ch01 coa10e stallings
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William StallingsComputer Organizationand Architecture10thEdition
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Chapter 1Basic Concepts andComputer Evolution
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Computer Architecture
The operational units and theirinterconnections that realize thearchitectural specifcations
Hardare details transparent tothe programmer! control signals!inter"aces #eteen the computerand peripherals! memor$technolog$ used
%nstruction set! num#er o" #itsused to represent various datat$pes! %&O mechanisms!techni'ues "or addressing memor$
Attri#utes o" a s$stem visi#le tothe programmerHave a direct impact on the logicale(ecution o" a program
Computer
Architecture
Architectural
attributesinclude:
ComputerOrganization
Organization
al attributesinclude:
Computer Organization
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+%B) S$stem
%B) S$stem&*+0 architecture Was introduced in 1,+0
%ncluded a num#er o" models
Could upgrade to a more e(pensive! "aster model ithout havingto a#andon original so"tare
-e models are introduced ith improved technolog$! #ut retainthe same architecture so that the customer.s so"tareinvestment is protected
Architecture has survived to this da$ as the architecture o" %B).s
main"rame product line
*+0 Architecture
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+Structure and /unction
Hierarchical s$stem
Set o" interrelatedsu#s$stems
Hierarchical nature o"comple( s$stems isessential to #oth theirdesign and their description
esigner need onl$ dealith a particular level o" thes$stem at a time
Concerned ith structureand "unction at each level
Structure
The a$ in hich
components relate toeach other
/unction
The operation o"
individual components aspart o" the structure
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+/unction
There are "our #asic "unctions that a computer can per"orm
ata processing
ata ma$ ta2e a ide variet$ o" "orms and the range o"processing re'uirements is #road
ata storage
Short3term
4ong3term
ata movement
%nput3output 5%&O6 3 hen data are received "rom or delivered toa device 5peripheral6 that is directl$ connected to the computer
ata communications 7 hen data are moved over longerdistances! to or "rom a remote device
Control
A control unit manages the computer.s resources andorchestrates the per"ormance o" its "unctional parts in responseto instructions
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Structure
Figure 1.1 A Top-Down View o a Computer
!ainmemor"
#$O
C%&
CO!%&T'(
)"stem*us
A+&(egisters
Control&nit
C%&
#nternal*us
Control &nit(egisters andDecoders
CO,T(O+&,#T
)euencing+ogic
Control!emor"
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+C89 7 controls the
operation o" the computerand per"orms its dataprocessing "unctions
)ain )emor$ 7 stores data
%&O 7 moves data #eteenthe computer and itse(ternal environment
S$stem %nterconnection 7some mechanism thatprovides "or communicationamong C89! main memor$!
and %&O
There are "ourmain structuralcomponents
o" thecomputer
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+C89
Control 9nit
Controls the operation o" the C89
and hence the computer
Arithmetic and 4ogic 9nit 5A496
8er"orms the computer.s dataprocessing "unction
:egisters
8rovide storage internal to theC89
C89 %nterconnection
Some mechanism that provides"or communication among thecontrol unit! A49! and registers
)a;or structural
components
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+)ulticore Computer Structure
Central processing unit 5C896
8ortion o" the computer that "etches and e(ecutes instructions
Consists o" an A49! a control unit! and registers
:e"erred to as a processor in a s$stem ith a single processing unit
Core
An individual processing unit on a processor chip
)a$ #e e'uivalent in "unctionalit$ to a C89 on a single3C89 s$stem
Specialized processing units are also re"erred to as cores
8rocessor A ph$sical piece o" silicon containing one or more cores
%s the computer component that interprets and e(ecutes instructions
:e"erred to as a multicore processor i" it contains multiple cores
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+Cache )emor$
)ultiple la$ers o" memor$ #eteen the processor andmain memor$
%s smaller and "aster than main memor$
9sed to speed up memor$ access #$ placing in thecache data "rom main memor$ that is li2el$ to #e usedin the near "uture
A greater per"ormance improvement ma$ #e o#tained#$ using multiple levels o" cache! ith level 1 5416closest to the core and additional levels 54
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Figure 1. )impli/ed View o !a0or 'lements o a !ulticore Computer
!OT'(*OA(D
%(OC'))O( C#%
CO('
%rocessorchip
!ain memor" chips
#$O chips
Core
+2 cache
#nstructionlogic
+1 #-cache
+ instructioncache
+ datacache
+1 data cache
Arithmeticand logic
unit 3A+&4
+oad$store logic
+2 cache
Core Core Core
Core Core Core Core
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/igure 1=*)other#oard ith To %ntel >uad3Core ?eon
8rocessors 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights resered.
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/igure 1=@
zEnterpriseEC1