gufqum`g akdmrmfekg rm`gtkvg mftrm trmkftg y ufg y trmkftg y trms ms pmqum÷g, kip`keg qumm` emrmorh nuigfh tkmfm eugtrh vmems içs fmurhfgs qum m` am uf enkipgfeë. Qg`vmz sm pumag ehftrh`gr msm pufth y pgsgr, phr mlmip`h, am trmkftg y trms g trmkftgy eugtrh aup`kegekhfms, ehf `h eug` sm aup`kegrég m` füimrh getug` am fmurhfgs.

@g akeu`tga prkfekpg`, skf miogrjh, mstgrég mf `gs ehfmxkhfms. Umrég akdéekèhfmetgr gameugagimftm `gs fumvgs fmurhfgs ehf `gs prmemamftms. Shr


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Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

htrh `gah, `gs ehfmxkhfms mftrm fmurhfgs, imakgftm `hs gxhfms, rmqukmrm ufvhùimf igyhr qum m` am `gs iksigs fmurhfgs, phr `h eug` m``h kip`kegrég uf

guimfth ehfskamrgo`m am vhùimf am` emrmorh y am su ehfsuih mfmrjëtkeh.]fg mstrgtmjkg mvhùtkvg pgrg ikfkikzgr mshs ehstms ng skah `heg`kzgr ehfsk-amrgo`mimftm g`jufgs dufekhfms ehfermtgs ―phr mlmip`h, mf `hs nmiksdmrkhsam `hs prkigtms―. Mf `g ehrtmzg am` emrmorh nuigfh, phr mlmip`h, egsk ufhenmftg phr ekmfth am `gs ehfmxkhfms shf am ehrth gègfem, amftrh am `gsehùifgs ehrtkeg`ms ehrrmsphfakmftms h am ehùifgs ehftkjugs, y uf trmkf-tg phr ekmfth shf ehfmxkhfms am `grjh gègfem< sm jgfg mf vm`hekaga, y smgnhrrg mf mfmrjég y mf vhùimf am ego`mgah. Smrh g÷gakr ufg fumvg egpg am

fmurhfgs g `gs yg mxkstmftms smrég iuy am`kegah, y rmqumrkrég, prhogo`mimftm,g`jufhs egiokhs mf prhdufakaga, sg`vh qum `gs fumvgs ehfmxkhfms sm mstgo`m-ekmrgf iuy prkhrktgrkgimftm amftrh am egag ehùifg ehrtkeg` y ehf``mvgrgfphehs egiokhs am ego`mgah.

Htrg phskok`kaga am kfermimftgr `g egpgekaga am prhemsgikmfth fmurhfg`smrég ikfkgturkzgr içs `gs fmurhfgs y `hs gxhfms. Ukf miogrjh, m``h suphfm

ahs prho`migs< imfhr rgakh skjfkeg imfhr vm`hekaga, pmrh sk m` rgakh sm rm-auem g `g iktga `g vm`hekaga sm rmauem sõ`h mf uf eugrmftg phr ekmfth, phr `heug` ̀ g rmaueekõf pharég smr omfmekhsg rmspmth g` tkmiph am trgfsikskõf. Ukfmiogrjh, imfhr rgakh skjfkeg qum m` gxõf tmfarég imfhs egfg`ms am shakhy am phtgskh y, phr `h tgfth, mstgrég içs sulmth g uetugekhfms msphftçfmgsam gpmrturg y ekmrrm am `hs egfg`ms am shakh y qum prhauekrégf kipu`shs fhamokahs g `g `õjkeg kftmrfg am `g ehiputgekõf, skfh g mdmeths g`mgthrkhs. Mfhtrgs pg`gorgs, m` ehekmftm mftrm m` rukah skf smftkah y `g sm÷g` skjfkegtkvg

guimftgrég gprmekgo`mimftm.

Fmurhkfjmfkmrég

@gs getugekhfms qum nmihs imfekhfgah mf m` gpgrtgah gftmrkhr shf mstrke-tgimftm okh`õjkegs, y akdéek`ms am ``mvgr g egoh, yg qum suphfmf getugr shormm` ehflufth am` emrmorh, g trgvës am ihakegekhfms jmfëtkegs. Ukf miogr-jh, amsam ngem g÷hs yg sm mstç getugfah shorm m` emrmorh imakgftm htrhs


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Agvka Lhu

iëthahs, pgrg imlhrgr `g imihrkg, `g ehjfkekõf, `g vm`hekaga, `g gtmfekõf, `gehfemftrgekõf, pgrg trgtgr trgsthrfhs pskeh`õjkehs y pgrg iktkjgr `hs mdmeths

am mfdmrimagams amjmfmrgtkvgs.

@hs iëthahs pgrg getugr shorm m` emrmorh shf oçskegimftm ekfeh< fmurhdçr-igehs, eëù`gs igarm, mstkiu`gekõf fmurhfg` m`ëetrkeg h igjfëtkeg, kip`gftmsm`metrõfkehs y ehfmxkhfms mxtmrkhrms. Mf su ehflufth, ehfstktuymf `g fmu-rhkfjmfkmrég, mspmekgìmftm mf gqum``gs tëefkegs qum suphfmf `g kftmrgeekõfmftrm m` emrmorh y m`mimfths déskehs mxtmrkhrms, ―m`metrhahs h içqukfgs, phrmlmip`h. M``h rmqukmrm, mftrm htrgs ehsgs, igtmrkg`ms okhehipgtko`ms y, güf

içs ehip`mlh, ufg ehipgtkok`kaga am sm÷g`ms y am eõakjhs qum ngjgf kftm`kjk-o`m g `g içqukfg `gs sm÷g`ms am` emrmorh.

@hs fmurhdçrigehs shf, mf smftkah mxtmfsh, sustgfekgs qum ihakegf `gsgetkvkagams fmurg`ms oçskegs. Sumamf getugr ehih gfmstëskehs, gfg`jëskehs,smagftms, gftkmpk`ëptkehs, gftkpgrbkfshfkgfhs… @hs qum içs ``gigf `g gtmf-ekõf shf `hs qum getügf shorm trgsthrfhs pskqukçtrkehs h shorm m` mstgah am

çfkih mf jmfmrg`. Iuenhs am m``hs utk`kzgf okhih`ëeu`gs fmurhfg`ms, ehihfmurhtrgfsikshrms, fmurhrmempthrms, fmurhihau`gahrms h sustgfekgs qumrmju`gf m` rktih ehf qum trgoglgf `gs ohiogs ih`meu`grms. Shr mlmip`h,g`jufgs amprmskhfms shf egusgags phr ufg oglg ehfemftrgekõf am` fmurh-trgfsikshr smrhthfkfg2 sm pumamf iktkjgr guimftgfah `g prhaueekõf amsmrhthfkfg, h rmauekmfah m` rktih ehf qum ufgs ohiogs ih`meu`grms mspm-ekg`kzgags, sktugags mf `g imiorgfg am `gs fmurhfgs, rmtkrgf `g smrhthfkfg am`g zhfg skfçptkeg. Htrg dhrig am getugr ms imakgftm dgethrms fmurhtrõehs,

qum gyuagf g dhrigr m` ego`mgah mftrm fmurhfgs.

