ceballos: enciclopedia del lenguaje c++

7/23/2019 Ceballos: Enciclopedia del lenguaje C++

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Cnb`bklpci`h ick kcneshacB&&

=¡ ci`b`òn

Dbl. Aht`c} Bcmhkklr R`c}}h

_}ldcrl} y`yskh} ic khCrbsckh _lk`yàbn`bh Rspc}`l}Sn`tc}r`ihi ic Hkbhkè

jyyp1,,uuu.dabcmhkklr.cr



Cnb`bklpci`h ick kcneshac B&&. =¡ ci`b`òn.

Dbl. Aht`c} Bcmhkklr R c}}h

Ic kh ci`b`òn1 ]H'GH =??0

GH]BHR BLGC]B@HKCR1 Khr gh}bhr ic klr p}lisbylr b`yhilr cn ck blnycnìl ic cryc k`m}l

*rchn l nl gh}bhr }ce`ry}hihr) pc}ycncbcn h rsr }crpcby`tlr p}lp`cyh}`lr. ]H'GH nl cryè

hrlb`hih h n`neñn p}lisbyl l dhm}`bhnyc gcnb`lhil cn kh lm}h+ klr ihylr klr cacgpklr

sy`k`qhilr rln d`by`b`lr rhktl xsc rc `ni`xsc kl blny}h}`l.

]H'GH cr snh gh}bh blgc}b`hk }ce`ry}hih.

Rc jh pscryl ck gèz`gl cgpcøl cn ld}cbc} hk kcbyl} snh `ndl}ghb`òn blgpkcyh p}cb`rh.

R`n cgmh}el+ ]H'GH Ci`yl}`hk nl hrsgc n`nesnh }crplnrhm`kìhi ic}`thih ic rs srl+

n` yhgplbl pl} bshkxs`c} t`lkhb`òn ic phycnycr n` ly}lr ic}cbjlr ic yc}bc}hr ph}ycr xsc psi`c}hn

lbs}}`}. Cryh psmk`bhb`òn y`cnc pl} lmacyl p}lpl}b`lnh} snlr blnlb`g`cnylr p}cb`rlr hb}ci`yhilr

rlm}c ck ycgh y}hyhil. Rs tcnyh nl rsplnc ph}h ck ci`yl} n`nesnh dl}gh ic hr`rycnb`h kcehk+

hig`n`ry}hy`th n` ic n`neñn ly}l y`pl. Cn bhrl ic p}cb`rh}rc hrcrl}çh kcehk s ly}h dl}gh ic hsihczpc}yh+ icmcn msrbh}rc klr rc}t`b`lr ic sn p}ldcr`lnhk blgpcycnyc.

]crc}thilr ylilr klr ic}cbjlr ic psmk`bhb`òn cn bshkxs`c} ì`lgh.

Rceñn kl i`rpscryl cn ck Bòièl _cnhk tècnyc n`nesnh ph}yc ic cryc k`m}l pscic rc}

}cp}lisbìh+ e}hmhih cn r`rycgh ic hkghbcnhg`cnyl l y}hnrg`yìh cn dl}gh hkesnh n`

pl} bshkxs`c} p}lbci`g`cnyl+ h rch ckcby}òn`bl+ gcbèn`bl+ }cp}le}èd`bl+ ghenày`bl l

bshkxs`c} ly}l+ r`n hsyl}`qhb`òn p}ct`h pl} crb}`yl ic ]H'GH6 rs blnycnìl cryè p}lyceìl

pl} kh Kc tècnyc xsc cryhmkcbc pcnhr ic p}`r`òn ,l gskyhr h xs`cncr `nycnb`lnhihgcnyc+

}cp}lisac}cn l pkhe`h}cn+ cn ylil l cn ph}yc+ snh lm}h k`yc}h}`h+ h}yçry`bh l b`cnyçd`bh.

Ci`yhil pl}1

]H'GH Ci`yl}`hk

B, Ah}hgh+ 2H+ _lkçelnl `nisry}`hk @eh}rh

=::4? _H]HBSCKKLR ICK AH]HGH+ Ghi}ì

Yckàdlnl1 08 43: 9= :?

Yckcdhz1 08 44= :8 20

Bl}}cl ckcby}òn`bl1 ci`yl}`hkO}h'gh.blg

@nyc}ncy1 uuu.}h'gh.cr p uuu.}h'gh.blg

@RMN1 05:':9'5:05'083':

Icpòr`yl Kcehk1 G'zzzzz'=??0

Hsylci`b`òn1 Dbl. Aht`c} Bcmhkklr

D`kghb`òn c `gp}cr`òn1 <.

@gp}crl cn Crphøh

_}`gc}h `gp}cr`òn1 Hm}`k =??0



]CRSGCN ICK BLNYCN@IL_H]YC 8. _]LE]HGHB@ÒN MÈR@BH ................................. 8

BH_ÇYSKL 8. @NY]LISBB@ÒN H B&& ............................................................... 2

BH_ÇYSKL =. CKCGCNYLR ICK KCNESHAC B&& ........................................... =3

BH_ÇYSKL 2. CRY]SBYS]H IC SN _]LE]HGH .......................................... 30

BH_ÇYSKL 9. CNY]HIH P RHK@IH CRYÈNIH] ............................................ 05

BH_ÇYSKL 3. RCNYCNB@HR IC BLNY]LK ....................................................... 8=5

BH_ÇYSKL 4. Y@_LR CRY]SBYS]HILR IC IHYLR ...................................... 843

BH_ÇYSKL 5. _SNYC]LR+ ]CDC]CNB@HR P ECRY@ÒN IC KH GCGL]@H . ==3

BH_ÇYSKL :. GÈR RLM]C DSNB@LNCR ........................................................... =:8

_H]YC =. GCBHN@RGLR IC HMRY]HBB@ÒN ................... 222

BH_ÇYSKL 0. BKHRCR .......................................................................................... 223

BH_ÇYSKL 8?. L_C]HIL]CR RLM]CBH]EHILR ......................................... 9=8

BH_ÇYSKL 88. BKHRCR IC]@THIHR ................................................................ 9:2

BH_ÇYSKL 8=. _KHNY@KKHR ............................................................................... 350

BH_ÇYSKL 82. CZBC_B@LNCR ............................................................................ 4=2



T@@@ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

BH_ÇYSKL 89. DKSALR ......................................................................................... 448

_H]YC 2. I@RCØL P _]LE]HGHB@ÒN ............................. 5?5

BH_ÇYSKL 83. CRY]SBYS]HR I@NÈG@BHR ................................................... 5?0

BH_ÇYSKL 84. HKEL]@YGLR ............................................................................. 505

_H]YC 9. H_ÀNI@BCR ........................................................... :82

H. NLTCIHICR CN B&&?z .................................................................................. :83

M. KH M@MK@LYCBH CRYÈNIH] IC B&& ........................................................... :22

B. KH M@MK@LYCBH IC B ..................................................................................... :25

I. CNYL]NLR IC ICRH]]LKKL ...................................................................... :42

C. @NRYHKHB@ÒN ICK _HXSCYC IC ICRH]]LKKL ..................................... :50

D. BÒI@ELR IC BH]HBYC]CR ........................................................................... ::2



BLNYCN@IL_]ÒKLEL ......................................................................................................... ZZ@@@

_H]YC 8. _]LE]HGHB@ÒN MÈR@BH ................................ 8

BH_ÇYSKL 8. @NY]LISBB@ÒN H B&& ............................................................ 2¯¼_L] XSÀ H_]CNIC] B&&< .......................................................................... 9¯]CHK@QHB@ÒN IC SN _]LE]HGH CN B&& ............................................... 3¯

Bògl b}ch} sn p}le}hgh ................................................................................ 4¯¼Xsà jhbc cryc p}le}hgh< ......................................................................... 5¯Esh}ih} ck p}le}hgh crb}`yl cn ck i`rbl .................................................... :¯Blgp`kh} cacbsyh} ck p}le}hgh ............................................................... :¯M`mk`lycbh cryènih} ic B&& ....................................................................... :¯Icps}h} sn p}le}hgh ................................................................................ 8?¯

CAC]B@B@L ......................................................................................................... 88¯ICBKH]HB@ÒN IC SNH TH]@HMKC ........................................................... 8=¯HR@ENH] THKL]CR ........................................................................................ 83¯HØHI@] BLGCNYH]@LR ............................................................................... 84¯CZ_]CR@LNCR H]@YGÀY@BHR ...................................................................... 8:¯CZ_]CR@LNCR BLNI@B@LNHKCR ................................................................. 80¯CRB]@M@] NSCRY]HR _]L_@HR DSNB@LNCR............................................. ==¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. =2¯

BH_ÇYSKL =. CKCGCNYLR ICK KCNESHAC B&& ...................................... =3¯_]CRCNYHB@ÒN IC KH R@NYHZ@R IC B&& ................................................. =3¯BH]HBYC]CR IC B&& .................................................................................... =4¯



Z CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

Kcy}hr+ içe`ylr bh}èbyc} ic rsm}hhil .......................................................... =4¯Crphb`lr cn mkhnbl ......................................................................................... =4¯Bh}hbyc}cr crpcb`hkcr r`enlr ic psnyshb`òn ................................................ =5¯Rcbscnb`hr ic crbhpc ...................................................................................... =5¯

Y@_LR IC IHYLR ............................................................................................. =:¯Y`plr p}`g`y`tlr ............................................................................................. =:¯Y`plr ic}`thilr .............................................................................................. =0¯

Cnsgc}hb`lncr .......................................................................................... 2?¯Bkhrcr ........................................................................................................ 2=¯

R@NÒN@GLR IC SN Y@_L ................................................................................ 22¯K@YC]HKCR ....................................................................................................... 22¯

K`yc}hkcr cnyc}lr ............................................................................................. 29¯K`yc}hkcr }chkcr ............................................................................................... 23¯K`yc}hkcr ic sn rlkl bh}èbyc} ........................................................................... 23¯K`yc}hkcr ic bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr .................................................................. 24¯

@ICNY@D@BHIL]CR ......................................................................................... 24¯_HKHM]HR BKHTC .......................................................................................... 24¯ICBKH]HB@ÒN IC BLNRYHNYCR R@GMÒK@BHR ...................................... 25¯

¼_l} xsà sy`k`qh} blnryhnycr< .......................................................................... 2:¯ICBKH]HB@ÒN IC SNH TH]@HMKC ........................................................... 2:¯

@n`b`hb`òn ic snh th}`hmkc .............................................................................. 20¯L_C]HIL]CR ................................................................................................... 20¯

Lpc}hil}cr h}`ygày`blr ................................................................................... 20¯Lpc}hil}cr ic }ckhb`òn ................................................................................... 9?¯Lpc}hil}cr kòe`blr ......................................................................................... 98¯Lpc}hil}cr sn`yh}`lr ...................................................................................... 9=¯Lpc}hil}cr h n`tck ic m`yr .............................................................................. 92¯Lpc}hil}cr ic hr`enhb`òn .............................................................................. 92¯Lpc}hil} blni`b`lnhk ..................................................................................... 94¯Ly}lr lpc}hil}cr ............................................................................................ 95¯

Lpc}hil} eklmhk ic }crlksb`òn ic ègm`yl *11) ........................................ 95¯Lpc}hil} r`qcld ......................................................................................... 9:¯Lpc}hil} blgh .......................................................................................... 9:¯Lpc}hil} i`}cbb`òn'ic .............................................................................. 90¯Lpc}hil} ic `ni`}cbb`òn ............................................................................ 90¯Lpc}hil} }cdc}cnb`h h ................................................................................ 3?¯

_]@L]@IHI P L]ICN IC CTHKSHB@ÒN ................................................... 3=¯BLNTC]R@ÒN CNY]C Y@_LR IC IHYLR ..................................................... 32¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 34¯



BLNYCN@IL Z@

BH_ÇYSKL 2. CRY]SBYS]H IC SN _]LE]HGH ...................................... 30¯_H]HI@EGHR IC _]LE]HGHB@ÒN ........................................................... 30¯CRY]SBYS]H IC SN _]LE]HGH B&& ...................................................... 4?¯

I`}cby}`bcr ph}h ck p}cp}lbcrhil} ................................................................... 42¯@nbksr`òn `nblni`b`lnhk ............................................................................. 49¯Icd`n`b`òn ic sn `icny`d`bhil} .................................................................. 49¯@nbksr`òn blni`b`lnhk ................................................................................ 43¯

Icd`n`b`lncr icbkh}hb`lncr.......................................................................... 43¯Rcnycnb`h r`gpkc ............................................................................................ 44¯Rcnycnb`h blgpscryh l mklxsc ....................................................................... 44¯Dsnb`lncr ....................................................................................................... 45¯

Icbkh}hb`òn ic snh dsnb`òn ...................................................................... 45¯Icd`n`b`òn ic snh dsnb`òn ......................................................................... 5?¯Kkhghih h snh dsnb`òn .............................................................................. 5=¯

Dsnb`òn gh`n .................................................................................................. 5=¯_HRHNIL H]ESGCNYLR H KHR DSNB@LNCR .......................................... 52¯_]LE]HGH B&& DL]GHIL _L] TH]@LR GÒISKLR ............................ 5:¯ÈGM@YL IC SN NLGM]C .............................................................................. :8¯

Nlgm}cr eklmhkcr klbhkcr ............................................................................ :8¯BKHRCR IC HKGHBCNHG@CNYL IC SNH TH]@HMKC............................ :2¯

Bhk`d`bhb`òn ic th}`hmkcr eklmhkcr .................................................................. :2¯Bhk`d`bhb`òn ic th}`hmkcr klbhkcr .................................................................... :3¯

CR_HB@LR IC NLGM]CR ............................................................................... :5¯I`}cby}`q sr`ne ................................................................................................ :0¯

CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 08¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 0=¯

BH_ÇYSKL 9. CNY]HIH P RHK@IH CRYÈNIH] ......................................... 05¯CNY]HIH P RHK@IH ...................................................................................... 0:¯Dksalr ic rhk`ih............................................................................................... 00¯

Dksalr ic cny}hih ............................................................................................ 8?8¯CRYHIL IC SN DKSAL ................................................................................... 8?9¯ICRBH]YH] BH]HBYC]CR ICK DKSAL IC CNY]HIH .......................... 8?4¯CNY]HIH,RHK@IH BLN DL]GHYL ............................................................ 8?5¯CNY]HIH IC BH]HBYC]CR......................................................................... 88=¯BH]ÈBYC] D@N IC D@BJC]L ........................................................................ 882¯BH]ÈBYC] [n ................................................................................................... 883¯CNY]HIH IC BHICNHR IC BH]HBYC]CR .............................................. 885¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 885¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 8==¯



Z@@ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

BH_ÇYSKL 3. RCNYCNB@HR IC BLNY]LK ................................................... 8=5¯RCNYCNB@H `d ................................................................................................... 8=5¯HN@IHG@CNYL IC RCNYCNB@HR `d ............................................................. 8=0¯CRY]SBYS]H ckrc `d ........................................................................................ 82=¯RCNYCNB@H ru`ybj ........................................................................................... 829¯RCNYCNB@H uj`kc ............................................................................................. 825¯

Msbkcr hn`ihilr .............................................................................................. 89?¯RCNYCNB@H il ... uj`kc .................................................................................... 89=¯RCNYCNB@H dl} ................................................................................................. 893¯RCNYCNB@H m}chf ............................................................................................. 890¯RCNYCNB@H blny`nsc ........................................................................................ 83?¯RCNYCNB@H elyl .............................................................................................. 83?¯RCNYCNB@HR y} ... bhybj.................................................................................. 83=¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 832¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 835¯

BH_ÇYSKL 4. Y@_LR CRY]SBYS]HILR IC IHYLR .................................. 843¯@NY]LISBB@ÒN H KHR GHY]@BCR ............................................................. 844¯GHY]@BCR NSGÀ]@BHR SN@I@GCNR@LNHKCR ........................................ 845¯

Icd`n`} snh ghy}`q .......................................................................................... 845¯Hbbcic} h klr ckcgcnylr ic snh ghy}`q .......................................................... 84:¯@n`b`h} snh ghy}`q ........................................................................................... 840¯Y}hmhah} bln ghy}`bcr sn`i`gcnr`lnhkcr ........................................................ 85?¯Y`pl yhghøl ic snh ghy}`q .......................................................................... 85=¯Tcbyl} ............................................................................................................. 85=¯

Hbbcrl h klr ckcgcnylr ............................................................................. 852¯@yc}hil}cr................................................................................................... 859¯Yhghøl ..................................................................................................... 853¯Ck`g`nh} ckcgcnylr ................................................................................... 853¯Msrbh} ckcgcnylr ...................................................................................... 853¯@nrc}yh} ckcgcnylr ..................................................................................... 853¯Cacgpkl ..................................................................................................... 854¯

Ghy}`bcr hrlb`hy`thr ....................................................................................... 85:¯Ghp ................................................................................................................ 8:?¯

BHICNHR IC BH]HBYC]CR ......................................................................... 8:2¯Kcc} crb}`m`} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr ........................................................ 8:9¯Ry}`ne .............................................................................................................. 8:3¯

Blnry}sbyl}cr ............................................................................................ 8:3¯@yc}hil}cr................................................................................................... 8:4¯Hbbcrl h sn bh}èbyc} ................................................................................. 8:4¯