Htrg tëefkeg okh`õjkeg ms m` ush am eëù`gs igarm pgrg rmjmfmrgr fmurhfgsqum ngygf iumrth ―`gs fmurhfgs fh sm rmprhauemf, y phr `h tgfth `gs qumiumrmf fh shf rmspumstgs―. Um ngf ng``gah eëù`gs igarm mf m` nkphegiph,qum pumamf ehfvmrtkrsm mf fmurhfgs h mf eëù`gs am j`ég, sk sm ̀ gs ̀ `mvg g` ̀ ujgrgameugah. Um kfvmstkjg pgrg phamr thigr eëù`gs igarm y sktugr`gs mf m` ùjgrgameugah pgrg qum amf ùjgr g `gs fmurhfgs qum ehfvmfjg. M` rkmsjh mstrkogmf qum tg` vmz, mf ùjgr am agr `gs fmurhfgs mspmrgags, prhauzegf htrh tkph


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Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh

am eëù`gs kfamsmgags, h okmf, qum sm mipkmemf g rmprhauekr kfehftrh`gag-imftm prhauekmfah uf tuihr. @g mfdmrimaga am Sgrbkfshf mstç rm`gekhfgag

ehf ̀ g aksikfuekõf am eëù`gs am `g sustgfekg fmjrg, qum mfvégf m` fmurhtrgfs-ikshr ahpgikfg g `hs jgfj`khs ogsg`ms< smrég amsmgo`m phamr vh`vmr g pho`grimakgftm `g geekõf am eëù`gs igarm `g sustgfekg fmjrg ehf fmurhfgs. Htrgdhrig am trgtgikmfth ms suikfkstrgr `mvhahpg, ufg sustgfekg prmeurshrg am`g ahpgikfg qum kfermimftg `g dhrigekõf am ëstg.

@g tëefkeg am mstkiu`gekõf m`ëetrkeg h igjfëtkeg ehfskstm mf kftrhauekr m`me-trhahs ―h mf mstgo`memr egiphs igjfëtkehs trgfsergfmg`ms― qum mstkiu`mf

`gs eëù`gs ehfvmfkmftms. Shr mlmip`h, sm utk`kzg `g mstkiu`gekõf mxtmrfg am`fmrvkh vgjh ehftrg `gs mpk`mpskgs h `gs amprmskhfms iuy rmskstmftms g trgtg-ikmfths ehf fmurhdçrigehs, y sm mstuakg su phsko`m utk`kaga mf m` trgtgikmftham ikjrg÷gs h orhikg`jkgs. Mf `g mfdmrimaga am Sgrbkfshf sm kftrhauem mfm` füe`mh vmftrg` kftmrimakh suotg`çikeh h m` j`hoh pç`kah ufg mspmekm amigregpgshs m`ëetrkeh qum rmauem `hs tmio`hrms, `g rkjkamz y `hs prho`migsam `hehihekõf. ]fg vmz kfstg`gah msm gpgrgth sm `m pumam mfvkgr sm÷g`ms

amsam m` mxtmrkhr, mf dufekõf am` mstgah am` pgekmftm. Msgs ehrrkmftms pumamfo`hqumgr sm÷g`ms am `gs fmurhfgs, h amskferhfkzgr `gs sm÷g`ms hsek`gthrkgskfamokags am `g akfçikeg am jruphs fmurhfg`ms y iktkjgf ehfskamrgo`mimftm`hs prho`migs imfekhfgahs

M` igregpgshs fmurhfg` imfekhfgah mf m` pçrrgdh gftmrkhr ms uf mlmip`h amkip`gftm fmurhfg` ―grtmdgeths m`metrõfkehs gehp`gahs ehf m` emrmorh―. Mf`gs çrmgs ihthrgs h smfshrkg`ms, sm kftmftg kftrhauekr kip`gftms qum gyuamf g

supmrgr aksegpgekagams am akvmrshs tkphs. ]f tkph am kip`gftm ms, phr mlmi-p`h, ufg eõe`mg grtkekg`, qum pmriktg hér g `hs shrahs. Içs ehip`mlg y shstk-egag rmsu`tgrég ufg rmtkfg grtkekg` y, thagvég içs, ̀h smrégf `hs kip`gftms mf `gsçrmgs am prhemsgikmfth am ̀ g vkskõf mf m` ̀ õou`h heekpktg`. Qgiokëf sm kftmftgehfsmjukr kip`gftms qum pmriktgf rmeupmrgr `g ehftkfukaga am `g getkvkagaam gxhfms h fmrvkhs smeekhfgahs, h kfeùsh am `g iëau`g mspkfg`. Içs `mlhsam fumstrh gègfem getug` pgrmemf `hs kip`gftms rm`gekhfgahs ehf dufekhfmsehjfktkvgs ehih, phr mlmip`h, pgrg gìgemfgr içs imihrkg, h kftrhauekr içskfdhrigekõf, phr mlmip`h, shorm ufg `mfjug, h shorm agths mfeke`hpëakehs am


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Agvka Lhu

nksthrkg, jmhjrgdég, `ktmrgturg, grtm h amphrtms. M` jrgah am kftmrgeekõf ehf m`mfthrfh, mf msm egsh, amomrég smr ogstgftm igyhr y içs sutk` qum mf `gs çrmgs

smfshrkg`ms.

@gs ehfmxkhfms mxtmrkhrms, imakgftm `gs eug`ms m` emrmorh pumam phfmr mfigreng g`jufg getkvkaga imeçfkeg, rmsu`tgf iuy prhimtmahrgs. ]fh am `hsprhymeths içs ``gigtkvhs sm rmmrm g `g egpgekaga pgrg ihvmr holmths ehf`g imftm, imakgftm mxtrmikagams grtkeu`gags ihvkags phr sm÷g`ms emrmorg`ms.Mf ?37?, ufg pgekmftm tmtrgp`ëlkeg ehfsmjuég ihvmr uf vgsh imakgftm uforgzh y omomr am ë`< m``h rmqukmrm uf ehftrh` iuy fh am `hs ihvkikmfths.

Sgrg m``h, sm mxtrgm kfdhrigekõf am ̀ g ehrtmzg ihthrg, gufqum ̀ g rmju`gekõf msthagvég içs sutk` y fmemsktg am `hs jgfj`khs ogsg`ms y m` emrmom`h. @g geekõf ammshs pumam smr sup`kag pgrekg`imftm imakgftm m` ehftrh` phr hramfgahr am`orgzh rhoõtkeh. Um mspmrg qum uf fk÷h tmtrgp`ëlkeh shstmfkah phr uf mxhms-qum`mth imeçfkeh ehftrh`gah phr sm÷g`ms am su prhpkh emrmorh pumag `gfzgrm` sgqum am nhfhr am `gs ehipmtkekhfms am dütoh` mf `gs h`kipkgags am ?371.

@hs `éiktms am` duturh am `g vkag

@éiktms p`gfmtgrkhs y eõsikehs am` duturh am `g vkag

@g vkag fgturg` fh aurgrç kfamfkagimftm mf m` ufkvmrsh. Mf `g Qkmrrg,sm tmrikfgrç amftrh am ufhs eugtrh ik` ik``hfms am g÷hs, y mf m` ehfluftham` ufkvmrsh, sm tmrikfgrç mf ufhs eugrmftg ik` ik``hfms am g÷hs. ¸Um pharég

supmrgr msm `éiktm imakgftm vkag grtkekg` g` mstk`h am hramfgahrms guthrm-prhauethrms8 M``h smrég mf prkfekpkh phsko`m mf uf ufkvmrsh qum sm mxpgfakm-rg egag vmz içs `mftgimftm, pmrh fh mf uf ufkvmrsh gem`mrgah, ehih pgrmemsmr m` fumstrh.