BLNYCN@IL Z@@@

Hrènhb`òn ................................................................................................ 8:4¯Blntc}r`lncr h bhicnhr cry kl B ............................................................... 8:5¯Blgph}hb`lncr .......................................................................................... 8:5¯@nrc}b`òn .................................................................................................... 8::¯Blnbhycnhb`òn ........................................................................................... 8:0¯Mñrxscih ................................................................................................... 8:0¯]ccgpkhqh} ............................................................................................... 8:0¯Rsmbhicnhr ................................................................................................ 8:0¯Yhghøl ..................................................................................................... 80?¯Lpc}hb`lncr ic C,R ................................................................................... 80?¯

GHY]@BCR GSKY@I@GCNR@LNHKCR ........................................................... 808¯Ghy}`bcr nsgà}`bhr gskyì`gcnr`lnhkcr ........................................................ 808¯Ghy}`bcr ic bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr .................................................................. 805¯Ghy}`bcr ic lmacylr ry}`ne .............................................................................. 80:¯

RCNYCNB@H dl}\chbj ........................................................................................ =?8¯CRY]SBYS]HR ................................................................................................ =?8¯

Icd`n`} snh cry}sbys}h ..................................................................................... =?=¯Ghy}`bcr ic cry}sbys}hr ................................................................................... =?4¯

SN@LNCR ........................................................................................................... =?:¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... =8?¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. =8:¯

BH_ÇYSKL 5. _SNYC]LR+ ]CDC]CNB@HR P ECRY@ÒN IC KH GCGL]@H . ==3¯B]CHB@ÒN IC _SNYC]LR ............................................................................ ==3¯

Lpc}hil}cr ..................................................................................................... ==5¯@gpl}yhnb`h ick y`pl ick lmacyl hk xsc rc hpsnyh ............................................ ==:¯

L_C]HB@LNCR BLN _SNYC]LR .................................................................. ==:¯Lpc}hb`òn ic hrènhb`òn ................................................................................ ==0¯Lpc}hb`lncr h}`ygày`bhr ................................................................................. ==0¯Blgph}hb`òn ic psnyc}lr ............................................................................... =28¯_snyc}lr ecnà}`blr ......................................................................................... =28¯_snyc}l nskl ................................................................................................... =2=¯_snyc}lr lmacylr blnryhnycr ........................................................................ =2=¯

]CDC]CNB@HR .................................................................................................. =22¯_hrl ic ph}ègcy}lr pl} }cdc}cnb`h ................................................................. =22¯

_SNYC]LR P GHY]@BCR ............................................................................... =23¯_snyc}lr h bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr .................................................................... =20¯

GHY]@BCR IC _SNYC]LR ............................................................................. =98¯_snyc}lr h psnyc}lr ........................................................................................ =92¯Ghy}`q ic psnyc}lr h bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr ................................................... =94¯

HR@ENHB@ÒN I@NÈG@BH IC GCGL]@H .................................................... =9:¯



Z@T CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

Lpc}hil}cr ph}h hrènhb`òn i`nèg`bh ic gcgl}`h ........................................ =90¯ncu ............................................................................................................ =90¯ickcyc ......................................................................................................... =38¯

]chrènh} sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h ................................................................... =3=¯GHY]@BCR I@NÈG@BHR ................................................................................. =39¯_SNYC]LR H CRY]SBYS]HR ....................................................................... =3:¯_SNYC]LR BLGL _H]ÈGCY]LR CN DSNB@LNCR .................................. =4?¯ICBKH]HB@LNCR BLG_KCAHR .................................................................... =49¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... =43¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. =5=¯

BH_ÇYSKL :. GÈR RLM]C DSNB@LNCR ........................................................ =:8¯_HRH] SNH GHY]@Q BLGL H]ESGCNYL H SNH DSNB@ÒN .............. =:8¯

Ghy}`bcr hsylgèy`bhr ...................................................................................... =:=¯Ghy}`bcr i`nèg`bhr blnycncil}cr ............................................................... =:9¯

_HRH] SN _SNYC]L BLGL H]ESGCNYL H SNH DSNB@ÒN .............. =:4¯_HRH] SNH CRY]SBYS]H H SNH DSNB@ÒN ........................................... =0?¯IHYLR ]CYL]NHILR _L] SNH DSNB@ÒN ............................................... =02¯

]cyl}nh} snh blp`h ic klr ihylr ..................................................................... =02¯]cyl}nh} sn psnyc}l hk mklxsc ic ihylr.......................................................... =03¯]cyl}nh} kh i`}cbb`òn ic snh th}`hmkc icbkh}hih ryhy`b ................................... =05¯]cyl}nh} snh }cdc}cnb`h .................................................................................. =00¯

H]ESGCNYLR CN KH KÇNCH IC Ò]ICNCR .............................................. 2?8¯]CI@]CBB@ÒN IC KH CNY]HIH P IC KH RHK@IH ................................. 2?2¯DSNB@LNCR ]CBS]R@THR ............................................................................. 2?3¯_H]ÈGCY]LR _L] LG@R@ÒN CN SNH DSNB@ÒN ..................................... 2?5¯DSNB@LNCR CN KÇNCH ................................................................................... 2?0¯GHB]LR ............................................................................................................ 28?¯DSNB@LNCR RLM]CBH]EHIHR ................................................................... 288¯

Hgmèûcihicr ................................................................................................ 282¯L_C]HIL]CR RLM]CBH]EHILR ............................................................... 289¯_SNYC]LR H DSNB@LNCR ............................................................................. 283¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 2=?¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 2=3¯

_H]YC =. GCBHN@RGLR IC HMRY]HBB@ÒN ................... 222

BH_ÇYSKL 0. BKHRCR ........................................................................................ 223¯ICD@N@B@ÒN IC SNH BKHRC ........................................................................ 223¯



BLNYCN@IL ZT

Hy}`msylr ........................................................................................................ 225¯Gàylilr ic snh bkhrc ..................................................................................... 22:¯Blny}lk ic hbbcrl h klr g`cgm}lr ic kh bkhrc ................................................ 220¯

Hbbcrl pñmk`bl .......................................................................................... 29?¯Hbbcrl p}`thil.......................................................................................... 298¯Hbbcrl p}lyceìl ...................................................................................... 298¯

Bkhrcr cn d`bjc}lr ic bhmcbc}h ....................................................................... 298¯@G_KCGCNYHB@ÒN IC SNH BKHRC ........................................................... 293¯GÀYLILR RLM]CBH]EHILR ...................................................................... 29:¯_H]ÈGCY]LR BLN THKL]CR _L] LG@R@ÒN .......................................... 23?¯@G_KCGCNYHB@ÒN IC SNH H_K@BHB@ÒN ................................................ 238¯CK _SNYC]L @G_KÇB@YL yj`r ......................................................................... 23=¯GÀYLILR P LMACYLR BLNRYHNYCR ......................................................... 239¯@N@B@HB@ÒN IC SN LMACYL .......................................................................... 234¯

Blnry}sbyl} ..................................................................................................... 23:¯Hrènhb`òn ic lmacylr .................................................................................... 24=¯Blnry}sbyl} blp`h ........................................................................................... 242¯

ICRY]SBB@ÒN IC LMACYLR......................................................................... 249¯Icry}sbyl} ....................................................................................................... 243¯

_SNYC]LR BLGL HY]@MSYLR IC SNH BKHRC ...................................... 244¯G@CGM]LR RYHY@B IC SNH BKHRC ........................................................... 253¯

Hy}`msylr ryhy`b ............................................................................................... 253¯Hbbcic} h klr hy}`msylr ryhy`b .......................................................................... 255¯Gàylilr ryhy`b ................................................................................................ 25:¯

HY]@MSYLR XSC RLN LMACYLR .................................................................. 2:?¯BKHRCR @NYC]NHR ......................................................................................... 2:=¯@NYCE]@IHI IC KLR IHYLR ....................................................................... 2:9¯ICTLKTC] SN _SNYC]L L SNH ]CDC]CNB@H ...................................... 2:4¯GHY]@BCR IC LMACYLR ................................................................................ 2:5¯DSNB@LNCR HG@EHR IC SNH BKHRC ........................................................ 205¯_SNYC]LR H KLR G@CGM]LR IC SNH BKHRC ........................................ 9??¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 9?9¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 980¯

BH_ÇYSKL 8?. L_C]HIL]CR RLM]CBH]EHILR ..................................... 9=8¯RLM]CBH]EH] SN L_C]HIL] .................................................................. 9=8¯SNH BKHRC _H]H NÑGC]LR ]HB@LNHKCR ............................................ 9=:¯RLM]CBH]EH IC L_C]HIL]CR M@NH]@LR ............................................. 92?¯

Rlm}cbh}eh ic lpc}hil}cr ic hrènhb`òn ........................................................ 92?¯Rlm}cbh}eh ic lpc}hil}cr h}`ygày`blr ............................................................ 92=¯H}`ygày`bh g`zyh............................................................................................. 929¯



ZT@ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

Rlm}cbh}eh ic lpc}hil}cr ic }ckhb`òn ............................................................ 924¯Gàylilr hi`b`lnhkcr ....................................................................................... 924¯Rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} ic `nrc}b`òn ............................................................ 925¯Rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} ic czy}hbb`òn .......................................................... 99?¯

RLM]CBH]EH IC L_C]HIL]CR SNH]@LR .............................................. 99=¯@nb}cgcnyl icb}cgcnyl ............................................................................... 99=¯Lpc}hil}cr snh}`lr,m`nh}`lr........................................................................... 999¯

BLNTC]R@ÒN IC Y@_LR ICD@N@ILR _L] CK SRSH]@L ......................... 999¯Blntc}r`òn gci`hnyc blnry}sbyl}cr ............................................................... 994¯Lpc}hil}cr ic blntc}r`òn .............................................................................. 995¯Hgm`eûcihicr ................................................................................................ 938¯

HR@ENHB@ÒN .................................................................................................... 938¯@NICZHB@ÒN .................................................................................................... 932¯KKHGHIH H DSNB@ÒN .................................................................................. 939¯ICR]CDC]CNB@H ............................................................................................. 934¯RLM]CBH]EH IC KLR L_C]HIL]CR ncu ickcyc ................................... 93:¯

Rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} ncu ......................................................................... 93:¯Rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} ickcyc ...................................................................... 948¯

CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 942¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 9:?¯

BH_ÇYSKL 88. BKHRCR IC]@THIHR .............................................................. 9:2¯BKHRCR IC]@THIHR P JC]CNB@H ............................................................. 9:9¯ICD@N@] SNH BKHRC IC]@THIH ................................................................ 9::¯

Blny}lk ic hbbcrl h kh bkhrc mhrc ................................................................... 9:0¯Blny}lk ic hbbcrl h klr g`cgm}lr ic khr bkhrcr ............................................. 90?¯Xsà g`cgm}lr jc}cih snh bkhrc ic}`thih ...................................................... 908¯

HY]@MSYLR BLN CK G@RGL NLGM]C ....................................................... 904¯]CICD@N@] GÀYLILR IC KH BKHRC MHRC .............................................. 90:¯BLNRY]SBYL]CR IC BKHRCR IC]@THIHR ............................................. 3??¯BL_@H IC LMACYLR ........................................................................................ 3?2¯ICRY]SBYL]CR IC BKHRCR IC]@THIHR ................................................ 3?4¯AC]H]XSÇH IC BKHRCR ................................................................................ 3?4¯DSNB@LNCR HG@EHR ...................................................................................... 389¯_SNYC]LR P ]CDC]CNB@HR ........................................................................ 384¯

Blntc}r`lncr `gpkçb`yhr ................................................................................. 385¯]cry}`bb`lncr ............................................................................................. 380¯

Blntc}r`lncr czpkçb`yhr .................................................................................. 3=?¯GÀYLILR T@]YSHKCR .................................................................................. 3==¯

Bògl rln `gpkcgcnyhilr klr gàylilr t`}yshkcr ........................................... 3=4¯Blnry}sbyl}cr t`}yshkcr ................................................................................... 3=:¯



BLNYCN@IL ZT@@

Icry}sbyl}cr t`}yshkcr ..................................................................................... 32?¯@NDL]GHB@ÒN IC Y@_LR IS]HNYC KH CACBSB@ÒN ............................. 32=¯

Lpc}hil} inhg`b\bhry .................................................................................. 32=¯Lpc}hil} ypc`i.............................................................................................. 323¯

_LK@GL]D@RGL ............................................................................................... 323¯BKHRCR HMRY]HBYHR ................................................................................... 33?¯JC]CNB@H GÑKY@_KC .................................................................................... 33=¯

Bkhrcr mhrc t`}yshkcr ...................................................................................... 334¯]cicd`n`b`òn ic gàylilr ic mhrcr t`}yshkcr ................................................... 34?¯Blntc}r`lncr cny}c bkhrcr .............................................................................. 34=¯

CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 342¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 353¯

BH_ÇYSKL 8=. _KHNY@KKHR ............................................................................ 350¯ICD@N@B@ÒN IC SNH _KHNY@KKH ............................................................... 3:?¯DSNB@LNCR ECNÀ]@BHR ............................................................................... 3:=¯

Crpcb`hk`qhb`òn ic pkhny`kkhr ic dsnb`òn ........................................................ 3:4¯Rlm}cbh}eh ic pkhny`kkhr ic dsnb`òn ............................................................... 3::¯

L]EHN@QHB@ÒN ICK BÒI@EL IC KHR _KHNY@KKHR ............................. 30?¯D`bjc}l ñn`bl.................................................................................................. 30?¯D`bjc}l ic icbkh}hb`lncr d`bjc}l ic icd`n`b`lncr ....................................... 308¯D`bjc}l ñn`bl blgm`nhb`òn ic ly}lr .............................................................. 302¯

BKHRCR ECNÀ]@BHR....................................................................................... 309¯Icbkh}hb`òn p}ct`h ic snh bkhrc ecnà}`bh ...................................................... 300¯Crpcb`hk`qhb`òn ic pkhny`kkhr ic bkhrc............................................................. 300¯Ic}`thb`òn ic pkhny`kkhr ................................................................................. 4?3¯Ly}hr bh}hbyc}çry`bhr ic khr pkhny`kkhr .............................................................. 4?:¯

CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 488¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 4=?¯

BH_ÇYSKL 82. CZBC_B@LNCR ......................................................................... 4=2¯CZBC_B@LNCR IC B&& ................................................................................... 4=3¯GHNCAH] CZBC_B@LNCR .............................................................................. 4=:¯

Khnqh} snh czbcpb`òn ..................................................................................... 4=0¯Bhpys}h} snh czbcpb`òn .................................................................................. 4=0¯Czbcpb`lncr ic}`thihr ................................................................................... 428¯Bhpys}h} bshkxs`c} czbcpb`òn ......................................................................... 42=¯]ckhnqh} snh czbcpb`òn.................................................................................. 422¯

B]CH] CZBC_B@LNCR ................................................................................... 422¯Crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic czbcpb`lncr ....................................................................... 429¯



ZT@@@ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

Czbcpb`lncr nl crpc}hihr .............................................................................. 423¯DKSAL IC CACBSB@ÒN .................................................................................... 425¯BSÈNIL SY@K@QH] CZBC_B@LNCR P BSÈNIL NL ................................ 49=¯HIXS@R@B@ÒN IC ]CBS]RLR ....................................................................... 492¯

_snyc}lr `nyck`ecnycr ...................................................................................... 490¯CAC]B@B@LR ]CRSCKYLR ............................................................................... 432¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 430¯

BH_ÇYSKL 89. DKSA LR ....................................................................................... 448¯T@R@ÒN ECNC]HK IC KLR DKSALR IC C,R ................................................. 442¯MÑDC]CR ........................................................................................................... 449¯T@R@ÒN ECNC]HK IC SN D@BJC]L ............................................................. 444¯ICRB]@_B@ÒN IC KLR MÑDC]CR P DKSALR .............................................. 45?¯

Bkhrc ry}chgmsd .............................................................................................. 45?¯Bkhrc d`kcmsd ................................................................................................... 458¯Bkhrc lry}chg ................................................................................................. 452¯Bkhrc `ry}chg .................................................................................................. 453¯Bkhrc `lry}chg ................................................................................................ 45:¯Bkhrc ldry}chg ................................................................................................ 450¯Bkhrc `dry}chg ................................................................................................. 4:8¯Bkhrc dry}chg .................................................................................................. 4:2¯

C,R SY@K@QHNIL ]CE@RY]LR ....................................................................... 4:3¯CRB]@M@] IHYLR CN KH @G_]CRL]H ........................................................ 4:5¯HM]@CNIL D@BJC]LR _H]H HBBCRL RCBSCNB@HK .............................. 4:5¯

Sn cacgpkl ic hbbcrl rcbscnb`hk ................................................................... 4::¯HBBCRL HKCHYL]@L H D@BJC]LR CN CK I@RBL .................................... 40:¯CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 5?2¯

_H]YC 2. I@RCØL P _]LE]HGHB@ÒN ............................. 5?5

BH_ÇYSKL 83. CRY]SBYS]HR I@NÈG@BHR ................................................ 5?0¯K@RYHR K@NCHKCR ........................................................................................... 58?¯

K`ryhr k`nchkcr r`gpkcgcnyc cnkhqhihr ........................................................... 58?¯Lpc}hb`lncr mèr`bhr ....................................................................................... 582¯

@nrc}b`òn ic sn ckcgcnyl hk blg`cnql ic kh k`ryh ...................................... 589¯Msrbh} cn snh k`ryh sn ckcgcnyl bln sn thkl} z ........................................ 583¯@nrc}b`òn ic sn ckcgcnyl cn ecnc}hk ......................................................... 584¯Ml}}h} sn ckcgcnyl ic kh k`ryh ................................................................... 585¯]cbl}}c} snh k`ryh ...................................................................................... 58:¯



BLNYCN@IL Z@Z

Ml}}h} ylilr klr ckcgcnylr ic snh k`ryh .................................................... 58:¯SNH BKHRC _H]H K@RYHR K@NCHKCR ........................................................ 580¯

Bkhrc ecnà}`bh ph}h k`ryhr k nchkcr .................................................................. 5==¯Blnr`rycnb`h ic kh hpk`bhb`òn ......................................................................... 528¯

K@RYHR B@]BSKH]CR ..................................................................................... 522¯Bkhrc BK`ryhB`}bskh}RC;Y>........................................................................... 529¯

_@KHR .................................................................................................................. 520¯BLKHR ................................................................................................................ 598¯CACG_KL ........................................................................................................... 592¯K@RYH ILMKCGCNYC CNKHQHIH ............................................................... 594¯

K`ryh b`}bskh} ilmkcgcnyc cnkhqhih ................................................................ 594¯Bkhrc BK`ryhB`}bskh}IC;Y> ..................................................................... 595¯Cacgpkl ..................................................................................................... 539¯È]MLKCR ........................................................................................................... 534¯

È}mlkcr m`nh}`lr ............................................................................................. 535¯Dl}ghr ic }cbl}}c} sn è}mlk m`nh}`l ............................................................... 530¯

È]MLKCR M@NH]@LR IC MÑRXSCIH .......................................................... 548¯Bkhrc BH}mlkM`nM;Y> .................................................................................. 54=¯Msrbh} sn nlil cn ck è}mlk ............................................................................. 544¯@nrc}yh} sn nlil cn ck è}mlk ............................................................................ 545¯Ml}}h} sn nlil ick è}mlk ................................................................................ 54:¯Sy`k`qhb`òn ic kh bkhrc BH}mlkM`nM;Y> ........................................................ 558¯

È]MLKCR M@NH]@LR _C]DCBYHGCNYC CXS@K@M]HILR ...................... 559¯Bkhrc BH}mlkM`nC;Y> ................................................................................... 553¯Sy`k`qhb`òn ic kh bkhrc BH}mlkM`nC;Y> ........................................................ 5:2¯

BKHRCR ]CKHB@LNHIHR IC KH M@MK@LYCBH B&& ................................. 5:4¯_khny`kkh k`ry .................................................................................................... 5:4¯

CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. 5:0¯

BH_ÇYSKL 84. HKEL]@YGLR .......................................................................... 505¯L]ICNHB@ÒN IC IHYLR .............................................................................. 505¯

Gàylil ic kh ms}msah ..................................................................................... 50:¯Gàylil ic `nrc}b`òn ....................................................................................... :?8¯Gàylil xs`bfrl}y ........................................................................................... :?=¯Blgph}hb`òn ic klr gàylilr czpscrylr......................................................... :?9¯

MÑRXSCIH IC IHYLR .................................................................................. :?3¯Mñrxscih rcbscnb`hk ...................................................................................... :?3¯Mñrxscih m`nh}`h ............................................................................................ :?3¯Mñrxscih ic bhicnhr ..................................................................................... :?4¯

BKHRCR ]CKHB@LNHIHR IC KH M@MK@LYCBH B&& ................................. :8?¯Glil ic cgpkcl ic klr hkel}`yglr ................................................................ :88¯



ZZ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

CAC]B@B@LR _]L_SCRYLR ............................................................................. :8=¯

_H]YC 9. H_ÀNI@BCR ........................................................... :82

NLTCIHICR IC B&&?z ...................................................................................... :83¯KH M@MK@LYCBH CRYÈNIH] IC B&& ............................................................ :22¯KH M@MK@LYCBH IC B ........................................................................................ :25¯CNYL]NLR IC ICRH]]LKKL ........................................................................ :42¯@NRYHKHB@ÒN ICK _HXSCYC IC ICRH]]LKKL ..................................... :50¯BÒI@ELR IC BH]HBYC]CR ............................................................................ ::2

ÇNI@BC .................................................................................................................. ::0



_]ÒKLELSn p}le}hgh y}hi`b`lnhk rc blgplnc ic p}lbci`g`cnylr ic ihylr. Sn p}le}hghl}`cnyhil h lmacylr blnr`ryc rlkhgcnyc cn lmacylr+ cnycni`cnil pl} lmacyl snh cn'yìhi xsc y`cnc snlr hy}`msylr ph}y`bskh}cr+ klr ihylr+ snhr dl}ghr ic lpc}h} rl'm}c ckklr+ klr gàylilr l p}lbci`g`cnylr.

Kh p}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr cr snh ic khr yàbn`bhr gèr glic}nhr

xsc y}hyh ic i`rg`ns`} ck blryc ick rldyuh}c+ hsgcnyhnil kh cd`b`cnb`h cn kh p}l'e}hghb`òn }cisb`cnil ck y`cgpl ncbcrh}`l ph}h ck icrh}}lkkl ic snh hpk`bhb`òn.Bln kh p}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr+ klr p}le}hghr y`cncn gcnlr kçnchr icbòièl+ gcnlr rcnycnb`hr ic m`ds}bhb`òn+ gòisklr xsc rln gèr blgp}cnr`mkcrpl}xsc }cdkcahn ic snh dl}gh bkh}h kh }ckhb`òn cz`rycnyc cny}c bhih blnbcpyl h icrh'}}lkkh} bhih lmacyl xsc `nyc}t`cnc cn i`bjl icrh}}lkkl. Ilnic kh p}le}hghb`ònl}`cnyhih h lmacylr ylgh tc}ihic}h tcnyhah cr cn kh blgph}y`b`òn }csy`k`qhb`ònick bòièl.

R`n cgmh}el+ nl icmc pcnrh}rc xsc kh p}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr }c'

rscktc ylilr klr p}lmkcghr ic snh dl}gh rcnb`kkh }èpìh. _h}h blnrces`} mscnlr}crskyhilr+ cr p}cb`rl ici`bh} sn y`cgpl rèn`d`bhy`thgcnyc rspc}`l} hk hnèk`r`r hk i`rcøl. Nl lmryhnyc+ àryc nl cr sn y`cgpl pc}iìl+ h xsc r`gpk`d`bh}è cnl}'gcgcnyc kh }chk`qhb`òn ic hpk`bhb`lncr dsys}hr.

Rceñn kl czpscryl+ khr tcnyhahr ic kh p}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr rlnrsryhnb`hkcr. _c}l yhgm`àn p}crcnyh `nblntcn`cnycr6 pl} cacgpkl+ kh cacbsb`òn icsn p}le}hgh nl ehnh cn tcklbìhi lmkèh hk srsh}`l h hp}cnic}rc snh hgpk`h m`'mk`lycbh ic bkhrcr hnycr ic cgpcqh} h ghn`pskh} sn kcneshac l}`cnyhil h lmacylr.

Cz`rycn th}`lr kcneshacr xsc pc}g`ycn crb}`m`} sn p}le}hgh l}`cnyhil h lmac'ylr cny}c ckklr rc cnbscny}h B&&. Rc y}hyh ic sn kcneshac ic p}le}hghb`òn mhrh'



ZZ@T CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

il cn ck kcneshac B+ cryhnih}`qhil *@RL,@CB ‒ @nyc}nhy`lnhk L}ehn`qhy`ln dl}

Ryhnih}i`qhy`ln,@nyc}nhy`lnhk Ckcby}lycbjn`bhk Blgg`rr`ln) hgpk`hgcnyc i`'dsniìl. E}hb`hr h cryh cryhnih}`qhb`òn h kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih}+ B&& rc jh bln'tc}yìl cn sn kcneshac plycnyc+ cd`b`cnyc rces}l+ bh}hbyc}çry`bhr xsc jhn jcbjlic àk sn kcneshac sn`tc}rhk ic p}lpòr`yl ecnc}hk hgpk`hgcnyc sy`k`qhil+ yhnyl cn ckègm`yl p}ldcr`lnhk blgl cn ck cisbhy`tl+ blgpcy`y`tl d}cnyc h ly}lr kcneshacrblgl B" ic G`b}lrldy l Ahth ic Rsn G`b}lrrycgr. Ctìcnycgcnyc+ hkesnhr nsc'thr bh}hbyc}çry`bhr xsc rc jhn `nbl}pl}hil h B" l h Ahth nl cryèn rlpl}yhihr cn khhbyshkìhi+ blgl cr ck bhrl ic kh }cblkcbb`òn ic mhrs}h6 nl lmryhnyc+ cz`rycn czbc'kcnycr }cblkcbyl}cr ic mhrs}h ic B&&+ yhnyl blgc}b`hkcr blgl e}hys`ylr+ xsc }c'rscktcn cryc p}lmkcgh. Ly}l dsys}l icrh}}lkkl p}ct`ryl cr kh hgpk`hb`òn ic kh m`'mk`lycbh cryènih} ph}h icrh}}lkkh} hpk`bhb`lncr bln `nyc}dhq e}èd`bh ic srsh}`l.

¼_l} xsà B&&< _l}xsc plrcc bh}hbyc}çry`bhr rspc}`l}cr h ly}lr kcneshacr. Khrgèr `gpl}yhnycr rln1

• _}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr. Cryh bh}hbyc}çry`bh pc}g`yc hk p}le}hghil}i`rcøh} hpk`bhb`lncr pcnrhnil gèr m`cn cn kh blgsn`bhb`òn cny}c lmacylr xsccn snh rcbscnb`h cry}sbys}hih ic bòièl. Hicgèr+ pc}g`yc kh }csy`k`qhb`òn ickbòièl ic snh dl}gh gèr kòe`bh p}lisby`th.

• _l}yhm`kìhi . _}èby`bhgcnyc rc pscic blgp`kh} ck g`rgl bòièl B&& cn khbhr` ylyhkìhi ic l}icnhil}cr r`rycghr lpc}hy`tlr r`n hpcnhr jhbc} bhgm`lr._l} crl B&& cr snl ic klr kcneshacr gèr sy`k`qhilr pl}yhilr h i`dc}cnycrpkhyhdl}ghr.

• M}ctcihi . Ck bòièl crb}`yl cn B&& cr gs bl}yl cn blgph}hb`òn bln ly}lrkcneshacr+ icmìl h kh dhb`kìhi bln kh xsc rc pscicn hnìh} czp}cr`lncr h khe}hn bhnyìhi ic lpc}hil}cr.

• _}le}hghb`òn gliskh} . Ck bsc}pl ic snh hpk`bhb`òn cn B&& pscic blnry}s`}'

rc h ph}y`} ic th}`lr d`bjc}lr dscnyc xsc rc}èn blgp`khilr rcph}hihgcnyc ph}hicrpsàr rc} cnkhqhilr ylilr asnylr. Cryl rsplnc sn hjl}}l ic y`cgpl is}hnycck i`rcøl+ h xsc bhih tcq xsc rc }chk`bc snh gli`d`bhb`òn cn snl ic ckklr nlcr ncbcrh}`l }cblgp`kh} kh hpk`bhb`òn blgpkcyh+ r`nl ròkl ck d`bjc}l xsc rcgli`d`bò.

• Blgphy`m`kìhi bln B . Bshkxs`c} bòièl crb}`yl cn B pscic dèb`kgcnyc rc} `n'bksìl cn sn p}le}hgh B&& r`n hpcnhr bhgm`lr.

• Tcklbìhi . Ck bòièl }crskyhnyc ic snh blgp`khb`òn cn B&& cr gs cd`b`cnycicmìl h rs ishkìhi blgl kcneshac ic hkyl mhal n`tck hk }cisbìl yhghøl

ick kcneshac g`rgl.



_]ÒKLEL ZZT

Ck k`m}l+ cn rs ylyhkìhi+ cryè ici`bhil hk hp}cni`qhac ick kcneshac B&&+ ic khp}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr hk icrh}}lkkl ic hpk`bhb`lncr. Cryh ghyc}`hpscic he}sph}rc cn klr rès`cnycr hph}yhilr1

• _}le}hghb`òn mèr`bh• Gcbhn`rglr ic hmry}hbb`òn• I`rcøl p}le}hghb`òn

Kh p}`gc}h ph}yc cryè pcnrhih ph}h xsc cn plbl y`cgpl pscih blntc}y`}rc cnp}le}hghil} ic hpk`bhb`lncr B&&. P ph}h cryl+ ¼xsà ncbcr`yh< _scr r`gpkcgcnyckcc} l}icnhihgcnyc klr bhpçysklr ick k`m}l+ }crlkt`cnil bhih snl ic klr cacgpklrxsc cn ckklr rc icyhkkhn. Kh rcesnih ph}yc hmh}bh cn p}ldsniìhi kh p}le}hghb`òn

l}`cnyhih h lmacylr.

Cn kh p}`gc}h ph}yc ck hsyl} jh y}hyhil ic icrh}}lkkh} hpk`bhb`lncr rcnb`kkhr+ph}h `ny}lisb`}kc gèr m`cn cn ck kcneshac cn ck ghncal ic kh m`mk`lycbh ic bkhrcric B&&+ xsc cn ck i`rcøl ic bkhrcr ic lmacylr. Nl lmryhnyc+ icrpsàr ic rs crysi`lrç icmc jhmc} xscihil bkh}l xsc sn p}le}hgh l}`cnyhil h lmacylr ròkl rc blgplncic lmacylr. Cr jl}h pscr ic cny}h} bln icyhkkc cn kh p}le}hghb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmac'ylr+ rcesnih ph}yc+ kh bshk y`cnc sn ckcgcnyl mèr`bl1 kh bkhrc.

_c}l r` ck hsyl} d`nhk`qh}h ck k`m}l bln khr ilr ph}ycr hnyc}`l}cr+ p}`th}çh hk kcb'yl} ic rhmc} xsc B&& hñn p}lpl}b`lnh gsbjl gèr. _l} crl kh yc}bc}h ph}yc blny`'nñh bln ly}lr bhpçysklr ici`bhilr h kh `gpkcgcnyhb`òn ic cry}sbys}hr i`nèg`bhr+hk i`rcøl ic hkel}`yglr h kh p}le}hghb`òn bln j`klr.

Ylil ckkl rc jh ilbsgcnyhil bln hmsnihnycr p}lmkcghr }crsckylr. Bshnilblgpkcyc ylihr khr ph}ycr+ ylihtçh nl rhm}è ylil kl xsc cr plr`mkc jhbc} bln B&&+pc}l rç jhm}è ihil sn phrl `gpl}yhnyc.

Cryh lm}h dsc crb}`yh sy`k`qhnil sn blgp`khil} EBB ph}h U`n2= *sn blgp`'

khil} B&& ic kh blkcbb`òn ic blgp`khil}cr ENS) xsc rc hiasnyh cn ck BI']LGxsc hblgphøh hk k`m}l. Rc y}hyh ic sn blgp`khil} ic k`m}c i`ry}`msb`òn xsc bsgpkckh nl}gh @RL,@CB+ ick bshk cz`rycn tc}r`lncr ph}h p}èby`bhgcnyc ylilr klr r`ryc'ghr lpc}hy`tlr. _l} kl yhnyl+ klr cacgpklr ic cryc k`m}l cryèn crb}`ylr cn B&& ps'}l+ yhk blgl rc icd`nc cn ck cryènih} B&&+ kl xsc eh}hny`qh}è xsc rc cacbsycn cnbshkxs`c} `gpkcgcnyhb`òn xsc rc hasryc h cryc cryènih}+ xsc cn m}ctc rc}èn kh ylyh'kìhi ic khr cz`rycnycr. _l} cacgpkl+ ck hsyl} p}lmò kh bhr` ylyhkìhi ic klr icrh}}l'kklr mhal ck phxscyc G`b}lrldy T`rshk Rysi`l .NCY+ yhgm`àn rlm}c kh pkhyhdl}ghK`nsz+ ph}h blnrces`} sn bòièl kl gèr pl}yhmkc plr`mkc.



ZZT@ CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

He}hicb`g`cnylr

Cn kh p}cph}hb`òn ic cryc k`m}l xs`c}l+ cn crpcb`hk+ czp}crh} g` he}hicb`g`cnyl hGhnsck _c`nhil Ehkkcel+ p}ldcrl} ic kh Sn`tc}rìhi ic Hkbhkè bln snh hgpk`hczpc}`cnb`h cn icrh}}lkklr bln B&&+ pl}xsc }ct`rò kh p}`gc}h ci`b`òn ic cryc k`'m}l6 h Òrbh} Eh} bçh _lmkhb`òn+ Ckcnh Bhgpl Glnyhktl+ Rcmhry`èn Rènbjcq_}`cyl+ @nghbskhih ]li} çescq Rhny`hel G¡ Ilkl}cr ]li} çescq Gl}cnl+ xscmhrènilrc cn rs czpc}`cnb`h ilbcnyc gc j`b`c}ln i`tc}rhr rsec}cnb`hr rlm}c klrycghr y}hyhilr. Ylilr ckklr rln p}ldcrl}cr ic Sn`tc}rìhi+ bln snh hgpk`h czpc'}`cnb`h rlm}c kh ghyc}`h xsc y}hyh ck k`m}l.