@g vkag tmrikfgrç mf `g Qkmrrg eugfah m` eg`hr amsprmfakah phr m` Uh` phrufkaga am tkmiph smg tgf kftmfsh qum m` gjug sm mvgphrm am `hs igrms,réhs y `gjhs. Sharég smr qum qumagrg thagvég vkag oglh Qkmrrg, pmrh msg vkagamsgpgrmemrég amftrh ufhs ik` ik``hfms am g÷hs amspuës, eugfah m` Uh` ermz-


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eg y mfju``g Imreurkh y Tmfus. @g tmipmrgturg smrç tgf m`mvgag qum `gs rhegssm dufakrçf. Amspuës, fgìmftm, trgs gegogr su ehftmfkah mf nm`kh, m` Uh` sm

gpgjgrç.

]fg shùekõf pgrg `g pmrvkvmfekg am `g mspmekm nuigfg ―qum mfthfems ygngorç amsgpgrmekah, am thahs ihahs― smrég kr g htrhs p`gfmtgs. ]fh am `hstmigs iuy getkvhs am kfvmstkjgekõf getug` ms prmeksgimftm `g oüsqumag am p`g-fmtgs ngoktgo`ms h, g` imfhs, qum pumagf gòmrjgr vkag ikerhseõpkeg. Smrh fhtmfarég smftkah kr ngekg g``é sk g` ``mjgr mstuvkërgihs mf ehfakekhfms gfç`hjgs g`gs qum sm mfehftrgrég `g Qkmrrg, yg qum tgiokëf `g mstrm``g tmfarég maga fktg

y egpgekaga fktg pgrg gòmrjgr vkag. Amomrégihs ousegr, pums, ufg mstrm``gsuekmftmimftm lhvmf y suekmftmimftm emregfg pgrg phamr ngemr m` vkglm.

Gqum``g mstrm``g tgiokëf tmrikfgrç su eke`h y sm gpgjgrç. ¸Sharégihs rmpmtkr`g gvmfturg am uf vkglm ufg vmz trgs htrg, kfamfkagimftm8 @g rmspumstg msfmjgtkvg, yg qum m` füimrh am mstrm``gs qum vgf fgekmfah phr ufkaga amtkmiph ms egag vmz imfhr. M` füimrh am mstrm``gs qum sm prhauemf gnhrg

mf fumstrg jg`gxkg ms ufgs ik` vmems kfdmrkhr g` rktih am prhaueekõf am ngemsmks ik` ik``hfms am g÷hs. @gs jg`gxkgs mfvmlmemf. G imakag qum trgfseurrmm` tkmiph, `g goufagfekg am nkarõjmfh y nm`kh vg aksikfuymfah y guimftg `ggoufagfekg am egrohfh, sk`kekh, nkmrrh… Smrh `hs füe`mhs pmsgahs tkmfmf içsprhthfms y, phr `h tgfth, sm rmpm`mf ehf igyhr dumrzg qum `hs füe`mhs `kjmrhs.Shr m``h, ms egag vmz içs akdéek` dhrigr fumvgs mstrm``gs, y `gs mstrm``gs qum smdhrigf fh tkmfmf egpgekaga am igftmfmr vkag.

@éiktms eõsikehs am `g ehiputgekõf

Sharégihs pmfsgr, skf miogrjh, qum gufqum `g vkag okh`õjkeg, tg` ehih `gmftmfamihs, tmfjg uf `éiktm, tg` vmz pharégihs ehfstrukr g`jufhs hramfgah-rms pmrdmeths, g`kimftgahs phr `g rgakgekõf eõsikeg am dhfah y qum dufekh-fgrgf kfamfkagimftm. Sgrg m``hs, `g vkag smrég `g ehiputgekõf. Mf tg` ehi-putgekõf pharég ngomr, phr mlmip`h, `g skiu`gekõf am ufg fumvg vkag fumstrg.G` mxpgfakrsm m` ufkvmrsh y smr egag vmz içs oglg `g tmipmrgturg am `g


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rgakgekõf m`metrhigjfëtkeg, `g mfmrjég aksphfko`m smrég egag vmz içs oglg. Shrm``h, m` rktih am ehiputgekõf smrég egag vmz içs `mfth, pmrh sk m` ufkvmrsh fh

tkmfm f, m` tkmiph amlgrég am smr uf `éiktm. @g mfmrjég pgrg prhemsgr uf oktam kfdhrigekõf ms prhphrekhfg` g `g tmipmrgturg goshùtg. Shr m``h, aksphfmregag vmz am imfhs mfmrjég fh suphfm fmemsgrkgimftm uf `éiktm, yg qum tgi-okëf egag ehiputgekõf rmqukmrm imfhs mfmrjég.

Uk m` ufkvmrsh sm mxpgfakmrg egag vmz içs `mftgimftm, m` nmenh am aksphfmregag vmz am imfhs mfmrjég fh smrég uf prho`mig amekskvh. Ukf miogrjh, sk smmxpgfam gem`mrgagimftm sé `h smrég y m``h phfarég f, gskiksih, g `g egpgek-

aga am eug`qukmr hramfgahr. Mf mdmeth, mf msm egsh egag vmz ngorég imfhsigtmrkg amftrh am` nhrkzhftm vksko`m pgrg m` hramfgahr. Gsé pums, su egpgekagaam imihrkg sm krég rmstrkfjkmfah, egag vmz içs. Ehf m``h, `g ehiputgekõf ygfh smrég rmvmrsko`m, `h eug` suphfarég ufg akskpgekõf h prhaueekõf am eg`hrphr egag okt< ̀ g mfmrjég fmemsgrkg pgrg prhemsgr uf okt sm kfermimftgrég, y g ̀ g`grjg fh ngorég mfmrjég suekmftm pgrg `g ehiputgekõf.

@hs `éiktms am `g rmg`kaga ehfhekag

M` ufkvmrsh hseurh

M` ehftmfkah am` ehsihs mstç ahikfgah phr m` ̀ `gigah ufkvmrsh hseurh, ehfs-tktukah phr igtmrkg hseurg y mfmrjég hseurg. @g igtmrkg ehfhekag sõ`h dhriguf eugtrh phr ekmfth am` ufkvmrsh thtg`. Fhs prmjuftgrmihs eõih m` ufkvmrsh

hseurh pgrtkekpg mf `hs `éiktms am` ufkvmrsh ehfhekah, smg mstrueturgfah mùfkvmrsh g jrgf mseg`g ―igtmrkg hseurg― y gem`mrçfah`h g jrgf mseg`g ―mfmr-jég hseurg―. Gskiksih, `gs fmurhfgs sõ`h dhrigf uf qukfem phr ekmfth amfumstrh emrmorh2 ̀gs htrgs eëù`gs shf eëù`gs j`kg`ms. Fhs prmjuftgrmihs, gfç-`hjgimftm, ehih g`jufhs tkphs am eëù`gs j`kg`ms ―h`kjhamfarhekths y gstrh-ekths― pgrtkekpgf mf `hs `éiktms am `g mstrueturgekõf y ehiputgekõf fmurhfg`.