D`nhkgcnyc+ nl xs`c}l lktìh}gc ick }cryl ic g`r blgphøc}lr+ hsnxsc nl

b`yc rsr nlgm}cr+ pl}xsc ylilr ckklr+ ic dl}gh i`}cbyh l `ni`}cbyh+ gc hsih}lnbln kh b}çy`bh blnry}sby`th xsc j`b`c}ln rlm}c ly}hr psmk`bhb`lncr hnyc}`l}cr h àryh+ yhgplbl ic g`r hksgnlr+ xsc bln rs `nyc}àr pl} hp}cnic} gc jhbcn }cdkcz`lnh}rlm}c kh dl}gh gèr hicbshih ic y}hnrg`y`} crylr blnlb`g`cnylr6 h ylilr ckklr kcrcryl d}hnbhgcnyc he}hicbìl.

D}hnb`rbl Aht`c} Bcmhkklr R`c}}h



_ H ] Y C

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

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_}le}hghb`òn mèr`bh

• @ny}lisbb`òn h B&&

• Ckcgcnylr ick kcneshac

• Cry}sbys}h ic sn p}le}hgh

• Cny}hih rhk`ih cryènih}

• Rcnycnb`hr ic blny}lk

• Y`plr cry}sbys}hilr ic ihylr

• _snyc}lr+ }cdc}cnb`hr ecry`òn ic kh gcgl}`h

• Gèr rlm}c dsnb`lncr



_ H ] Y C

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Gcbhn`rglr ic hmry}hbb`òn

• Bkhrcr

• Lpc}hil}cr rlm}cbh}ehilr

• Bkhrcr ic}`thihr

• _khny`kkhr

• Czbcpb`lncr

• Dksalr



_ H ] Y C

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

I`rcøl p}le}hghb`òn

• Cry}sbys}hr i`nèg`bhr

• Hkel}`yglr



_ H ] Y C

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Hpàni`bcr

• Nltcihicr cn B&&?z

• Kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} ic B&&

• Kh m`mk`lycbh ic B

• Cnyl}nlr ic icrh}}lkkl

• @nryhkhb`òn ick phxscyc ic icrh}}lkkl

• Bòi`elr ic bh}hbyc}cr



H_ÀNI@BC H D.A.Bcmhkklr,]H'GH

NLTCIHICR IC B&&?zB&&?z cr ck nlgm}c ic y}hmhal ph}h ck nsctl cryènih} ick kcneshac ic p}le}hgh'b`òn B&& xsc }ccgpkhqh}è hk cryènih} @RL,@CB 89::= hbyshk+ psmk`bhil cn 800:*B&&0:) hbyshk`qhil =??2 *B&&?2)+ xsc ic rc} hp}lmhil h kl kh}el ic cryc høl=??0 phrh}è h kkhgh}rc B&&?0. Cr 8??# blgphy`mkc bln B&&?2. Khr gli`d`bh'b`lncr `ny}lisbìhr hdcbyhn yhnyl h kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} blgl hk kcneshac. Cny}ckhr nscthr bh}hbyc}çry`bhr xsc rc `nbks`}èn cn cryc nsctl cryènih} icryhbhglr khrrès`cnycr1

• Bhgm`lr cn kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} `nicpcni`cnycr ick kcneshac1 pl} cacgpkl+pkhny`kkhr bln sn nñgc}l th}`hmkc ic h}esgcnylr *th}`hi`b) blnryczp} .

• Dhb`kìhicr ph}h crb}`m`} bòièl1 hsyl+ cnsg bkhrr+ klne klne+ nskkpy} + ènes'klr ic}cbjlr *>>) cn pkhy`kkhr l ryhy`b\hrrc}y.

• Hsihr ph}h hbyshk`qh} gcal}h} kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih}1 blnryczp} + k`ryhr ic`n`b`hil}cr ecnc}hkcr sn`dl}gcr+ }cdc}cnb`hr }thksc+ pkhny`kkhr th}`hi`b snhtc}r`òn ic kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} bln ylihr cryhr bh}hbyc}çry`bhr.

• Bh}hbyc}çry`bhr }ckhb`lnhihr bln kh blnbs}}cnb`h1 glickl ic gcgl}`h gsky`yh'

}ch+ yj}chi\klbhk l snh m`mk`lycbh ph}h }chk`qh} p}le}hghb`òn blnbs}}cnyc*j`klr).

• Bh}hbyc}çry`bhr }ckhb`lnhihr bln blnbcpylr1 blnbcpyr *gcbhn`rgl ph}h kh icr'b}`pb`òn ic klr }cxs`r`ylr rlm}c klr y`plr khr blgm`nhb`lncr ic klr g`rglrkl xsc gcal}h}è kh bhkìhi ic klr gcnrhacr ic c}}l} ick blgp`khil})+ rcnycnb`hdl} ph}h `yc}h} rlm}c sn blnasnyl ic thkl}cr blnbcpylr cn kh m`mk`lycbhcryènih}.

• Czp}cr`lncr khgmih.

Kh d`nhkìhi ic ylihr cryhr nscthr bh}hbyc}çry`bhr ic B&& cr gcal}h} ck }cni`'g`cnyl ic khr hpk`bhb`lncr is}hnyc rs blnry}sbb`òn is}hnyc rs cacbsb`òn+ gcal'



:84 CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

}h} kh srhm`kìhi dsnb`lnhkìhi ick kcneshac p}lpl}b`lnh} snh m`mk`lycbh cryèn'ih} gèr blgpkcyh rces}h.

@NDC]CNB@H IC Y@_LR

Kh `ndc}cnb`h ic y`plr hrènh hsylgèy`bhgcnyc sn y`pl ic ihylr h snh th}`hmkc hph}y`} ic snh czp}cr`òn. _h}h ckkl+ kh th}`hmkc cr bhk`d`bhih hsyl. Cryl cr+ ck crpcb`'d`bhil} hsyl cr sn gh}bhil} ic plr`b`òn ph}h sn y`pl xsc rc icisbc ic snh icyc}'g`nhih czp}cr`òn1

hsyl th} 7 czp}cr`òn6

_l} cacgpkl+ cn kh rès`cnyc rcnycnb`h z ycni}è ck y`pl `ny pl}xsc cr ck y`pl icrs thkl} ic `n`b`hb`òn1

hsyl z 7 836

Ck srl ic hsyl cr yhnyl gèr ñy`k bshnyl gèr i`dçb`k rch blnlbc} czhbyhgcnyc cky`pl ic snh th}`hmkc l czp}cr`òn. _l} cacgpkl+ blnrìc}c kh rès`cnyc dsnb`ònecnà}`bh1

ycgpkhyc;bkhrr Y> tlì glry}h}Tcbyl}*blnry tcbyl};Y>$ t)vdl} *hsyl p 7 t.mce`n*)6 p (7 t.cni*)6 &&p)blsy ;; !p ;; -[n-6

w

¼Bsèk cr y`pl ic p< Cn cryc bhrl hsyl cryè }ccgpkhqhnil hk y`pl1

ypcnhgc tcbyl};Y>11blnry\`yc}hyl}

Ck hnyèsl rèn`d`bhil ic hsyl *th}`hmkc klbhk hsylgèy`bh) cr }cisnihnyc h

nl cr sy`k`qhil.

ÈNESKLR IC]CBJLR CN CK SRL IC _KHNY@KKHR

Blnrìc}c ck rès`cnyc cacgpkl crb}`yl cn B&&?21

th} tcbyl};tcbyl};ilsmkc> > t86

Lmrc}thglr xsc cn B&&?2 c}h ncbcrh}`l icah} sn crphb`l cny}c klr ènesklr

rlgm}chilr. Hjl}h+ cn B&&?z h nl cr ncbcrh}`l1

th} tcbyl};tcbyl};ilsmkc>> t86



H_ÀNI@BC H1 NLTCIHICR IC B&&?z :85

RCNYCNB@H dl} H_K@BHIH H BLKCBB@LNCR

Cr plr`mkc hbbcic} h bhih snl ic klr ckcgcnylr ic snh blkcbb`òn sy`k`qhnil kh r`'es`cnyc rcnycnb`h dl} 1

dl} *hsyl th} 1 blkcbb`òn)

_l} cacgpkl+ kh rès`cnyc pkhny`kkh ic dsnb`òn sy`k`qh cryh rcnycnb`h+ p}`gc}lph}h gsky`pk`bh} pl} = bhih snl ic klr ckcgcnylr ick tcbyl} phrhil blgl h}es'gcnyl icrpsàr+ ph}h glry}h} bhih snl ic klr ckcgcnylr ick tcbyl}1

ycgpkhyc;bkhrr Y> tlì glry}h}Tcbyl}*blnry tcbyl};Y>$ t)

v dl}*hsyl$ z 1 t)vz !7 =6

w

dl} *hsyl z 1 t)blsy ;; z ;; -[n-6

w

K@RYH IC @N@B@HB@ÒNB&&?z czy`cnic ck kcneshac ph}h xsc khr k`ryhr ic `n`b`hb`òn xsc h sy`k`qèmhglrbshnil icd`nçhglr snh cry}sbys}h l snh ghy}`q pscihn sy`k`qh}rc hjl}h yhgm`ànph}h `n`b`h} ly}lr lmacylr. Snh k`ryh ic `n`b`hb`òn pscic sy`k`qh}rc cn klr rès`cnycrbhrlr+ cny}c ly}lr1

• _h}h `n`b`h} snh th}`hmkc1

`ny z 7 v?w6

tcbyl};ilsmkc> t 7 v 2.=+ =.8+ 5.4+ 3.9 w6k`ry;ph`};ry}`ne+ ry}`ne>> bhp`yhkcr 7 v v-Crphøh-+-Ghi}ì-w+

v-D}hnb`h-+-_h}çr-w+v-@yhk`h-+-]lgh-w

w6

• _h}h `n`b`h} sn lmacyl b}chil bln ncu1

ncu tcbyl};ry}`ne>v-snl-+ -ilr-+ -y}cr-w6 ,, 2 ckcgcnylr

• Cn snh rcnycnb`h }cys}n1}cys}n v -snl- w6 ,, }cyl}nh snh k`ryh ic sn ckcgcnyl



:8: CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

• Blgl h}esgcnyl cn snh dsnb`òn1

dn*v-snl-+-ilr-w)6 ,, ck h}esgcnyl cr snh k`ryh ic ilr ckcgcnylr

CNSGC]HB@LNCR

Khr cnsgc}hb`lncr y}hi`b`lnhkcr y`cncn ck `nblntcn`cnyc ic xsc rsr ckcgcnylr rlnblntc}yìlr `gpkçb`yhgcnyc h `ny. _l} cacgpkl1

cnsg blkl}cr v }lal+ tc}ic+ hqsk w6blkl}cr blkl} 7 =6 ,, c}}l}1 blntc}r`òn ic %`ny% h %blkl}cr%`ny g`Blkl} 7 hqsk6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 blntc}r`òn ic %blkl}cr% h %`ny%

_h}h rlksb`lnh} cryc `nblntcn`cnyc B&&?z jh høhiìl khr cnsgc}hb`lncr dsc}'ycgcnyc y`phihr ick`g`yhihr1 cnsg bkhrr. _l} cacgpkl1

cnsg bkhrr blkl}cr v }lal+ tc}ic+ hqsk w6`ny blkl} 7 hqsk6 ,, c}}l}1 hqsk dsc}h ic ègm`yl`ny g`Blkl} 7 blkl}cr11hqsk6 ,, c}}l}1 blntc}r`òn %blkl}cr% h %`ny%

CNYC]L GSP KH]EL

B&&?z jh høhiìl ck y`pl klne klne ph}h crpcb`d`bh} sn cnyc}l ic hk gcnlr 49m`yr. _l} cacgpkl1

klne klne z 7 0==225=?24:39553:?5KK6

_SNYC]L NSKL

Icric klr blg`cnqlr ic B+ kh blnryhnyc ? jh ycnìl sn ilmkc rèn`d`bhil1 blnryhn'

yc cnyc}h psnyc}l blnryhnyc nskl+ kl bshk pscic ih} kseh} h c}}l}cr. _l} cacgpkl+rsplnehglr khr rès`cnycr rlm}cbh}ehr ic kh dsnb`òn dn1

tlì dn*bjh} !)6tlì dn*`ny)6

Snh kkhghih blgl dn*NSKK) *ilnic kh blnryhnyc NSKK cryè icd`nìh cn B&&blgl ?) `ntlbh}çh h dn*`ny)+ xsc nl cr kl xsc crpc}hglr. _h}h bl}}ce`} cryl+ ckcryènih} B&&?z jh høhiìl kh blnryhnyc nskkpy} ph}h crpcb`d`bh} sn psnyc}l nskl._l} cacgpkl1

dn*nskkpy})6




CZ_]CR@LNCR BLNRYHNYCR ECNC]HK@QHIHR

Snh rcnycnb`h B&& }cxs`c}c cn gsbjhr lbhr`lncr snh blnryhnyc. _l} cacgpkl+bshnil rc icbkh}h snh ghy}`q+ kh i`gcnr`òn crpcb`d`bhih y`cnc xsc rc} snh blnr'yhnyc6 yhgm`àn+ cn snh rcnycnb`h ru`ybj+ klr bhrc icmcn `} rcesìlr pl} snh blnr'yhnyc. Cryl xs`c}c icb`} xsc ck blgp`khil} cn crlr bhrlr nl pc}g`y`}è nhih xsc nlrch snh blnryhnyc. _h}h ih} rlksb`òn h r`yshb`lncr blgl kh p}crcnyhih h blny`nsh'b`òn+ B&&?z cryènih} høhic kh phkhm}h }crc}thih blnryczp} . Cn ck cacgpkl r`'es`cnyc+ r` nl sy`k`qè}hglr blnryczp} ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xsc kh dsnb`òn lpc}hyl} { ictscktc snh blnryhnyc+ ck bhrc yc}bc}l ih}çh sn c}}l} `ni`bhnil xsc }cxs`c}c snhblnryhnyc.

cnsg cryhilDksal v elli+ dh`k+ mhi+ cld w6

blnryczp} `ny lpc}hyl}{*cryhilDksal d8+ cryhilDksal d=)v}cys}n cryhilDksal*d8{d=)6

w

tlì dn*cryhilDksal z)vru`ybj *z)v

bhrc mhi1,, ...m}chf6

bhrc cld1,, ...m}chf6

bhrc dh`k{cld1 ,, `ntlbh h lpc}hyl}*dh`k+ cld),, ...m}chf6

icdhsky1,, ...

m}chf6w

w

]CDC]CNB@HR }thksc kthksc

Sn czp}cr`òn kthksc cr hxsckkh xsc pscic rc} sy`k`qhih cn ck khil `qxs`c}il ic snhhrènhb`òn snh czp}cr`òn }thksc cr hxsckkh xsc pscic rc} sy`k`qhih cn ck khil ic'}cbjl ic snh hrènhb`òn. Cryl cr+ bshnil+ pl} cacgpkl+ snh th}`hmkc z l sn ckc'

gcnyl hV`W ic snh ghy}`q rc p}crcnyh blgl ck lmacy`tl ic snh lpc}hb`òn ic hrè'nhb`òn1 z 7 q+ l blgl ck lpc}hnil ick lpc}hil} `nb}cgcnyl1 z&&+ l blgl ck lpc'}hnil ick lpc}hil} i`}cbb`òn1 $z+ nlrly}lr sy`k`qhglr ck kthksc ic kh th}`hmkc l



:=? CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

ick ckcgcnyl ic kh ghy}`q. Cryl cr+ ck kthksc cr kh klbhk`qhb`òn l i`}cbb`òn ic gc'gl}`h ic crh th}`hmkc l ckcgcnyl ic kh ghy}`q. Cn bhrl blny}h}`l+ bshnil kh th}`h'mkc z l ck ckcgcnyl hV`W ic snh ghy}`q rc sy`k`qhn cn snh czp}cr`òn1 q 7 z & 3+ nl'rly}lr sy`k`qhglr rs }thksc. Ck }thksc cr ck thkl} hkghbcnhil cn kh klbhk`qhb`òn icgcgl}`h bl}}crplni`cnyc h kh th}`hmkc.

Ròkl khr czp}cr`lncr xsc y`cncn snh klbhk`qhb`òn cn kh gcgl}`h pscicn ycnc}sn kthksc. Hrç+ cn B,B&& cryh czp}cr`òn nl y`cnc rcnyìl1 *5 & 2)&&+ pl}xsc khczp}cr`òn *5 & 2) nl y`cnc sn kthksc.

Cn ly}hr phkhm}hr+ is}hnyc kh blgp`khb`òn rc jhbc bl}}crplnic} kthkscr h klrìcny`d`bhil}cr is}hnyc kh cacbsb`òn+ cn kh gcgl}`h+ rc jhbcn bl}}crplnic} }th'

kscr h klr kthkscr.

Snh tcq hbkh}hilr klr blnbcpylr kthksc,}thksc+ thglr h crysi`h} khr ‛}cdc}cn'b`hr kthksc,}thksc‗. Cn B&&+ khr }cdc}cnb`hr nl blnry pscicn rc} t`nbskhihr h kth'

kscr+ pc}l nl h }thkscr1

tlì dn*`ny$ h) vw`ny z 7 ?6dn*z)6 ,, z cr sn kthksc xsc rc t`nbskh bln kh }cdc}cnb`h %h%dn*?)6 ,, c}}l}1 ? cr sn }thksc

khr }cdc}cnb`hr blnry h kthkscr l }thkscr1

tlì dn*blnry `ny$ h) vw`ny z 7 ?6dn*z)6 ,, z cr sn kthksc t`nbskhil bln %h‐dn*?)6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 }thksc t`nbskhil bln %h‐ *blnry `ny$)

¼_l} xsà nl rc pscic t`nbskh} sn }thksc nl blnry h snh }cdc}cnb`h nl blnry<_scr ph}h nl pc}g`y`} bhgm`h} klr lmacylr ycgpl}hkcr xsc rln icry}sìlr hnycr ic

xsc rs nsctl thkl} *r` rc psi`c}h bhgm`h}) pscih rc} sy`k`qhil1bkhrr B vwB dn*) v B z6 }cys}n z6 w,, ...B q6B$ }8 7 q6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 q cr sn kthkscB$ }= 7 dn*)6 ,, c}}l}1 lmacyl ycgpl}hk *}thksc nl blnry)blnry B$ }2 7 dn*)6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 }cdc}cnb`h blnry h sn }thksc

Kh dsnb`òn dn ictscktc sn lmacyl ycgpl}hk+ ck xsc rc sy`k`qh}è cn kh hrènh'

b`òn. Ictlktc} sn lmacyl ycgpl}hk blp`h ic sn lmacyl dscnyc *cn ck cacgpkl blp`hic z) cn kseh} ic sy`k`qh} ck p}lp`l lmacyl dscnyc+ y`cnc sn blryc1 b}ch} ck lmacyl



H_ÀNI@BC H1 NLTCIHICR IC B&&?z :=8

ycgpl}hk icry}s`}kl. _h}h ih} rlksb`òn h cryc p}lmkcgh h ly}lr r`g`kh}cr+ cknsctl cryènih} B&&?z `ny}lisbc ck blnbcpyl ic }cdc}cnb`h }thksc.

Snh }cdc}cnb`h }thksc h sn lmacyl ic kh bkhrc B cr b}chih bln kh r`nyhz`rB$$+ ph}h i`ry`nes`}kh ic kh }cdc}cnb`h cz`rycnyc *B$). Kh }cdc}cnb`h cz`rycnyc rcicnlg`nh hjl}h }cdc}cnb`h kthksc. Kh nscth }cdc}cnb`h }thksc rc blgpl}yh blglkh }cdc}cnb`h hbyshk kthksc hicgèr pscic t`nbskh}rc h sn }thksc1

bkhrr B vw6B dn*) v B z6 }cys}n z6 w6,, ...B h6B$ }8 7 h6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 h cr sn kthksc

B$ }= 7 dn*)6 ,, c}}l}1 dn*) cr sn }thksc *lmacyl ycgpl}hk)

B$$ }}8 7 dn*)6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 }cdc}cnb`h }}8 h sn lmacyl ycgpl}hkB$$ }}= 7 h6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 }cdc}cnb`h }}= h sn kthksc

Snh }cdc}cnb`h }thksc snh kthksc rln y`plr i`ry`nylr. _l} kl yhnyl+ pli}èn rc}sy`k`qhihr+ snh ly}h+ ph}h icbkh}h} tc}r`lncr rlm}cbh}ehihr ic kh g`rgh dsnb`òn._l} cacgpkl1

bkhrr B vw6

tlì dn8*blnry B$ z) vw6 ,, "81 }cdc}cnb`h kthksctlì dn8*B$$ z) vw6 ,, "=1 }cdc}cnb`h }thksc

B dn=*) v B z6 }cys}n z6 w6blnry B bdn=*) v B z6 }cys}n z6 w6

`ny gh`n*)vB h6blnry B bh6

dn8*h)6 ,, kkhgh h "8 *kthksc)dn8*bh)6 ,, kkhgh h "8 *kthksc blnry)dn8*dn=*))6 ,, kkhgh h "= *}thksc)dn8*bdn=*))6 ,, kkhgh h "8 *}thksc blnry)

w

Kh p}`gc}h kkhghih h dn8 sy`k`qh kh }cdc}cnb`h kthksc *"8) pl}xsc ck h}esgcnylcr sn kthksc *kh blntc}r`òn kthksc h }thksc cr gcnlr hdçn xsc kh ic B$ h blnry

B$). Kh rcesnih kkhghih h dn8 cr snh bl`nbìcnb`h czhbyh ph}h "8. Kh yc}bc}h crsnh bl`nbìcnb`h czhbyh ph}h "=. P kh bsh}yh+ nl pscic sy`k`qh} "= pl}xsc kh bln'

tc}r`òn ic blnry B$$ h B$$ nl cryè pc}g`yìh6 kkhgh h "8 h y}htàr ic snh bln'tc}r`òn ic }thksc h kthksc.



:== CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

Khr nl}ghr ic }crlksb`òn ic kh rlm}cbh}eh `ni`bhn xsc klr }thkscr p}cd`c}cn}cdc}cnb`hr }thksc *snh }cdc}cnb`h }thksc rc t`nbskh h }thkscr `nbksrl r` nl cryènbhk`d`bhilr blnry)+ xsc klr kthkscr p}cd`c}cn }cdc}cnb`hr kthksc+ xsc klr }thkscr pscicn t`nbskh}rc h snh }cdc}cnb`h kthksc blnry *pl} cacgpkl+ blnry B$)+ h gcnlrxsc jhh snh }cdc}cnb`h }thksc cn ck blnasnyl ic rlm}cbh}ehr+ xsc klr kthkscr pscicn t`nbskh}rc h snh }cdc}cnb`h }thksc+ pc}l p}cd`c}cn snh }cdc}cnb`h kthksc r`kh jh.

Kh }hqòn p}`nb`phk ph}h høhi`} }cdc}cnb`hr }thksc cr ck`g`nh} blp`hr `nncbcrh'}`hr ic klr lmacylr+ kl xsc dhb`k`yh kh hpk`bhb`òn ic kh rcgèny`bh ic gltc} *nl bl'p`h}1 rcgèny`bh ic blp`h} ). H i`dc}cnb`h ic kh blnlbìh ìch ic blp`h}+ gltc} rè'n`d`bh xsc sn lmacyl icry`nl }lmh klr }cbs}rlr ick lmacyl dscnyc+ cn kseh} ic bl'

p`h}klr l blgph}y`}klr. Rc p}cesnyh}è+ ¼ pl} xsà `mh hkes`cn h xsc}c} crl< Cn khghl}çh ic klr bhrlr+ p}cdc}`}cglr kh rcgèny`bh ic blp`h. R`n cgmh}el+ cn hkes'nlr bhrlr+ jhbc} snh blp`h ic sn lmacyl cr blrylrl c `nncbcrh}`l. B&& h `gpkc'gcnyh kh rcgèny`bh ic gltc} cn th}`lr kseh}cr+ pl} cacgpkl+ bln hsyl\py} ph}hlpy`g`qh} kh lpc}hb`òn ic }cyl}nh} sn lmacyl.

_h}h hbkh}h} kl czpscryl+ p`cnrc cn ilr lmacylr hsyl\py} h m. Bshnil }chk`'qhglr kh lpc}hb`òn m 7 h+ kl xsc rsbcic cr xsc ck lmacyl m phrh h rc} ck nsctlp}lp`cyh}`l ick lmacyl hpsnyhil pl} h+ h phrh h nl hpsnyh} h nhih cr icry}sìl.

Rceñn kl czpscryl+ cr cd`b`cnyc høhi`} h snh bkhrc nscthr tc}r`lncr rlm}cbh}'ehihr ick lpc}hil} ic hrènhb`òn ick blnry}sbyl} blp`h xsc sy`k`bcn kh rcgèny`bhic gltc}+ h xsc rln gèr cd`b`cnycr xsc ck lpc}hil} ic hrènhb`òn blnry}sbyl}blp`h y}hi`b`lnhkcr. _l} cacgpkl1

bkhrr Bvpsmk`b1B*)v ,! ... !, w,, Rcgèny`bh ic blp`h}

B*blnry B$ h)v ,! ... !, w6B$ lpc}hyl}7*blnry B$ h)v ,! ... !, w6

,, Rcgèny`bh ic gltc}B*B$$ h)v ,! ... !, w6B$ lpc}hyl}7*B$$ h)v ,! ... !, w6,, ...

w6




_KHNY@KKHR th}`hi`b

Cn b`cnb`hr ic kh blgpsyhb`òn+ rc i`bc xsc sn lpc}hil} l snh dsnb`òn cr th}`hi`bbshnil pscic ylgh} sn nñgc}l th}`hmkc ic h}esgcnylr. _scr m`cn+ B&&?z `nbks'c yhgm`àn pkhny`kkhr bln sn nñgc}l th}`hmkc ic ph}ègcy}lr.

_l} cacgpkl+ kh r`es`cnyc pkhny`kkh _ pscic hbcpyh} bc}l l gèr h}esgcnylr icy`pl1

ycgpkhyc;ypcnhgc... Y> bkhrr _v_*Y... y) v w

w6

H ph}y`} ic cryh pkhny`kkh+ _;`ny> ecnc}h}è snh bkhrc gèr l gcnlr hrç+ rspl'n`cnil xsc ck nlgm}c ic kh nscth bkhrc cr _\`ny 1

bkhrr _\`nyv_\`ny*`ny y) v w

w6

P snh czp}cr`òn blgl _;`ny+ ilsmkc> ecnc}h}è snh bkhrc gèr l gcnlr hrç+rspln`cnil xsc ck nlgm}c ic kh nscth bkhrc cr _\`ny\ilsmkc1

bkhrr _\`ny\ilsmkcv_\`ny\ilsmkc*`ny y8+ ilsmkc y=) v w

w6

CNTLKYL]@L _H]H SNH ]CDC]CNB@H

B&&?z hpl}yh kh pkhny`kkh }cdc}cnbc\u}hppc};Y > ph}h ghn`pskh} }cdc}cnb`hr hlmacylr. Sn lmacyl }cdc}cnbc\u}hppc};Y > blny`cnc snh }cdc}cnb`h h sn lmacylic y`pl Y . Cryh pkhny`kkh+ cny}c ly}lr+ p}lpl}b`lnh klr gàylilr1

}cdc}cnbc\u}hppc};Y> }cd*Y$ y)6Y$ ecy*) blnry6

Hjl}h+ bln cryh pkhny`kkh+ cny}c ly}hr blrhr+ pli}cglr y}hmhah} bln tcbyl}cr ic}cdc}cnb`hr cn kseh} ic bln tcbyl}cr ic psnyc}lr. _l} cacgpkl1

bkhrr B v ,! ... !, w



:=9 CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

`ny gh`n*)vtcbyl};}cdc}cnbc\u}hppc};B>> t6

B lma8*8?)6 B lma=*=?)6t.psrj\mhbf*}cd*lma8))6 t.psrj\mhbf*}cd*lma=))6tV8W.ecy*) 7 B*=3)6 ,, hjl}h lma=.n 7 =3

w

L_C]HIL] icbkypc

Ck lpc}hil} icbkypc cthkñh ck y`pl ic snh czp}cr`òn. _l} cacgpkl1

blnry ilsmkc$$ dn*)6`ny `6ry}sby R v ilsmkc t6 w6blnry R! p 7 ncu R*)6

icbkypc*dn*)) t86 ,, ck y`pl cr blnry ilsmkc$$icbkypc*`) t=6 ,, ck y`pl cr `nyicbkypc*p'>t) t26 ,, ck y`pl cr ilsmkc

ICBKH]HB@ÒN IC DSNB@ÒN

B&&?z hpl}yh snh nscth icbkh}hb`òn ic dsnb`òn ic kh dl}gh1

hsyl dn*Vph}ègcy}lrW)'>y`pl\}cyl}nhil

Ck y`pl }cyl}nhil rsry`ys`}è h hsyl. _l} cacgpkl+ kh r`es`cnyc kçnch icbkh}h snhdsnb`òn d xsc y`cnc sn ph}ègcy}l z ic y`pl `ny ictscktc sn psnyc}l h snh ghy}`qic 9 ckcgcnylr ic y`pl ilsmkc1

hsyl d*`ny z)'>ilsmkc*!)V9W6

_licglr blgm`nh} cryc y`pl ic icbkh}hb`òn bln ck lpc}hil} icbkypc ph}h ic'isb`} ck y`pl ick thkl} }cyl}nhil. _l} cacgpkl+ ck y`pl ick thkl} }cyl}nhil pl} kh r`'es`cnyc dsnb`òn cr tcbyl};Y>11`yc}hyl} 1

ycgpkhyc ;bkhrr Y>hsyl sky`gl*tcbyl};Y>$ t)v }cys}n t.cni*) w '>icbkypc*t.cni*))6

_SNYC]LR @NYCK@ECNYCR

Sn lmacyl hsyl\py} cgpkch ck glickl ic ‛p}lp`cihi czbksr`th‗. Cryl r`en`d`bhxsc nl rc pscic t`nbskh} gèr ic sn lmacyl hsyl\py} h sn g`rgl }cbs}rl. _h}h




hrces}h} kh p}lp`cihi czbksr`th+ khr lpc}hb`lncr ic blp`h} hrènh} ick hsyl\py} jhbcn xsc ck lmacyl dscnyc cny}cesc kh p}lp`cihi ic klr }cbs}rlr hk lmacyl icry`nl.Tchglr sn cacgpkl1

tlì dn*)v,, B}ch} rp8 bln kh p}lp`cihi ick psnyc}l h sn lmacyl Bhsyl\py};B> rp8*ncu B)6v ,, Mklxsc `nyc}nl1 icd`nc rp=,, B}ch} rp= h ph}y`} rp8.hsyl\py};B> rp=*rp8)6,, Kh p}lp`cihi ick psnyc}l h B jh phrhil h rp=,, rp8 phrh h rc} nskl.rp='>g\dn*)6 ,, rp= }cp}crcnyh hk lmacyl ic kh bkhrc B,, Ck icry}sbyl} ick rp= ck`g`nh ck lmacyl B hpsnyhil

wrp8'>g\dn*)6 ,, c}}l}1 rp8 cr nskl

w

Cn ck bòièl hnyc}`l} icryhbhglr+ pl} snh ph}yc+ xsc icrpsàr ic kh blp`h cklmacyl dscnyc jh bhgm`hil+ hkel xsc nl}ghkgcnyc nl rc crpc}h. ¼_l} xsà dsnb`l'nhn hrç< _l}xsc r` nl dsc}h hrç+ klr ilr lmacylr hsyl\py} + hk rhk`} ic rs ègm`yl+ `n'ycnyh}çhn ml}}h} ck g`rgl lmacyl bln sn }crskyhil `gp}cicb`mkc6 pc}l cn nscry}lcacgpkl yhgm`àn lbs}}c xsc bshnil rp8 `ntlbh h g\dn nl pscic jhbc}kl pl}xsch nl y`cnc kh p}lp`cihi ick lmacyl B *cr nskl)6 ck }crskyhil cr sn c}}l} ic cacbs'b`òn. _l} ly}h ph}yc+ klr lmacylr hsyl\py} nl rc pscicn sy`k`qh} bln blnycncil}cric kh m`mk`lycbh RYK pl}xsc crylr pscicn gltc} rsr ckcgcnylr h jcglr t`rylkl xsc phrh bshnil blp`hglr sn lmacyl hsyl\py} cn ly}l.

_h}h hd}lnyh} crylr p}lmkcghr B&&?z p}lpl}b`lnh kh pkhny`kkh rjh}ci\py} .@eshk xsc hsyl\py} + kh pkhny`kkh rjh}ci\py} hkghbcnh sn psnyc}l h sn lmacyl+ pc}lrjh}ci\py} `gpkcgcnyh kh rcgèny`bh ic kh p}lp`cihi blgph}yìh1 ck ñky`gl p}l'p`cyh}`l ick psnyc}l cr ck }crplnrhmkc ic kh icry}sbb`òn ick lmacyl l ic kh k`mc}h'

b`òn ic klr }cbs}rlr hrlb`hilr bln ck psnyc}l hkghbcnhil. Sn lmacyl rjh}ci\py} cryè thbçl r` nl plrcc sn psnyc}l. Ck cacgpkl rès`cnyc icgscry}h xsc klr p}lmkc'ghr xsc cn kh tc}r`òn hnyc}`l} `ny}lisbçh hsyl\py} hjl}h jhn icrhph}cbìl1

tlì dn8*)v,, B}ch} rp8 bln kh p}lp`cihi ick psnyc}l h sn lmacyl Brjh}ci\py};B> rp8*ncu B)6v ,, Mklxsc `nyc}nl1 icd`nc rp=,, B}ch} rp= h ph}y`} rp8.

rjh}ci\py};B> rp=*rp8)6,, Kh p}lp`cihi ick psnyc}l h B cr blgph}yìh cny}c rp= rp8.rp='>g\dn*)6 ,, rp= }cp}crcnyh hk lmacyl ic kh bkhrc B,, Ck icry}sbyl} ick rp= nl ck`g`nh ck lmacyl B hpsnyhil



:=4 CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

wrp8'>g\dn*)6 ,, rp8 }cp}crcnyh hk lmacyl ic kh bkhrc B,, Ck icry}sbyl} ick rp8 ck`g`nh ck lmacyl B hpsnyhil

w

Ly}h pkhny`kkh }ckhb`lnhih bln rjh}ci\py} cr uchf\py} . Cryh pkhny`kkh hkgh'bcnh snh }cdc}cnb`h iàm`k h sn lmacyl xsc h cryè ecry`lnhil pl} sn rjh}ci\py} ._h}h hbbcic} hk lmacyl+ sn uchf\py} rc pscic blntc}y`} cn sn rjh}ci\py} sy`k`'qhnil kh dsnb`òn g`cgm}l klbf.