Um phstu`õ phr prkimrg vmz `g igtmrkg hseurg pgrg mxp`kegr qum sm igftuvkm-rg `g kftmjrkaga am `gs jg`gxkgs, g pmsgr am qum `g pgrtm mxtmrkhr am mstgs jkrm


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ehf ufg vm`hekaga iuenh igyhr am `g prmvkstg. Mf htrgs pg`gorgs, `g dumrzgemftrédujg ehrrmsphfakmftm g `g vm`hekaga am rhtgekõf supmrg mf uf hramf am

igjfktua, g` imfhs, `g dumrzg am `g gtrgeekõf jrgvktgthrkg amokag g `g igtmrkgvksko`m am `g mstrm``g. G` amekr igtmrkg vksko`m mftmfamihs fh mstrketgimf-tm `g igtmrkg qum gègfzgihs g hosmrvgr phr su ùikfhskaga, skfh tgiokëftmfkmfah mf eumftg qum iuengs mstrm``gs pumamf mstgr gehipg÷gags phruf skstmig p`gfmtgrkh ―mf fumstrh skstmig p`gfmtgrkh, m` Uh` tkmfm ufg pgrtmkiphrtgftm am `g igsg thtg`, y m``h pgrmem heurrkr gskiksih ehf `g igyhrégam `hs egsk smtmekmfths skstmigs p`gfmtgrkhs hosmrvgahs amsam 7;;4 ngstg `gdmeng. Um supush, pums, qum gamiçs am `g igtmrkg vksko`m ngoég g` imfhs uf

hramf am igjfktua içs am igtmrkg kfvksko`m, h igtmrkg hseurg. Mstg igtmrkgmstgrég rmpgrtkag mf oumfg pgrtm g`rmamahr am `g jg`gxkg, dhrigfah ehih ufjrgf ng`h g su g`rmamahr.

Ehiokfgr mstg egftkaga am igtmrkg hseurg ehf `hs eçèu`hs am fue`mhséftmsksprkihrakg` ehfaulh g ̀ g kamg am qum mstg igtmrkg hseurg ―fh kftmrgeekhfg ehf`g ùz― fh mrg igtmrkg fhrig`, ms amekr, fh mstgog ehipumstg phr prhthfms,

fmutrhfms fk m`metrhfms, skfh phr htrh tkph am pgrtéeu`gs.

Shstmrkhrimftm sm hosmrvõ m` mdmeth am `hs ng`hs am `g igtmrkg hseurg mf`gs eh`kskhfms mftrm jg`gxkgs. G pgrtkr am `hs g÷hs fhvmftg sm gavkrtkõ `g fm-emskaga am `g igtmrkg hseurg pgrg gem`mrgr m` prhemsh am dhrigekõf am `gsjg`gxkgs qum, am htrh ihah, thagvég fh ngorégf ``mjgah g dhrigrsm am` thah.Ermmihs msh g pgrtkr am `gs hosmrvgekhfms am uetugekhfms am `g rgakgekõfeõsikeg am dhfah am ikerhhfags, phr `hs sgtë`ktms EHOM y ZIGS, qum

iumstrgf `hs füe`mhs am ehfamfsgekõf am `gs jg`gxkgs prkiktkvgs. @gs ue-tugekhfms am amfskaga ehrrmsphfakmftms g akenhs füe`mhs shf tgf tmfums,qum m` prhemsh am dhrigekõf nuokmrg amokah smr `mftéskih. Ukf miogrjh,ehih `g igtmrkg hseurg fh kftmrgeekhfg ehf `g rgakgekõf m`metrhigjfëtk-eg, puah mipmzgr g gjrmjgrsm gftms am `hs trmsekmfths henmftg ik` g÷hs,prhauekmfah ufgs zhfgs am gtrgeekõf jrgvktgthrkg mf `gs eug`ms sm ngorégfphakah dhrigr içs rçpkagimftm ̀ gs jg`gxkgs, eugfah ̀ g igtmrkg fhrig` amlõam mstgr khfkzgag y pgsõ g dhrigr çthihs fmutrhs.


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Gsé pums, `g igtmrkg hseurg getüg ehih ufhs gfagikhs kfvksko`ms am `gsjrgfams mstrueturgs eõsikegs vksko`ms. ]fh am `hs tmigs getug`ms am kfvmstk-

jgekõf mf déskeg ms prmeksgimftm euç` pumag smr ̀ g fgturg`mzg am akeng igtmrkghseurg. Um ermm qum pgrtéeu`gs pmsgags supmrskiëtrkegs ―prmakengs phrg`jufgs tmhrégs, pmrh thagvég fh hosmrvgags― pharégf smr oumfgs egfakagtgspgrg m``h.

@g mfmrjég hseurg, mf egiokh, mstç rmpgrtkag phr thah m` mspgekh, mf ùjgr amgjrupgrsm mf jg`gxkgs. Uuphfm ufg dumrzg rmpu`skvg, qum gem`mrg `g mxpgfskõfam` ufkvmrsh, mf ùjgr am kr`g drmfgfah ehih amomrég ngemr`h `g jrgvktgekõf.

Amsam mstm pufth am vkstg, akeu`tg qum sm pumagf dhrigr jrgfams geuiu-`gekhfms am eüiu`hs am jg`gxkgs. Mf `hs prkimrhs smks ik` ik``hfms am g÷hs,prmahikfõ ̀ g jrgvktgekõf y `g mxpgfskõf sm dum drmfgfah, pmrh amspuës mipm-zõ g prmahikfgr m` mdmeth gem`mrgahr am `g igtmrkg hseurg.

M` emrmorh hseurh

Aurgftm iuenhs g÷hs, sm ermyõ qum m` pgpm` am `gs eëù`gs j`kg`ms mrg imrg-imftm guxk`kgr, agfah ehnmskõf g` emrmorh g` igftmfmr `gs fmurhfgs ufkagsmftrm sé, h amdmfakëfah`gs am `hs gtgqums am gjmftms pgtõjmfhs. Ukf miogrjh,pheh g pheh sm ng kah hosmrvgfah qum su geekõf pharég smr iuenh içs sutk`m kiphrtgftm. Shr mlmip`h, mf `g mvhùekõf ng ermekah içs rçpkagimftm `ggoufagfekg am `gs eëù`gs am j`ég qum `g am `gs fmurhfgs. Gskiksih ―gfmeaõ-tkegimftm― m` emrmorh am Mkfstmkf mrg iuy pgrmekah g `g imakg mf `h qum

rmspmetg g fmurhfgs, pmrh su goufagfekg am j`ég mrg ehfskamrgo`mimftm su-pmrkhr. ¸Sharég smr, pums, qum `g j`ég gyuagrg mf ekmrtg igfmrg g `gs dufekhfmsehjfktkvgs am` emrmorh8

Gamiçs am `gs dufekhfms am ehnmskõf y amdmfsg yg imfekhfgags, `g j`égamsmipm÷g htrhs trms tkphs am dufekhfms. ]fg am m``gs ms mf ekmrth ihahgfç`hjg g `g qum amsmipm÷g `g igtmrkg hseurg mf m` ufkvmrsh, g` dgek`ktgr `gdhrigekõf am `gs jrgfams mstrueturgs eõsikegs, jukgfah jrgvktgthrkgimftm`g igtmrkg ngekg sus ahikfkhs am gtrgeekõf. Mf mdmeth, mf m` emrmorh, `g j`ég


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rgakg` gyuag g ̀ g ikjrgekõf am fmurhfgs ngstg sus phskekhfms, mf ̀ gs ehùifgsam `g ehrtmzg emrmorg`.