H i`dc}cnb`h ic rjh}ci\py} + sn uchf\py} nl `nb}cgcnyh ck blnyhil} ic }cdc'}cnb`hr ick }cbs}rl blgph}yìl. _l} cacgpkl+ r` rc y`cnc sn rjh}ci\py} sn uc'hf\py}+ hgmlr t`nbskhilr h klr g`rglr }cbs}rlr+ ck blnyhil} ic }cdc}cnb`hr cr 8+nl =1

B! pLmaB 7 ncu B6rjh}ci\py};B> rp8*pLmaB)6 ,, ck blnyhil} ic }cdc}cnb`hr thkc 8uchf\py};B> up8*rp8)6 ,, ck blnyhil} ic }cdc}cnb`hr thkc 8rjh}ci\py};B> rp=*rp8)6 ,, ck blnyhil} ic }cdc}cnb`hr thkc =blsy ;; -Ck blnyhil} ic rp8,rp= }cdc}cnb`hr cr1 -

;; rp8.src\blsny*) ;; cnik6

Klr lmacylr uchf\py} rc sy`k`qhn ph}h }lgpc} klr b`bklr cn khr cry}sbys}hr ic

ihylr. Sn b`bkl cr r`g`kh} h sn hm}hql gl}yhk cn ck gsky`yj}chi`ne1 ilr }cbs}rlrghny`cncn psnyc}lr cny}c rç ic ghnc}h xsc sn psnyc}l nl pscic rc} k`mc}hil pl}'xsc ck ly}l }cbs}rl blgph}yc rs p}lp`cihi t`bctc}rh. _scr m`cn+ cryh icpcnicn'b`h pscic rc} }lyh sy`k`qhnil uchf\py} cn kseh} ic rjh}ci\py}.

ICKCEHB@ÒN IC BLNRY]SBYL]CR

Kh ickcehb`òn ic blnry}sbyl}cr p}lpl}b`lnh sn gcbhn`rgl pl} ck bshk sn blnr'y}sbyl} pscic ickceh} cn ly}l ph}h }chk`qh} kh `n`b`hb`òn ic sn lmacyl. Cryl cr ñy`k

bshnil khr i`ry`nyhr rlm}cbh}ehr ic sn blnry}sbyl} nl rc pscicn }cdsni`} cn snhxsc sy`k`bc ph}ègcy}lr bln thkl}cr pl} lg`r`òn crycglr lmkèhilr h icd`n`} ilrblnry}sbyl}cr + p}lmhmkcgcnyc+ h }cpcy`} ck bòièl ic `n`b`hb`òn.

Rceñn kl czpscryl+ khr ilr tc}r`lncr ic kh bkhrc H glry}hihr h blny`nshb`ònrc}çhn cxs`thkcnycr1

bkhrr Ivpsmk`b1

lpc}hyl} ilsmkc*) blnry6w6




bkhrr Hvp}`thyc1

`ny n6ilsmkc i6tlì `n`b`h}*)6

psmk`b1H*`ny z 7 ?+ ilsmkc 7 ?.?) 1 n*z)+ i*) v `n`b`h}*)6 wH*I$ m) 1 i*m) v `n`b`h}*)6 w,, ...

w6

bkhrr Hv

p}`thyc1`ny n6ilsmkc i6

psmk`b1H*`ny z 7 ?+ ilsmkc 7 ?.?) 1 n*z)+ i*) v ,! `n`b`h} !, wH*M$ m) 1 H*?+ m) vw,, ...

w6

BLNTC]R@LNCR CZ_KÇB@YHR

Snh dsnb`òn ic blntc}r`òn pscic rc} czpkçb`yh *czpk`b`y)+ cn bsl bhrl rc }cxs`c}ckh `nyc}tcnb`òn i`}cbyh ick srsh}`l *crpcb`d`bhnil snh blntc}r`òn dl}qhih) hkkç ilnic rch ncbcrh}`l sy`k`qh}kh. R` nl cr czpkçb`yh+ khr blntc}r`lncr rc }chk`qh}èn r`nkh `nyc}tcnb`òn ick srsh}`l *r`n ycnc} xsc crpcb`d`bh} snh blntc}r`òn dl}qhih). _l}cacgpkl1

bkhrr H v w6

bkhrr M

vpsmk`b1czpk`b`y lpc}hyl} H*) blnry6

w6

tlì dn*M m)vH h8*m)6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 `n`b`hb`òn i`}cbyhH h= 7 m6 ,, c}}l}1 blntc}r`òn M h H }cxsc}ìhH h2 7 *H)m6 ,, bl}}cbyl1 blntc}r`òn M h H dl}qhih

w



:=: CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

CZ_]CR@LNCR KHGMIH

Snh czp}cr`òn khgmih *yhgm`àn blnlbìh blgl dsnb`òn khgmih) cr snh dsnb`ònr`n nlgm}c icd`nìh cn ck kseh} ic kh kkhghih. Blgl yhk+ cr r`g`kh} h sn lmacyldsnb`òn *sn lmacyl xsc pscic rc} `ntlbhil blgl r` ic snh dsnb`òn l}i`nh}`h rcy}hyh}h). Ic jcbjl+ khr czp}cr`lncr khgmih rc y}hnrdl}ghn hsylgèy`bhgcnyc cn lm'

acylr dsnb`òn. Cnylnbcr+ ¼pl} xsà nl sy`k`qh} klr lmacylr dsnb`òn i`}cbyhgcnyc<_li}çh jhbc}rc hrç+ pc}l kh b}chb`òn ic sn lmacyl dsnb`òn cr snh yh}ch khml}`lrh1jh xsc icd`n`} snh bkhrc bln g`cgm}lr ic ihylr+ snh rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil}kkhghih h dsnb`òn sn blnry}sbyl}. H blny`nshb`òn+ jh xsc b}ch} sn lmacyl iccrc y`pl cn ylilr klr kseh}cr ilnic rch }cxsc}ìl.

_h}h icglry}h} kh sy`kìhi ic khr czp}cr`lncr khgmih+ rsplnehglr xsc ncbcr`'yhglr msrbh} ck p}`gc} lmacyl Z bsl thkl} rc cnbscny}h icny}l ic sn icyc}g`nhil}hnel. Sy`k`qhnil klr lmacylr dsnb`òn y}hi`b`lnhkcr rc pscic crb}`m`} snh bkhrc D ic lmacylr dsnb`òn hrç1

bkhrr Zv

ilsmkc i6psmk`b1Z*ilsmkc z 7 ?.?) 1 i*z) vw

ilsmkc ihyl*) blnry v }cys}n i6 ww6

bkhrr Dv

ilsmkc `nd+ rsp6psmk`b1D*ilsmkc `+ ilsmkc r) 1 `nd*`)+ rsp*r) v wmllk lpc}hyl}*)*blnry Z$ lma)v}cys}n lma.ihyl*) >7 `nd $$ lma.ihyl*) ; rsp6

ww6

`ny gh`n*)vtcbyl};Z> t6t.psrj\mhbf*Z*8.?))6 t.psrj\mhbf*Z*5.?))6 t.psrj\mhbf*Z*83.?))6ilsmkc `nd 7 3.?+ rsp 7 8?.?6tcbyl};Z>11`yc}hyl} }crs6}crs 7 ryi11d`ni\`d*t.mce`n*)+ t.cni*)+ D*`nd+ rsp))6blsy ;; *!}crs).ihyl*) ;; cnik6

w




Lmrà}tcrc ck yc}bc} ph}ègcy}l ic kh dsnb`òn d`ni\`d icd`n`ih cn ;hkel}`yjg>.Rc y}hyh ic sn lmacyl dsnb`òn xsc icd`nc kh dsnb`òn h hpk`bh} rlm}c lmacylr ic ly}hbkhrc. Cn ly}hr phkhm}hr+ kh bkhrc D }cp}crcnyh kh bkhrc ick lmacyl dsnb`òn xsc ckblgp`khil} ecnc}h}çh ph}h snh czp}cr`òn khgmih ihih. Rceñn cryl+ r` cn rs kseh}sy`k`qhglr snh czp}cr`òn khgmih ck bòi`el xscih}çh hrç1

bkhrr Zv

ilsmkc i6psmk`b1Z*ilsmkc z 7 ?.?) 1 i*z) vwilsmkc ihyl*) blnry v }cys}n i6 w

w6

`ny gh`n*)vtcbyl};Z> t6t.psrj\mhbf*Z*8.?))6 t.psrj\mhbf*Z*5.?))6 t.psrj\mhbf*Z*83.?))6ilsmkc `nd 7 3.?+ rsp 7 8?.?6tcbyl};Z>11`yc}hyl} }crs6}crs 7 ryi11d`ni\`d*t.mce`n*)+ t.cni*)+V$W*blnry Z$ lma) '> mllk v}cys}n *lma.ihyl*) >7 `nd $$ lma.ihyl*) ;7 rsp)6w)6

blsy ;; *!}crs).ihyl*) ;; cnik6

w

Tcglr xsc snh czp}cr`òn khgmih cgp`cqh bln ck p}crcnyhil} khgmih+ VW+ xscpscic cryh} thbçl *nl icpcnic ic th}`hmkcr dsc}h ick ègm`yl ick bsc}pl ic kh cz'p}cr`òn khgmih)+ pscic `nbks`} ck rçgmlkl 7 *icpcnic ic th}`hmkcr xsc rc}èn ph'rhihr pl} thkl}) l ck rçgmlkl $ *icpcnic ic th}`hmkcr xsc rc}èn phrhihr pl} }cdc'}cnb`h). H blny`nshb`òn+ cny}c ph}ànycr`r+ rc crpcb`d`bhn klr ph}ègcy}lr ic kh cz'p}cr`òn khgmih. Icrpsàr ck y`pl ick thkl} }cyl}nhil+ ck bshk rc pscic lg`y`} r` nljh thkl} }cyl}nhil l r` rc pscic icisb`} ic kh czp}cr`òn. P d`nhkgcnyc+ cryè ckbsc}pl ic kh czp}cr`òn khgmih.

H ph}y`} ic snh czp}cr`òn khgmih rc ecnc}h snh bkhrc ic lmacylr dsnb`òn. Crylcr+ h ph}y`} ic cryh czp}cr`òn khgmih rc ecnc}h}çh snh bkhrc hnèkleh h kh bkhrc D czpscryh hnyc}`l}gcnyc. Cn }crsgcn+ kh czp}cr`òn khgmih rs bl}}crplni`cnycbkhrc cryèn }ckhb`lnhihr hrç1

• Khr th}`hmkcr bln }cdc}cnb`hr czyc}nhr rc bl}}crplnicn h klr ihylr g`cgm}lric kh bkhrc.

• Kh k`ryh ic ph}ègcy}lr khgmih rc bl}}crplnic bln kh k`ryh ic klr h}esgcnylrphrhilr h kh rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} *) ic kkhghih h dsnb`òn.



:2? CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

• Ck bsc}pl ic kh czp}cr`òn khgmih rc bl}}crplnic gèr l gcnlr bln ck bsc}plic kh rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} *).

• Ck y`pl ick thkl} }cyl}nhil pl} kh rlm}cbh}eh ick lpc}hil} *) rc icisbc hs'ylgèy`bhgcnyc ic snh czp}cr`òn icbkypc.

BLNBC_YL

Gcbhn`rgl xsc pc}g`yc crpcb`d`bh} bkh}hgcnyc ic ghnc}h `nys`y`th khr k`g`yh'b`lncr ic khr pkhny`kkhr+ gcal}hnil hk g`rgl y`cgpl kh bhphbìhi ick blgp`khil}ph}h icycbyh} i`henlry`bh} t`lkhb`lncr ic cryhr k`g`yhb`lncr.

Klr blnbcpylr rc mhrhn cn kh ìch ic rcph}h} kh blgp}lmhb`òn ic y`plr cn khrpkhny`kkhr. _h}h ckkl+ kh icbkh}hb`òn ic kh pkhny`kkh rc `nb}cgcnyh}è bln snh rc}`c ic}cry}`bb`lncr. Bshnil snh pkhny`kkh rch `nryhnb`hih+ ck blgp`khil} blgp}lmh}è r`kh `nryhnb`hb`òn }cñnc ylihr khr k`g`yhb`lncr+ l klr }cxs`r`ylr+ ic kh pkhny`kkh. R` yl'il th m`cn+ kh pkhny`kkh rc}è `nryhnb`hih6 ic kl blny}h}`l+ sn c}}l} ic blgp`khb`òncrpcb`d`bh}è xsc khr k`g`yhb`lncr jhn rìl t`lkhihr. Tchglr sn cacgpkl blnb}cyl.Rsplnehglr kh pkhny`kkh ic dsnb`òn g`n icd`nìh hrç1

ycgpkhyc;ypcnhgc Y>

blnry Y$ g`n*blnry Y$ z+ blnry Y$ )v}cys}n z ; < z 1 6

w

Cr ncbcrh}`l czhg`nh} ck bsc}pl ic g`n ph}h rhmc} bsèkcr rln khr k`g`yhb`lncric Y . Y icmc rc} sn y`pl xsc ycneh+ hk gcnlr+ icd`nìl ck lpc}hil} ;. Sy`k`qhnilblnbcpylr+ crylr }cxs`r`ylr pscicn rc} czp}crhilr i`}cbyhgcnyc cn kh icd`n`b`òng`n hrç1

ycgpkhyc;KcrrYjhnBlgph}hmkc Y>blnry Y$ g`n*blnry Y$ z+ blnry Y$ )v}cys}n z ; < z 1 6

w

Cn cryh ly}h tc}r`òn ic g`n tcglr xsc cn kseh} ic icb`} xsc Y cr sn y`pl h}m`'y}h}`l *blgl `ni`bh kh phkhm}h bkhtc ypcnhgc)+ rc hd`}gh xsc Y cr sn y`pl Kcrr'

YjhnBlgph}hmkc+ `nicpcni`cnycgcnyc ic kl xsc pscih rc}. _l} kl yhnyl+ g`n ròklhbcpyh}è h}esgcnylr bslr y`plr bsgpkhn klr }cxs`r`ylr ick blnbcpyl KcrrYjhn'

Blgph}hmkc+ ic kl blnyh}`l ck blgp`khil} glry}h}è sn c}}l} `ni`bhnil xsc klr h}'esgcnylr ic g`n nl bsgpkcn klr }cxs`r`ylr KcrrYjhnBlgph}hmkc.




¼Bògl rc icd`nc sn blnbcpyl< _scr rc icd`nc sy`k`qhnil kh phkhm}h bkhtc bln'bcpy rcesìh pl} ck nlgm}c ick blnbcpyl ic kh k`ryh ic ph}ègcy}lr ic kh pkhny`kkh._l} cacgpkl1

hsyl blnbcpy KcrrYjhnBlgph}hmkc;ypcnhgc Y>v

mllk lpc}hyl};*Y+ Y)6w6

Ck bòièl hnyc}`l} icd`nc sn blnbcpyl kkhghil KcrrYjhnBlgph}hmkc xsc cr'yhmkcbc xsc ck ph}ègcy}l Y ic snh icyc}g`nhih pkhny`kkh icmc rc} sn y`pl xsc y`cncicd`nìl ck lpc}hil} ;.

_]LE]HGHB@ÒN BLNBS]]CNYC

Snh e}hn nltcihi cn ck cryènih} B&&?z cr ck rlpl}yc ph}h kh p}le}hghb`òn bln'bs}}cnyc. Cryl cr gs plr`y`tl pl}xsc hjl}h ylilr klr blgp`khil}cr ycni}èn xschasryh}rc hk g`rgl glickl ic gcgl}`h p}lpl}b`lnh} khr g`rghr dhb`kìhicr ph}hck y}hmhal bln j`klr *gsky`yj}chi`ne). Cryl rèn`d`bh xsc ck bòièl rc}è pl}yhmkccny}c blgp`khil}cr pkhyhdl}ghr bln sn blryc gs }cisbìl. Cryl yhgm`àn }cis'b`}è ck nñgc}l ic H_@. Ck nñbkcl ic cryh nscth m`mk`lycbh cr kh bkhrc ryi11yj}chi icbkh}hih cn ck d`bjc}l ic bhmcbc}h ;yj}chi>.

¼Bògl rc b}ch sn j`kl ic cacbsb`òn< _scr b}chnil sn lmacyl ic kh bkhrcyj}chi t`nbskènilkl bln kh dsnb`òn xsc icmc cacbsyh} ck j`kl1

tlì yh}chJ`kl*)6ryi11yj}chi j`kl8*yh}chJ`kl)6

Kh yh}ch xsc }chk`qh ck j`kl pscic rc} yhgm`àn snh dsnb`òn bln ph}ègcy}lr1

tlì yh}chJ`kl*`ny `+ ryi11ry}`ne r+ ryi11tcbyl};ilsmkc> t)6,, ...ryi11yj}chi j`kl8*yh}chJ`kl+ n+ nlgm}c+ k`ryh)6

Klr h}esgcnylr phrhilr rc blp`hn cn ck j`kl hnycr ic xsc kh dsnb`òn rc `ntl'xsc. Hjl}h m`cn+ r` kl xsc xsc}cglr cr phrh}klr pl} }cdc}cnb`h+ cnylnbcr jh xsccntlktc}klr sy`k`qhnil ck gàylil }cd . _l} cacgpkl1

tlì yh}chJ`kl*ry}`ne$)6,, ...ryi11yj}chi j`kl8*yh}chJ`kl+ }cd*r))6

Yhgm`àn+ cn kseh} ic icd`n`} kh yh}ch ick j`kl gci`hnyc snh dsnb`òn+ kh plic'glr icd`n`} gci`hnyc sn lmacyl dsnb`òn1



:2= CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

bkhrr BYh}chJ`klvpsmk`b1

tlì lpc}hyl}*)*)6w6

BYh}chJ`kl yh}chJ`kl6ryi11yj}chi j`kl8*yh}chJ`kl)6

Ctìcnycgcnyc+ hicgèr ic kh bkhrc yj}chi+ i`rplncglr ic gcbhn`rglr ph}hkh r`nb}ln`qhb`òn ic j`klr1 lmacylr ic czbksr`òn gsysh *gsycz)+ klbfr th}`hmkcric blni`b`òn. H blny`nshb`òn glry}hglr hkesnlr cacgpklr1

ryi11gsycz g6BG`Bkhrc ihylr6

tlì dn*)vryi11klbf\esh}i;ryi11gsycz> mklxscl*g)6p}lbcrl*ihylr)6

w ,, Ck icrmklxscl rc p}lisbc hxsç

Hsnxsc klr gsycz ycnehn gàylilr ph}h mklxsch} icrmklxsch}+ cn kh ghl}çhic crbcnh}`lr kh gcal} ghnc}h ic jhbc}kl cr sy`k`qhnil klbfr. Ck mklxscl gèr r`g'

pkc+ blgl tcglr cn ck cacgpkl hnyc}`l}+ nlr kl p}lpl}b`lnh klbf\esh}i . R` kl xscxsc}cglr jhbc} cr sn mklxscl i`dc}ìl+ l sn mklxscl r`n l bln sn y`cgpl ic crpc'}h icrmklxsch} hnycr ic xsc ck lmacyl rch icry}sìl+ plicglr sy`k`qh} sn`'xsc\klbf1

ryi11y`gci\gsycz g6BG`Bkhrc ihylr6

tlì dn*)v

ryi11sn`xsc\klbf;ryi11y`gci\gsycz>mklxscl*g+ ryi11bj}lnl11g`kk`rcblnir*2))6 ,, crpc}h} 2 gr`d *mklxscl) ,, r` ycncglr ck mklxscl+ hbbcic} h klr ihylrp}lbcrl*ihylr)6

w ,, Ck icrmklxscl rc p}lisbc hxsç

Crylr cr ròkl snh pcxscøh `ny}lisbb`òn h kh p}le}hghb`òn bln j`klr. Ctìcn'ycgcnyc jh gsbjl gèr1 gcbhn`rglr ph}h crpc}h} pl} ctcnylr+ hkghbcnhg`cnylklbhk ic j`klr ic cacbsb`òn+ gcbhn`rglr ph}h ct`yh} ck hm}hql gl}yhk+ cyb.



H_ÀNI@BC M D.A.Bcmhkklr,]H'GH

KH M@MK@LYCBH CRYÈNIH] ICB&&

Kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} ic B&& cryè icd`nìh cn ck crphb`l ic nlgm}cr ryi khr ic'bkh}hb`lncr ncbcrh}`hr ph}h rs sy`k`qhb`òn rln p}lpl}b`lnhihr pl} sn blnasnyl icd`bjc}lr ic bhmcbc}h xsc rc czplncn h blny`nshb`òn. Bln ck d`n ic ih} snh ìchecnc}hk ic kh dsnb`lnhkìhi hpl}yhih pl} cryh m`mk`lycbh+ jcglr bkhr`d`bhil crylr

d`bjc}lr+ rceñn rs dsnb`òn+ cn klr e}splr rès`cnycr1• Cny}hih,Rhkìh• Bhicnhr• Blnycncil}cr• @yc}hil}cr• Hkel}`yglr• Nñgc}lr• I`henòry`blr•

Sy`kìhicr ecnc}hkcr• Klbhk`qhb`òn• Rlpl}yc ick kcneshac

Kh hpl}yhb`òn xsc }chk`qhn klr blnycncil}cr+ `yc}hil}cr hkel}`yglr h kh m`'mk`lycbh cryènih} h gcnsil rc icnlg`nh RYK *Ryhnih}i Ycgpkhyc K`m}h}+ m`mk`l'ycbh cryènih} ic pkhny`kkhr).

H blny`nshb`òn glry}hglr sn k`ryhil ic klr i`dc}cnycr d`bjc}lr ic bhmcbc}h ickh m`mk`lycbh cryènih}+ ph}h jhbc}nlr snh ìch ic kl xsc rsplnc cryh m`mk`lycbh. Sn

d`bjc}l ic bhmcbc}h ic kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} xsc blg`cnbc pl} kh kcy}h b cxs`thkch sn d`bjc}l ic bhmcbc}h ic kh m`mk`lycbh ic B6 cryl cr+ sn d`bjc}l ;d.j> ic kh m`'




mk`lycbh ic B y`cnc rs cxs`thkcnyc ;bd> cn kh m`mk`lycbh cryènih} ic B&& *ecnc'}hkgcnyc+ kl xsc rsbcic cr xsc kh `gpkcgcnyhb`òn ic bd `nbksc h d.j).

CNY]HIH,RHK@IH

;bryi`l> C,R ic kh m`mk`lycbh ic B. ;bryik`m> Dsnb`lncr ic bkhr`d`bhb`òn ic bh}hbyc}cr. ;bubjh}> C,R ic bh}hbyc}cr czycniìlr. ;dry}chg> Dksalr ph}h y}hmhah} bln d`bjc}lr cn i`rbl. ;`lghn`p> Ghn`pskhil}cr. ;`lr> Y`plr dsnb`lncr mèr`blr ic C,R. ;`lrdui> Icbkh}hb`lncr hickhnyhihr ic sy`kìhicr ic C,R.

;`lry}chg> Lmacylr lpc}hb`lncr rlm}c dksalr cryènih} ic C,R. ;`ry}chg> Lmacylr lpc}hb`lncr rlm}c dksalr ic cny}hih. ;lry}chg> Lmacylr lpc}hb`lncr rlm}c dksalr ic rhkìh. ;rry}chg> Dksalr ph}h y}hmhah} bln bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr.;ry}chgmsd> Mñdc}cr ic dksalr.

BHICNHR

;bbypc> Czhg`nh} blntc}y`} bh}hbyc}cr. ;bryik`m> Dsnb`lncr ic bhicnh cry`kl B. ;bry}`ne> Dsnb`lncr ic bhicnh cry`kl B. ;bubjh}> Dsnb`lncr ic bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr czycniìlr cry`kl B. ;bubypc> Bkhr`d`bhb`òn ic bh}hbyc}cr czycniìlr. ;ry}`ne> Bkhrcr ph}h ghn`pskh} bhicnhr ic bh}hbyc}cr.

BLNYCNCIL]CR

;m`yrcy> Ghy}`q ic m`yr. ;icxsc> Blkh ic ilr czy}cglr ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y .

;k`ry> K`ryh ilmkcgcnyc cnkhqhih ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y . ;ghp> Ghy}`q hrlb`hy`th ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y . ;xscsc> Blkh ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y .;rcy> Blnasnyl ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y *blnycncil} hrlb`hy`tl). ;ryhbf> _`kh ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y . ;tcbyl}> Ghy}`q ic ckcgcnylr ic y`pl Y .

@YC]HIL]CR

;`yc}hyl}> Rlpl}yc ph}h `yc}hil}cr.



H_ÀNI@BC M1 KH M@MK@LYCBH CRYÈNIH] IC B&& :23

HKEL]@YGLR

;hkel}`yjg> Hkel}`yglr ecnc}hkcr *msrbh}+ l}icnh}+ blnyh}+ cyb.). ;bryik`m> mrch}bj xrl}y .

NÑGC]LR

;bghyj> Dsnb`lncr ghycgèy`bhr. ;blgpkcz> Lpc}hb`lncr bln nñgc}lr blgpkcalr.;bryik`m> Nñgc}lr hkchyl}`lr cry`kl B. ;nsgc}`b> Hkel}`yglr nsgà}`blr ecnc}hk`qhilr. ;thkh}}h> Lpc}hb`lncr bln ghy}`bcr nsgà}`bhr.

I@HENÒRY@BLR

;bhrrc}y> Ghb}l HRRC]Y. ;bc}}nl> Y}hyhg`cnyl ic c}}l}cr cry`kl B. ;czbcpy`ln> Bkhrc mhrc ph}h ylihr khr czbcpb`lncr. ;ryiczbcpy> Bkhrcr cryènih} sy`k`qhihr ph}h ghn`pskh} czbcpb`lncr.

SY@K@IHICR ECNC]HKCR

;by`gc> Dcbjh jl}h cry`kl B. ;dsnby`lnhk> Lmacylr dsnb`òn. ;gcgl}> Dsnb`lncr ph}h ghn`pskh} mklxscr ic gcgl}`h. ;sy`k`y> Ghn`pskh} ph}cr ic lmacylr.

KLBHK@QHB@ÒN

;bklbhkc> Blny}lk cry`kl B ic khr i`dc}cnb`hr bskys}hkcr. ;klbhkc> Blny}lk ic khr i`dc}cnb`hr bskys}hkcr.

RL_L]YC ICK KCNESHAC

;bdklhy> Kçg`ycr nsgà}`blr cn blgh dklyhnyc cry`kl B. ;bk`g`yr> Kçg`ycr nsgà}`blr cry`kl B. ;brcyagp> Rhkth} }cryhs}h} ck cryhil ic kh p`kh.;br`enhk> Cryhmkcb`g`cnyl ic ghncahil}cr ph}h blni`b`lncr czbcpb`lnhkcr

*yhgm`àn blnlb`ilr blgl rcøhkcr). ;bryih}e> K`ryh ic ph}ègcy}lr ic dsnb`òn ic klne`ysi th}`hmkc.;bryiicd> Rlpl}yc ic kh m`mk`lycbh hk kcneshac B. ;bryik`m> Icd`n`b`òn ic dsnb`lncr+ th}`hmkcr y`plr blgsncr. ;by`gc> Ghn`pskhb`òn ic kh dcbjh jl}h. ;czbcpy`ln> Y}hyhg`cnyl ic czbcpb`lncr.




;k`g`yr> Kçg`ycr nsgà}`blr.;ncu> Ecry`òn ic gcgl}`h i`nèg`bh. ;ypc`ndl> @icny`d`bhb`òn ic y`plr is}hnyc kh cacbsb`òn.



H_ÀNI@BC B D.A.Bcmhkklr,]H'GH

KH M@MK@LYCBH IC BKh m`mk`lycbh ic B pscic rc} sy`k`qhih yhgm`àn icric sn p}le}hgh B&&. _l}cacgpkl+ bln d}cbscnb`h hkesnlr p}le}hghil}cr p}cd`c}cn sy`k`qh} khr dsnb`lncr icC,R ic B+ xsc rc cnbscny}hn cn ryi`l.j *bryi`l cn kh m`mk`lycbh ic B&& cryènih})+pl} rc} gèr dhg`k`h}cr. Cn cryc bhrl+ bln kh kkhghih h rnb\u`yj\ryi`l*dhkrc) ickh bkhrc `lr\mhrc hnycr ic kh p}`gc}h lpc}hb`òn ic C,R pscic icrhby`th} kh r`nb}l'n`qhb`òn ic khr dsnb`lncr `lry}chg bln khr dsnb`lncr bryi`l+ xsc pl} lg`r`òn cryèhby`thih. Cryh dsnb`òn }cyl}nh ck glil ic r`nb}ln`qhb`òn *y}sc l dhkrc) p}ct`l.

mllk rnb\u`yj\ryi`l*mllk rnb 7 y}sc)6

Bshnil kh r`nb}ln`qhb`òn cryè icrhby`thih *rnb 7 dhkrc)+ khr lpc}hb`lncr icC,R bln b`n+ blsy+ bc}} bkle rc }chk`qhn sy`k`qhnil sn mñdc} ic y`pl d`kcmsd khrlpc}hb`lncr bln ryi`n+ ryilsy ryic}} rc }chk`qhn sy`k`qhnil sn mñdc} ic y`plryi`lmsd 6 cryl cr+ klr dksalr `lry}chg klr dksalr bryi`l lpc}hn `nicpcni`cnyc+ klbshk pscic gcal}h} kh cacbsb`òn pc}l r`n eh}hny`qh} kh r`nb}ln`qhb`òn. Cn bhgm`l+bshnil jh r`nb}ln`qhb`òn *rnb 7 y}sc)+ ylilr klr dksalr sy`k`qhn ck g`rgl mñdc}+

xsc cr ryi`lmsd . Ck r`es`cnyc cacgpkl kc pc}g`y`}è blgp}lmh} kh r`nb}ln`qhb`òn cnlpc}hb`lncr ic C,R1

,, Blgp}lmh} r` rnb\u`yj\ryi`l*y}sc) y}hmhah"`nbksic ;bryi`l>"`nbksic ;`lry}chg>sr`ne nhgcrphbc ryi6

`ny gh`n*)v,!

8. ¼Xsà rc crb}`mc cn ycry.yzy bshnil rc `ntlbh hrnb\u`yj\ryi`l bln ck h}esgcnyl y}sc<

=. ¼P bln ck h}esgcnyl dhkrc<




2. ¼P bshnil nl rc `ntlbh h rnb\u`yj\ryi`l< *bhrl pl} lg`r`òn)!,`lr\mhrc11rnb\u`yj\ryi`l*)6

,, T`nbskh} ryilsy bln ck d`bjc}l ycry.yzyd}clpcn *-ycry.yzy-+ -u-+ ryilsy)6

dl} *`ny ` 7 ?6 ` ; =6 `&&)vp}`nyd*-8-)6blsy ;; -=-6psyb*%2%+ ryilsy)6blsy ;; %9%6dpsyr*-3-+ ryilsy)6

blsy ;; 46psybjh}*%5%)6blsy ;; : ;; %0%6`d *`)

p}`nyd*-?[n-)6ckrc

blsy ;; -?- ;; cnik6w

w

,!

]crskyhilr18. 8=29345:0?8=29345:0?

=. 8235=94:0?8235?=94:0

2. 8=29345:0?8=29345:0?

!,

H blny`nshb`òn rc }crsgcn khr dsnb`lncr gèr blgsncr ic kh m`mk`lycbh ic B.

CNY]HIH P RHK@IHp}`nyd

Kh dsnb`òn p}`nyd crb}`mc mycr *bh}hbyc}cr HRB@@) ic ryilsy.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>

`ny p}`nyd*blnry bjh}!

dl}ghylV+ h}esgcnylW...)6



H_ÀNI@BC B1 KH M@MK@LYCBH IC B :20

dl}ghyl Crpcb`d`bh bògl th h rc} kh rhkìh. Cr snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr dl}'ghih pl} bh}hbyc}cr l}i`nh}`lr+ rcbscnb`hr ic crbhpc crpcb`d`bh'b`lncr ic dl}ghyl. Ck dl}ghyl rc kcc ic `qxs`c}ih h ic}cbjh.

snrènci `ny cihi 7 ?6dklhy pcrl 7 ?6

,, ...

p}`nyd*-Y`cnc #s hølr pcrh #e f`klr[n-+ cihi+ pcrl)6

h}esgcnyl ]cp}crcnyh ck thkl} l thkl}cr h crb}`m`}. Bhih h}esgcnyl icmc ycnc}rs bl}}crplni`cnyc crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl cn ck g`rgl l}icn.

p}`nyd*-Y`cnc #s hølr pcrh #e f`klr[n-+ cihi+ pcrl)6

Snh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl cryè blgpscryh pl}1

#VdkherWVhnbjlWV.p}cb`r`ònWVvj{k{KwWy`pl

Snh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl r`cgp}c blg`cnqh bln #. Ck rèn`d`bhil icbhih snl ic klr ckcgcnylr rc `ni`bh h blny`nshb`òn1

dkher rèn`d`bhil

∝ Asry`d`bh ck }crskyhil h kh `qxs`c}ih+ icny}l ick hnbjl crpcb`d`bhil._l} icdcbyl kh asry`d`bhb`òn rc jhbc h kh ic}cbjh.

& Hnycplnc ck rènl & l ∝ hk thkl} ic rhkìh. _l} icdcbyl ròkl rc plncrènl ∝ h klr thkl}cr ncehy`tlr.