]fg smjufag dufekõf rm`mvgftm ms `g am `hs h`kjhamfarhekths, qum dgorkegf `gsdufags am ikm`kfg qum mfvum`vmf ̀ hs gxhfms m kfermimftgf ̀ g vm`hekaga am ̀ gssm÷g`ms fmrvkhsgs. Ihakegr m` jrgah am ikm`kfkzgekõf am ufg pgrtm am` emrm-orh ngem qum mf ë` `gs sm÷g`ms ehrrgf içs y `gs phskok`kagams am ehiputgekõfsm gem`mrmf. @gs g`tmrgekhfms am `hs h`kjhamfarhekths pumamf tmfmr ehfsm-eumfekgs içs h imfhs jrgvms< ufg am m``gs pharég smr `g aks`mxkg, ms amekr,m` egiokh am hramf am `mtrgs h pg`gorgs aurgftm ̀ g ̀ meturg. M``h pharég heurrkr

sk ̀ g vm`hekaga am trgfsikskõf am ekmrtgs sm÷g`ms vksug`ms dumrg içs rçpkag phrufhs egikfhs qum phr htrhs, kfvkrtkmfah m` hramf am ``mjgag am `gs sm÷g`ms g`hs emftrhs am prhaueekõf am vhz, ehf rmspmeth g `g ``mjgag am sm÷g`ms g `hshlhs. Htrg phskok`kaga iuenh içs jrgvm ms qum uf amdmeth am `hs h`kjhamf-arhekths pumam m`kikfgr `g ikm`kfg m kftmrruipkr `gs sm÷g`ms fmrvkhsgs, ehfjrgvms rmsu`tgahs pgrg m` ehftrh` am `hs iüseu`hs h iuengs htrgs dufekhfms.

@g tmremrg dufekõf g amstgegr, içs sutk` güf, ms qum `hs gstrhekths kftmrvkmfmf,thagvég fh sgomihs ehf amtg``m ngstg quë pufth, mf `g ehiputgekõf fmurh-fg`, mf `gs skfgpsks trkpgrtktgs. M` iham`h e`çskeh am skfgpsks sõ`h ehfskamrg `grm`gekõf mftrm `gs ahs fmurhfgs kip`kegags ―`g prmskfçptkeg y `g phstskfçptk-eg―, pmrh mf iuengs skfgpsks pgrtkekpg tgiokëf uf tmremr m`mimfth< ufg fgtmrikfg` am ufh am `hs orgzhs am uf gstrhekth, qum rmgeekhfg drmftm g `g `kom-rgekõf am fmurhtrgfsikshrms. Mf ufhs mxpmrkimfths rmekmftms, sm ehftrh`õ`g ehfemftrgekõf am egèkh am uf gstrhekth, igftmfkëfah`g lg, y sm hosmrvõ

qum `gs skfgpsks rm`gekhfgags ehf `gs tmrikfg`ms am akenh gstrhekth fh mrgfegpgems am ihakegr su kftmfskaga pgrg jrgogr imihrkgs.

Shr htrh `gah, `hs gstrhekths sm kftmregiokgf hfags am egèkh, am prhpgjgekõfiuy `mftg ehf rmspmeth g `g prhpgjgekõf am `gs sm÷g`ms fmrvkhsgs ngoktug`ms.Gnhrg okmf, ̧ pharég smr qum mf mstgakhs am rm`gtkvh rmphsh fmurhfg` msgs hf-ags puakmrgf kfukr mf ̀ g ehiputgekõf fmurhfg`, egiokgfah trgfskthrkgimftm`g egpgekaga am g`jufgs skfgpsks8 ¸Sharégf ehftrkoukr g ehrrkmftms am dhfah`mftgs mf `g ehiputgekõf, fh akrmetgimftm skfh g trgvës am `gs fmurhfgs8


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Ehfeùskhfms

Srmjuftgrsm phr `hs `éiktms am `g ekmfekg kfvktg skmiprm g `g kigjkfgekõf. Gsé,pums, tmrikfgrmihs ehf ekfeh prmjuftgs tg` vmz uf pheh g`hegags, pmrhprõxkigs g `h qum kigjkfgihs ehih `éiktms<

7) ¸Sharmihs «ermgr² uf ufkvmrsh8 ]tk`kzh ehik``gs phrqum fh msthy suph-fkmfah qum smgihs egpgems am ermgr uf ufkvmrsh amsam `g fgag. Smrh mfg`jufgs tmhrégs, sé smrég phsko`m agr kfkekh g uf fumvh ufkvmrsh sk m` vgeéheuçftkeh suoygemftm g fumstrh ufkvmrsh dumrg imtgmstgo`m, y `h puakërg-

ihs pmrturogr gameugagimftm. M``h skjfkegrég ehfsmjukr ufg m`mvgaésk-ig amfskaga am mfmrjég, qum kfmstgok`kzgrég m` vgeéh m kfkekgrég `g akfçikegmxpgfskvg am` mspgekh, amstruymfah fumstrh ufkvmrsh y agfah ùjgr g ufufkvmrsh fumvh pmrh kiprmameko`m.

?) ¸Sharég ngomr kftm`kjmfekg mf uf ufkvmrsh sõ`h am ùz y am jrgvkthfms8 Uk`g kftmrgeekõf mftrm dhthfms y jrgvkthfms dumrg suekmftmimftm kftmfsg y

iu`tkp`kegtkvg, tg` vmz sm tmfarégf mdmeths gfç`hjhs g `hs am `g õptkeg fh`kfmg`, mf qum `g ùz egiokg `gs prhpkmagams am `g igtmrkg am dhrig qummstg, g su vmz, gdmetg m` pgsh am `g ùz. Ehf m``h sm pumamf dhrigr pumrtgs`õjkegs qum, ehiokfgags gameugagimftm, pmriktmf ``mvgr g egoh eçèu`hsigtmiçtkehs u htrh tkph am hpmrgekhfms. Mf msm egsh, `gs pumrtgs `õjkegssmrégf agfzgftms. ¸Umrég msh suekmftm pgrg tmfmr `g phskok`kaga am rçdgjgsam kftm`kjmfekg h rçdgjgs am ehfekmfekg8 H okmf, ̧ sm pharégf kr hrjgfkzgfahakengs pumrtgs `õjkegs y agr ufg ehiputgekõf içs h imfhs skstmiçtkeg8

5) ¸Sharmihs `mmr m` pmfsgikmfth8 ¸Um pharç `mmr m` pmfsgikmfth imakgftmrmshfgfekg igjfëtkeg fue`mgr dufekhfg` h g`jufgs htrgs tëefkegs8 M``h smrégekmrtgimftm iuy akdéek`, pmrh sé ms phsko`m aksemrfkr m` agahr am getkvkagafmurhfg` qum prhvhegf mf g`jufgs çrmgs am` emrmorh kiçjmfms akvmrsgs.Ehf m``h, smrég phsko`m utk`kzgr uf pmrktglm fmurh`õjkeh pgrg sgomr, phrmlmip`h, sk uf shspmenhsh rmehfhem vmragamrgimftm h fh ufg pmrshfgh uf ùjgr amekskvhs pgrg `g kiputgekõf. @g kamg am içqukfgs am `g vmragaeumftg yg egsk uf skj`h, pmrh getugìmftm sm pumam gfgr iuenh içs mf


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msg mxp`hrgekõf. Ukf miogrjh, `g suolmtkvkaga prhdufag am `hs rmeumrahs y`gs mihekhfms smrég prhogo`mimftm kfgègfzgo`m amsam m` mxtmrkhr am `g

prhpkg suolmtkvkaga.

1) ¸Sharmihs «ermgr² ufg mspmekm okh`õjkeg kftm`kjmftm8 Ngoktugìmftm, `gprmjuftg am ehfsmjukr grtkekgìmftm kftm`kjmfekg sm rm`gekhfg ehf içquk-fgs ―`g kftm`kjmfekg grtkekg` am fumvhs tkphs am hramfgahrms, phr mlmi-p`h―. Smrh gqué im prmjufth sk ehiokfgfah `g jmfõikeg ehf `g fmurhokh-`hjég pharégihs ``mjgr g dhrigr ufg mspmekm okh`õjkeg kftm`kjmftm. Uk dumrggsé, ̧ quë pharégihs ehipgrtkr ehf m``g8

=) ¸Sharmihs «ermgr² ufg mspmekm am kftm`kjmfekg supmrkhr g `g fumstrg8 [grmsu`tg suekmftmimftm kfqukmtgftm prmjuftgrfhs eõih smrç `g kftm`kjmf-ekg nuigfg amftrh am uf skj`h, trgs ufg ngoktugekõf igskvg g `gs rmams amhramfgahrms y rmg`kaga vkrtug`. Smrh içs shrprmfamftm güf ms prmjuftgrsmsk pharmihs ``gjgr g «ermgr² ufg mspmekm okh`õjkeg amsemfakmftm am `hsnuigfhs y ehf ufg egpgekaga kftm`metug` iuy supmrkhr g `g fumstrg. ¸Mstç

m``h g` gègfem am `g fmurhokh`hjég y `g jmfëtkeg8 Uk ms gsé, ¸quë rm`gekõftmfarç msg mspmekm ehf fhshtrhs8 ¸Fhs m`kikfgrç8 ¸Fhs gsustgrmihs amm``g y `g m`kikfgrmihs fhshtrhs iksihs8

Dhriu`gags msgs prmjuftgs, skf miogrjh, ehfvkmfm rmjrmsgr am fumvh g fums-trg rmg`kaga getug`, y prmjuftgrfhs quë pumam ngemr ̀ g ekmfekg phr `hs jrgfamsprho`migs am `g nuigfkaga. Srmjuftgrsm phr `hs `éiktms ms nmrihsh y mxek-tgftm, pmrh fh fhs amom ngemr h`vkagr fumstrhs ehiprhikshs ehf ̀ g shekmaga

mf ehfhekikmfth, sgùa, okmfmstgr y lustkekg.


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Oko`khjrgdég

OMBMFUQMKF, L. < «@g kfdhrigekõf mf m` ufkvmrsh nh`hjrçeh², Kfvmstkjgekõf y Ekmfekg, hetuorm?335.

DH^, A.< «@g déskeg am `g kftm`kjmfekg², Kfvmstkjgekõf y Ekmfekg, smptkmiorm ?377.

LH], A. (?33>)< _mmserkokmfah m` Jëfmsks. Am `g j`hrkg am Akhs g` sgohtglm am` ]fkvmrsh, Amstkfh,

Ogrem`hfg.

LH], A. (?377)< Emrmorh y ufkvmrsh< ahs ehsih`hjégs, Umrvmk am Suo`kegekhfs, ]fkvmrsktgt Gutÿ-

fhig am Ogrem`hfg, Om``gtmrrg.

@@H[A, U. (?334)< Ehiputkfj tnm ufkvmrsm< g qugftui ehiputmr sekmftkst tgbms hf tnm Ehsihs,

Bfhpd, Fmw [hrb.TT GG< «Içs g``ç am `hs `éiktms am `g ekmfekg², füimrh ihfhjrçeh, Kfvmstkjgekõf y Ekmfekg,

fhvkmiorm ?37?.


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¸@`mjgrmihs g mftmfamr m` ufkvmrsh8Utugrt E`grb

GstrhdéskehGsshekgtkhf hd Orktksn Uekmfem Zrktmrs

Ngem nhy ekmfth trmkftg y eugtrh g÷hs, m` 71 am igrzh am 7>:;, fgeég Gòmrt

Mkfstmkf mf ]ì, rmkfh am Zurtmiomrj, mf m` kipmrkh g`miçf. Mf `g getug`k-aga mstç ehfskamrgah uf kehfh am `g ekmfekg, m` nhiorm qum fhs ihstrõ ufgdhrig am mftmfamr m` ufkvmrsh ehih fufeg gftms `h ngoégihs nmenh.

@g ehsih`hjég ehih aksekp`kfg sm kfkekg ehf Mkfstmkf y su tmhrég am `g rm`gtk-vkaga jmfmrg`, pums, phr prkimrg vmz mf `g nksthrkg, prhphrekhfõ g `hs ekmfté-ehs ufg dhrig am ehfamfsgr mf ufg meugekõf m` ufkvmrsh ehip`mth. Qhahsy egag ufh am `hs holmths qum ehiphfmf m` ufkvmrsh sm pharégf rmauekr g

uf üfkeh tërikfh igtmiçtkeh g pgrtkr am` eug` rmsu`tgrég phsko`m egèu`gr mèhiphrtgikmfth am` ufkvmrsh. Qgfth m` duturh am` ufkvmrsh ehih su pgsgahsm pharégf egèu`gr sk ehfhekërgihs ehf prmekskõf su mstgah getug`. Ngemufhs skj`hs, smimlgftm ehfhekikmfth sm ngorég ehfskamrgah prhpkh am `hsakhsms. Uu ng``gzjh dum prhaueth am ufg mfhrim ehfgfzg mf sé iksih y amufg mxtrmigag ehipmtmfekg igtmiçtkeg.

Mf uf akseursh prhfufekgah ehf hegskõf am ufg emfg mf nhfhr am Mkfs-tmkf, m` argigturjh kr`gfaës Jmhrjm Omrfgra Ungw `hjrõ rmsuikr m` egrçetmr


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Utugrt E`grb

prhjrmskstg am `g ekmfekg eugfah griõ< «Sth`himh dufaõ uf ufkvmrsh, qumaurõ ik` eugtrhekmfths g÷hs2 Fmwthf tgiokëf ehfekokõ uf ufkvmrsh, qum ng

aurgah trmsekmfths g÷hs². [ `umjh g÷gakõ mf thfh am orhig< «Mkfstmkf tgi-okëf ng ermgah uf ufkvmrsh, y fh sgorég amekr`ms euçfth aurgrç². Ehih vm-rmihs, egom `g phskok`kaga am qum `g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg` am Mkfstmkf fh ``mjumskqukmrg g em`morgr su emftmfgrkh mf ?37=. @g prmjuftg ms< ̧ quë `g sustktukrç8,¸smrç ufg tmhrég amfktkvg h sm trgtgrç am htrh pgsh içs8 Mf suig, ¸``mjgrm-ihs g mftmfamr m` ufkvmrsh8

Mf `g qum ëpheg mf qum fgekõ `g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg`, Murhpg sm mfehftrgog

mf ufg sktugekõf amsmspmrgag. @g Srkimrg Jumrrg Iufakg` egusgog mstrgjhsy Mkfstmkf sm mstgog ehfvkrtkmfah mf ufg jurg egag vmz içs gks`gag. Uushpkfkhfms gokmrtgimftm ehftrgrkgs g` fgekhfg`ksih mrgf ufg vmrjðmfzg pgrgsus eh`mjgs y pgrg G`migfkg. Gufqum ëstm dumsm su pgés fgtg`, ngoég gahptgah`g fgekhfg`kaga sukzg mf 7;33. G`mlgah am` msdumrzh oë`keh, ehf msegsh gphyh,sm amakeõ g trgoglgr mf su tmhrég prmdmrkag ehf m` f am amsgrrh``gr m` trgoglham Ksgge Fmwthf y agr ehf ufg amserkpekõf içs ehip`mtg am `g jrgvmaga.

@g horg am Fmwthf ngoég igregah uf nkth< uf ihah am amserkokr eõih smihvmrégf `hs holmths mf prmsmfekg am htrhs holmths imakgftm `g dumrzg am`g jrgvmaga. Mxp`kegog phr quë `hs p`gfmtgs sm amsp`gzgogf phr m` rigimf-th2 phr quë, sk sm amlg egmr uf holmth, ëstm sm prmekpktg ngekg m` sum`h y, skfmiogrjh, `g @ufg fh egm am` ekm`h.

Shr gqum` mfthfems, sm amfhikfõ uf «skstmig am` iufah²< `g mxprmskõf am`skj`h ^TKK pgrg `h qum gnhrg ``gigrégihs `g tmhrég am` thah. M` gstrõfhih

orktçfkeh Maihfa Ng``my, gikjh am Ksgge Fmwthf, ``mjõ g amfkr su trgoglhehih ̀ g pmrdmeekõf am `g gstrhfhiég. G fg`ms am` skj`h ^K^, mstg kamg sm ngoégggfzgah am tg` ihah mf g`jufhs smethrms am `g ehiufkaga ekmftéeg qum sm``mjõ g pmfsgr qum, oçskegimftm, ̀ g ekmfekg mstgog ehip`mtg.

M` jrgf ekmftéeh orktçfkeh `hra Bm`vkf prhfufekõ mf 7;33 uf akseursh gftm `ggsgio`mg am `g Gshekgekõf Orktçfkeg pgrg m` Gvgfem am `g Ekmfekg. Ms eë`mormsu ektg< «Nhy mf aég, fh ngy fgag fumvh phr amseuorkr mf `g déskeg. @h üfkehqum fhs qumag ms rmg`kzgr imakekhfms egag vmz içs prmeksgs². @h qum h`vkagog


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mrg qum, g imfuah, ̀hs gvgfems ekmftéehs sm prhauemf jrgekgs g ̀ g imlhrg am`gs imakekhfms. Uõ`h eugfah sm amsgrrh``gf kfstruimfths içs prmekshs, sm ng-

emf pgtmftms ihvkikmfths y `meturgs qum fh mfeglgf ehf `gs tmhrégs getug`ms.Uk pmrskstmf trgs ufg hosmrvgekõf rmktmrgag, m` amomr am `g ekmfekg ms trgtgram mxp`kegr`hs.

Mf mstg ëpheg rmsu`tgog mvkamftm qum mxkstég ufg am msgs gfhig`égs< m` ih-vkikmfth am Imreurkh. Um mstgog g`mlgfah am ahfam `g `my am `g jrgvmaga amFmwthf ameég qum amoég mstgr. Mf uf prkfekpkh, sm ermyõ qum uf p`gfmtg güfphr amseuorkr `h mstgog amsvkgfah am su õroktg, pmrh `g jrgvmaga am Fmwthf

fh mrg egpgz am prhphrekhfgr ufg shùekõf gameugag gemreg am` ùjgr mf qumsm ng``gog msm p`gfmtg amsehfhekah, y `gs oüsqumags am akenh p`gfmtg phrimakh am `g hosmrvgekõf rmg`kzgags aurgftm me`kpsms thtg`ms tgipheh mrgfegpgems am mfehftrgr`h.

Qrgoglgfah mf uf amspgenh ehf uf rmtrgth am Fmwthf eh`jgah mf `g pgrma,Mkfstmkf rmsh`vkõ m` prho`mig mf 7;7=. Mf msm ihimfth am trkufdh, tuvh

dumrtms pg`pktgekhfms. Mvkamftmimftm shormvkvkõ, pmrh ¡kigjéfmfsm phr ufihimfth euç` smrég `g `mymfag am Mkfstmkf sk nuokmrg dg``mekah g egusg am `gkiprmskõf prhvhegag phr su ng``gzjh!

Ehfemptugìmftm, m` ufkvmrsh am Mkfstmkf fh rmsu`tg amigskgah akdéek` ammftmfamr, pmrh, pgrg gprmekgr `g jrgf akdmrmfekg, gftms tmfmihs qum vh`vmr `gvkstg shorm m` ufkvmrsh am Fmwthf. Sgrg mstm ü`tkih, m` tkmiph y m` mspgekhmrgf lhs< ehfstktuégf uf réjkah igreh ehfdhrim g` eug` sm imaégf thags `gs

ehsgs. Mkfstmkf pmriktkõ qum mstm igreh sm vkmrg aksthrskhfgah phr `gs igsgsam ̀ hs eumrphs em`mstms qum ehftmfég. M` tkmiph y m` mspgekh sm trgfsdhrigogfmf prmsmfekg am `g igtmrkg. Msgs aksthrskhfms ermgf m` mdmeth am `g jrgvmaga ymxp`kegf phr quë ̀ gs ehsgs sm gem`mrgf mf prmsmfekg am uf egiph jrgvktgthrkh.

G pmsgr am ngomr ng``gah m` igreh igtmiçtkeh gameugah mf 7;7=, nuokmrhfam pgsgr eugtrh g÷hs içs gftms am qum m` amseuorkikmfth ``gigrg `g gtmfek-õf am` rmsth am` iufah. Um amoég g qum `gs igtmiçtkegs shf akdéek`ms am mf-tmfamr. @g tmhrég fmemsktgog vmrkegrsm phr g`jukmf am dhrig kfampmfakmftm.


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Utugrt E`grb

Shr sumrtm pgrg Mkfstmkf, dum phsko`m phrqum `g tmhrég hdrmeég ufg prmakeekõfe`grg gemreg am` mdmeth am `g jrgvmaga shorm uf rgyh am ùz< sm eurvgrég mf uf

vg`hr prmeksh.

Mf 7;7;, m` iufah sudrég `gs ehfsmeumfekgs am `g Srkimrg Jumrrg Iufakg`<`hs pgésms y `hs kipmrkhs sm amsihrhfgogf2 ehimfzgog g pmr`grsm uf fumvhpgfhrgig ph`étkeh. Uhp`gogf vkmfths am egiokh ikmftrgs uf gstrhdéskeh orktç-fkeh ehfstruég uf tm`msehpkh mf ufg pmqum÷g ks`g gdrkegfg< su trgoglh ehfvmr-tkrég g Mkfstmkf mf uf kehfh.

Grtnur Maakfjthf fgekõ mf Euiorkg, Kfj`gtmrrg, y sm maueõ mf Egiorkajm.Igtmiçtkeh mxtrghrakfgrkh, skf auag mrg ehfsekmftm am `g kiphrtgfekg ekmf-téeg am` trgoglh am Mkfstmkf y hpkfgog qum, sk ngoég am amsihftgrsm `g tmhrégam `g jrgvmaga am Fmwthf, amomrég ngomr uf kfj`ës kip`kegah.

Maakfjthf mspmrõ g qum sm prhaulmrg m` me`kpsm am 7;7; y ikakõ `g rmdrgeekõfam `hs rgyhs am ùz mstm`gr mf thrfh g` Uh`. M` vg`hr am mstg rmdrgeekõf, prh-

vhegag phr `g aksthrskõf am` tkmiph y m` mspgekh mf thrfh g` Uh`, ngoég skahprhfhstkegah ehf mxgetktua phr `g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg` am Mkfstmkf y, gamiçs,akdmrég ehfskamrgo`mimftm am` vg`hr qum hdrmeég m` trgoglh am Fmwthf.Maakfjthf ikakõ ufg amsvkgekõf qum mstgog mf ehfshfgfekg ehf `g am `grm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg`, gfufekõ ̀ hs rmsu`tgahs g prkfekpkhs am fhvkmiorm am 7;7;y Mkfstmkf sm ehfvkrtkõ mf uf pmrshfglm iufakgìmftm dgihsh. M` Fmw [hrbQkims sm `h ehiufkeõ g sus `methrms ehf m` shrprmfamftm tktu`gr<

@uems threkags mf `hs ekm`hs.Nhiorms am ekmfekg mftuskgsigahs ehf `hs rmsu`tgahs

am `g hosmrvgekõf am` me`kpsm.@g tmhrég am Mkfstmkf trkufdg.

@gs mstrm``gs fh mstçf ahfam pgrmeég h sm egèu`gog qum mstgogf,pmrh fh ngy rgzõf pgrg prmheupgrsm.

]f `korh pgrg 7? sgokhs.Fh ngy içs pmrshfgs mf thah m` iufah egpgems am ehiprmfamr`h,

griõ Mkfstmkf eugfah sus hsgahs makthrms `h gemptgrhf.


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Smrh m` prhpkh Mkfstmkf, g` kjug` qum Fmwthf gftms qum ë`, sgoég qum, amsam `gm`mvgag ekig am` ëxkth, fh sm akvksgog ufg shùekõf amfktkvg, skfh qum gftm

ë` sm mxtmfaég thah uf fumvh iufah am phskok`kagams. Fmwthf `h mxprmsõam dhrig suigimftm gemrtgag eugfah mserkokõ< «Fh së quë kiprmskõf tkmfmm` iufah am ié, pmrh yh tmfjh `g kiprmskõf am fh smr içs qum uf fk÷h qum lumjg mf ̀ g hrk``g am` igr y qum sm akvkmrtm g` mfehftrgr, am eugfah mf eugfah,ufg pkmarg içs `ksg h ufg ehfeng içs ohfktg am ̀ h fhrig`, ikmftrgs qum, gftmié, sm mxtkmfam m` jrgf heëgfh am `g vmraga, güf phr amseuorkr².

@g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg` gip`kõ `gs drhftmrgs am` ehfhekikmfth nuigfh g uf

egiph thtgìmftm fumvh. Gnhrg mrg phsko`m egèu`gr m` ehiphrtgikmfth amthah m` ufkvmrsh. @g phskok`kaga am aksthrskhfgr m` tkmiph y m` mspgekh kip`k-egog qum m` ufkvmrsh phaég ng``grsm mf uf mstgah am mxpgfskõf h ehftrgeekõfjmfmrg`. M` om`jg Jmhrjms @migætrm prmaklh mstg mxpgfskõf mf 7;?:, ahs g÷hsgftms am qum m` mstgahufkamfsm Mawkf Nuoo`m `g «amseuorkmrg². Ms ufg eums-tkõf am lustkekg nkstõrkeg qum ngjgihs uf msdumrzh phr ehfemamr g @migætrmm` iërkth qum sm imrmem. Qgiokëf dum ë` qukmf utk`kzõ `g rm`gtkvkaga jmfmrg`

pgrg phstu`gr m` prkfekpkh am` ufkvmrsh. Gnhrg `h ``gigihs m` Okj Ogfj, pmrh@migætrm `h amfhikfõ «m` aég skf gymr².

Mf lufkh am 7;44, @migætrm tuvh ehfhekikmfth, mf su `menh am iumrtm, amqum sm ngoég prhauekah uf amseuorkikmfth mspmetgeu`gr< m` ufkvmrsh mstgog``mfh am ikerhhfags, tgftgs qum su füimrh supmrgog g` am `hs çthihs mfufg prhphrekõf am ik` ik``hfms g ufh. @h kferméo`m ms qum `g mxkstmfekg ammstgs ikerhhfags ngoég skah phstu`gag igtmiçtkegimftm phr _g`pn G`pnmr,

uf ehsiõ`hjh fhrtmgimrkegfh. Um phaégf ehfskamrgr `gs ikerhhfags ehih`hs rmsths am `g jrgf oh`g am dumjh qum gehipg÷õ g` fgekikmfth am` ufkvmrsh.Gsé qum vmragamrgimftm ngoég mxkstkah uf aég skf gymr.

M` amseuorkikmfth am `g rgakgekõf am dhfah am ikerhhfags dum `g ehftuf-amftm ehfrigekõf am `g ermmfekg mxtmfakag mftrm `g ehiufkaga ekmftéegam qum `gs igtmiçtkegs shf m` `mfjuglm mf m` qum mstç mserkth m` ufkvmrsh.Mf 74?5, Jg`k`mh Jg`k`mk p`gsiõ ufg am `gs içs dgihsgs igfkdmstgekhfms ammstg ermmfekg. @h nkzh mf su `korh M` mfsgygahr . Mf ë` mserkokõ< «M` ufkvmrsh


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Utugrt E`grb

fh pumam ehiprmfamrsm skf qum gftms gprmfagihs m` `mfjuglm y m` g`dgomthmf qum mstç ehipumsth. Mstç mserkth mf m` `mfjuglm am `gs igtmiçtkegs y sus

egrgetmrms shf trkçfju`hs, eéreu`hs y htrgs jurgs jmhiëtrkegs, skf `gs eug`msms nuigfgimftm kiphsko`m mftmfamr ufg sh`g am sus pg`gorgs. Ukf msm ̀ mfjuglm, fgvmjgihs mf uf hseurh `gomrkfth².

Smrh, ¸phr quë `hs füimrhs ngoégf am amserkokr tgf okmf m` ufkvmrsh8 ¸Ukjfk-eg msh qum `g rmg`kaga ms igtmiçtkeg h

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