? ]ckkcnh kh rhkìh bln bc}lr nl rèn`d`bhy`tlr jhryh hkbhnqh} ck hnbjlgçn`gl crpcb`d`bhil.mkhnbl Hnycplnc sn crphb`l cn mkhnbl hk thkl} ic rhkìh r` cr plr`y`tl. R` rc

sy`k`qh asnyl bln &+ cnylnbcr rc ènl}h." Bshnil rc sy`k`qh bln kh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl l+ z l Z+ hnycplnc

hk thkl} ic rhkìh ?+ ?z l ?Z+ }crpcby`thgcnyc.Bshnil rc sy`k`qh bln kh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl c+ C l d + dsc}qh hxsc ck thkl} ic rhkìh blnycneh sn psnyl icb`ghk cn ylilr klr bhrlr.Bshnil rc sy`k`qh bln kh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl e l E+ dsc}qh h

xsc ck thkl} ic rhkìh blnycneh sn psnyl icb`ghk cn ylilr klr bhrlr ct`yh xsc klr bc}lr h}}hry}hilr rchn y}snbhilr. Rc ènl}h bln b+ i+ `+ s l r.

crpcb`d`bhb`lncr ic dl}ghyl

bh}hbyc}cr l}i`nh}`lr rcbscnb`h ic crbhpc




hnbjl Gçn`gl nñgc}l ic plr`b`lncr ph}h kh rhkìh. R` ck thkl} h crb}`m`}lbsph gèr plr`b`lncr ic khr crpcb`d`bhihr+ ck hnbjl cr `nb}cgcnyhilcn kl ncbcrh}`l.

p}cb`r`òn Ck rèn`d`bhil icpcnic ick y`pl ic kh rhkìh.

y`pl Cr snl ic klr rès`cnycr bh}hbyc}cr1

bh}èbyc} rhkìh

i *`ny) cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc 8?.` *`ny) cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc 8?.s *`ny) cnyc}lr r`n rènl cn mhrc 8?.l *`ny) cnyc}lr r`n rènl cn mhrc :.

z *`ny) cnyc}lr r`n rènl cn mhrc 84 *?8...hmbicd).Z *`ny) cnyc}lr r`n rènl cn mhrc 84 *?8...HMBICD).d *ilsmkc) thkl} bln rènl ic kh dl}gh1 V∝Wiiii.iiii . Ck nñgc}l ic

içe`ylr hnycr ick psnyl icb`ghk icpcnic ic kh ghen`ysi ick nñgc}l ck nñgc}l ic icb`ghkcr ic kh p}cb`r`òn+ kh bshk cr 4 pl} icdcbyl.

c *ilsmkc) thkl} bln rènl+ ic kh dl}gh V∝Wi.iiii cV¸Wiii .C *ilsmkc) thkl} bln rènl+ ic kh dl}gh V∝Wi.iiii CV¸Wiii .e *ilsmkc) thkl} bln rènl+ cn dl}ghyl d l c *ck xsc rch gèr blgphbyl

ph}h ck thkl} p}cb`r`òn ihilr).

E *ilsmkc) èshk xsc e+ czbcpyl xsc E `ny}lisbc ck czplncnyc C cn tcqic c.b *`ny) sn rlkl bh}èbyc}+ bl}}crplni`cnyc hk myc gcnlr rèn`d`bhy`tl.r *bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr) crb}`m`} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr jhryh ck

p}`gc} bh}èbyc} nskl *%[?%).

Cacgpkl1

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny gh`n*)

v`ny h 7 8=2936dklhy m 7 39.:43D6p}`nyd*-#i[n-+ h)6 ,! crb}`mc 8=293[n !,p}`nyd*-[n#8?r[n#8?r[n-+ -hmb-+ -hmbicd-)6p}`nyd*-[n#'8?r[n#'8?r[n-+ -hmb-+ -hmbicd-)6p}`nyd*-[n-)6 ,! hthnqh h kh rès`cnyc kçnch !,p}`nyd*-#.=d[n-+ m)6 ,! crb}`mc m bln ilr icb`ghkcr !,

w

Kh p}cb`r`òn+ cn dsnb`òn ick y`pl+ y`cnc ck rès`cnyc rèn`d`bhil1




i+`+s+l+z+Z Crpcb`d`bh ck gçn`gl nñgc}l ic içe`ylr xsc rc y`cncn xsc crb}`m`}. R`cr ncbcrh}`l+ rc }ckkcnh bln bc}lr h kh `qxs`c}ih. R` ck thkl} czbcic ickh p}cb`r`òn+ nl rc y}snbh.

c+C+d Crpcb`d`bh ck nñgc}l ic içe`ylr xsc rc y`cncn xsc crb}`m`} icrpsàrick psnyl icb`ghk. _l} icdcbyl cr 4. Ck thkl} cr }cilnichil.

e+E Crpcb`d`bh ck gèz`gl nñgc}l ic içe`ylr rèn`d`bhy`tlr *pl} icdcbyl4) xsc rc y`cncn xsc crb}`m`}.

b Kh p}cb`r`òn nl y`cnc cdcbyl.r Crpcb`d`bh ck gèz`gl nñgc}l ic bh}hbyc}cr xsc rc crb}`m`}èn. Klr bh'

}hbyc}cr xsc czbcihn cryc nñgc}l+ rc ènl}hn.

j Rc sy`k`qh blgl p}cdàl bln klr y`plr i+ `+ l+ z Z+ ph}h crpcb`d`bh}

xsc ck h}esgcnyl cr rjl}y `ny+ l bln s ph}h crpcb`d`bh} sn rjl}y sn'rènci `ny.

k Rc sy`k`qh blgl p}cdàl bln klr y`plr i+ `+ l+ z Z+ ph}h crpcb`d`bh}xsc ck h}esgcnyl cr klne `ny+ l bln s ph}h crpcb`d`bh} sn klne sn'rènci `ny. Yhgm`àn rc sy`k`qh bln klr y`plr c+ C+ d + e E ph}h crpcb`'d`bh} sn ilsmkc hnycr xsc sn dklhy.

K Rc sy`k`qh blgl p}cdàl bln klr y`plr c+ C+ d + e E+ ph}h crpcb`d`bh}klne ilsmkc. Cryc p}cdàl nl cr blgphy`mkc bln HNR@ B.

rbhndKh dsnb`òn rbhnd kcc mycr *bh}hbyc}cr HRB@@) ic ryi`n.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny rbhnd*blnry bjh} ! dl}ghylV+ h}esgcnylW...)6

dl}ghyl @nyc}p}cyh bhih ihyl ic cny}hih. Cryè dl}ghil pl} bh}hbyc}cr xscecnà}`bhgcnyc rc icnlg`nhn crphb`lr cn mkhnbl *‚ ‐+ [y + [n)+ bh}hbyc'}cr l}i`nh}`lr crpcb`d`bhb`lncr ic dl}ghyl. Ck dl}ghyl rc kcc ic `q'xs`c}ih h ic}cbjh.

Bhih h}esgcnyl icmc ycnc} rs bl}}crplni`cnyc crpcb`d`bhb`òn icdl}ghyl cn ck g`rgl l}icn *tch yhgm`àn kh dsnb`òn p}`nyd ).

R` sn bh}èbyc} cn ryi`n nl cr blgphy`mkc bln ck y`pl crpcb`d`bhil pl}ck dl}ghyl+ kh cny}hih ic ihylr rc `nyc}}sgpc.

h}esgcnyl Cr kh th}`hmkc phrhih pl} }cdc}cnb`h xsc rc xs`c}c kcc}.

Bshnil rc crpcb`d`bh gèr ic sn h}esgcnyl+ klr thkl}cr ycbkchilr cn kh cny}h'

ih jh xsc rcph}h}klr pl} snl l gèr crphb`lr cn mkhnbl *‚ ‐+ [y + [n)+ l pl} ck bh}èb'yc} xsc rc crpcb`d`xsc cn ck dl}ghyl. _l} cacgpkl1




rbhnd*-#i #d #b-+ $h+ $m+ $b)6

Cny}hih ic ihylr1

3 =2.9 qVCny}h}W

l yhgm`àn1

3VCny}h}W =2.9VCny}h}W qVCny}h}W

Snh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl cryè blgpscryh pl}1

#V!WVhnbjlWVvj,kwWy`pl

Snh crpcb`d`bhb`òn ic dl}ghyl r`cgp}c blg`cnqh bln #. Ck }cryl ic klr ckc'gcnylr xsc pscic `nbks`} rc czpk`bhn h blny`nshb`òn1

! Sn hryc}`rbl h blny`nshb`òn ick rçgmlkl # rsp}`gc kh hrènhb`òn ickrès`cnyc ihyl cn kh cny}hih.

hnbjl Gèz`gl nñgc}l ic bh}hbyc}cr h kcc} ic kh cny}hih. Klr bh}hbyc}cr cn

czbcrl nl rc y`cncn cn bscnyh.

j Rc sy`k`qh blgl p}cdàl bln klr y`plr i+ `+ n+ l z ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xscck h}esgcnyl cr rjl}y `ny+ l bln s ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xsc cr rjl}y sn'rènci `ny.

k Rc sy`k`qh blgl p}cdàl bln klr y`plr i+ `+ n+ l z ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xscck h}esgcnyl cr klne `ny+ l bln s ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xsc cr klne snrè'nci `ny. Yhgm`àn rc sy`k`qh bln klr y`plr c+ d e ph}h crpcb`d`bh} xsc

ck h}esgcnyl cr ilsmkc.y`pl Ck y`pl icyc}g`nh bògl y`cnc xsc rc} `nyc}p}cyhil ck ihyl ic cny}hih1

blgl sn bh}èbyc}+ blgl snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr l blgl sn nñgc}l.Ck dl}ghyl gèr r`gpkc blny`cnc ck rçgmlkl # ck y`pl. _l} cacgpkl+#`. Klr y`plr xsc rc pscicn sy`k`qh} rln klr rès`cnycr1

Ck h}esgcnyl crBh}èbyc} sn psnyc}l h Cny} hih crpc}hih

i `ny cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc 8?.l `ny cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc :.z+ Z `ny cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc 84.




` `ny cnyc}lr bln rènl cn mhrc 8?+ 84 s :. R` ck cnyc}lblg`cnqh bln ?+ rc ylgh ck thkl} cn lbyhk r` cgp`c'qh bln ?z l ?Z+ ck thkl} rc ylgh cn jczhicb`ghk.

s snrènci `ny cnyc}lr r`n rènl cn mhrc 8?.d c+ Ce+ E dklhy thkl} bln rènl ic kh dl}gh V∝Wi.iiii Vvc{CwV¸Wiii Wb bjh} sn rlkl bh}èbyc}.r bjh} bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr.

ecybjh}

Kcc} sn bh}èbyc} ic kh cny}hih cryènih} *ryi`n).

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny ecybjh}*tlì)6

bjh} bh}6bh} 7 ecybjh}*)6

psybjh}

Crb}`m`} sn bh}èbyc} cn kh rhkìh cryènih} *ryilsy).

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny psybjh}*`ny b)6

psybjh}*%[n%)6psybjh}*bh})6

ecyr

Kcc} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr ic ryi`n.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>bjh} !ecyr*bjh} ! th})6

bjh} nlgm}cV98W6ecyr*nlgm}c)6p}`nyd*-#r[n-+ nlgm}c)6

psyrCrb}`m`} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr cn ryilsy.




"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny psyr*blnry bjh} ! th})6

bjh} nlgm}cV98W6ecyr*nlgm}c)6psyr*nlgm}c)6

BHICNHR IC BH]HBYC]CRry}bhy

Høhic kh bhicnh= h kh bhicnh8. Ictscktc sn psnyc}l h bhicnh8.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}bhy*bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

ry}bp

Blp`h kh bhicnh=+ `nbkscnil ck bh}èbyc} ic yc}g`nhb`òn nskl+ cn kh bhicnh8. Ic'tscktc sn psnyc}l h bhicnh8.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}bp*bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

bjh} bhicnhV:8W6ry}bp*bhicnh+ -Jlkh. -)6ry}bhy*bhicnh+ -Jhryh kscel.-)6

ry}bj}

Ictscktc sn psnyc}l h kh p}`gc}h lbs}}cnb`h ic b cn bhicnh l sn thkl} NSKK r`ck bh}èbyc} nl cr cnblny}hil. Ck bh}èbyc} b pscic rc} ck bh}èbyc} nskl *%[?%).

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}bj}*blnry bjh} !bhicnh+ `ny b)6

bjh} !picry6picry 7 ry}bj}*bhicnh+ bh})6

ry}}bj}

Ictscktc sn psnyc}l h kh ñky`gh lbs}}cnb`h ic b cn bhicnh l sn thkl} NSKK r` ckbh}èbyc} nl rc cnbscny}h. Ck bh}èbyc} b pscic rc} sn bh}èbyc} nskl *%[?%).

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}}bj}*blnry bjh} !bhicnh+ `ny b)6




ry}bgp

Blgph}h kh bhicnh8 bln kh bhicnh= kcz`ble}èd`bhgcnyc ictscktc sn thkl}1;? r` kh bhicnh8 cr gcnl} xsc kh bhicnh=+7? r` kh bhicnh8 cr èshk h kh bhicnh= >? r` kh bhicnh8 cr ghl} xsc kh bhicnh=.

I`dc}cnb`h khr kcy}hr ghñrbskhr ic khr g`nñrbskhr.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>`ny ry}bgp*blnry bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

}crs 7 ry}bgp*bhicnh8+ bhicnh=)6

ry}brpn

Ih blgl }crskyhil kh plr`b`òn *rsmçni`bc) ick p}`gc} bh}èbyc} ic bhicnh8+ xscpc}ycncbc hk blnasnyl ic bh}hbyc}cr blnycnìlr cn bhicnh=.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>r`qc\y ry}brpn*blnry bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

plr 7 ry}brpn*bhicnh+ -hmb-)6

ry}kcn

Ictscktc kh klne`ysi cn mycr ic bhicnh+ nl `nbkscnil ck bh}èbyc} ic yc}g`nh'b`òn nskl. Ck y`pl r`qc\y cr r`nòn`gl ic snrènci `ny.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>r`qc\y ry}kcn*bjh} !bhicnh)6

bjh} bhicnhV:?W 7 -Jlkh-6p}`nyd*-Ck yhghøl ic bhicnh cr #i[n-+ ry}kcn*bhicnh))6

ry}nbhy

Høhic klr p}`gc}lr n bh}hbyc}cr ic bhicnh= h kh bhicnh8+ yc}g`nh kh bhicnh }crsk'yhnyc bln ck bh}èbyc} nskl ictscktc sn psnyc}l h bhicnh8.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>

bjh} !ry}nbhy*bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh= + r`qc\y n)6




ry}nbp

Blp`h n bh}hbyc}cr ic kh bhicnh= cn kh bhicnh8 *rlm}crb}`m`cnil klr bh}hbyc}cr icbhicnh8) ictscktc sn psnyc}l h bhicnh8.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}nbp*bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh= + r`qc\y n)6

ry}nbgp

Blgph}h kcz`ble}èd`bhgcnyc klr p}`gc}lr n bh}hbyc}cr ic bhicnh8 ic bhicnh=+i`ry`nes`cnil ghñrbskhr g`nñrbskhr+ ictscktc sn thkl}1

;? r` kh bhicnh8 cr gcnl} xsc kh bhicnh=+7? r` kh bhicnh8 cr èshk h kh bhicnh= >? r` kh bhicnh8 cr ghl} xsc kh bhicnh=.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>`ny ry}nbgp*blnry bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh= + r`qc\y n)6

ry}rpn

Ih blgl }crskyhil kh plr`b`òn *rsmçni`bc) ick p}`gc} bh}èbyc} ic bhicnh8+ xsc nlpc}ycncbc hk blnasnyl ic bh}hbyc}cr blnycnìlr cn bhicnh=.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>r`qc\y ry}rpn*blnry bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

ry}ry}

Ictscktc sn psnyc}l h kh p}`gc}h lbs}}cnb`h ic bhicnh= cn bhicnh8 l sn thkl}

NSKK r` kh bhicnh= nl rc cnbscny}h cn kh bhicnh8."`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}ry}*blnry bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

ry}ylf

_c}g`yc lmycnc} ic kh bhicnh8 klr ckcgcnylr cn klr xsc rc i`tìc rceñn klr ick`'g`yhil}cr crpcb`d`bhilr cn bhicnh=.

_h}h lmycnc} ck p}`gc} ckcgcnyl+ ry}ylf icmc ycnc} bhicnh8 blgl p}`gc} h}'esgcnyl ph}h lmycnc} klr rès`cnycr ckcgcnylr+ icmc ycnc} NSKK. Bhih kkhgh'




ih h ry}ylf ictscktc sn psnyc}l hk r`es`cnyc ckcgcnyl l NSKK r` nl jh gèrckcgcnylr.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}ylf*bjh} !bhicnh8+ blnry bjh} !bhicnh=)6

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>

`ny gh`n*tl`i)vbjh} bhicnhVW 7 -Cryh bhicnh+ cryè dl}ghih pl} th}`hr phkhm}hr-6bjh} !ckcgcnyl6ckcgcnyl 7 ry}ylf*bhicnh+- +-)6uj`kc *ckcgcnyl (7 NSKK)vp}`nyd*-#r[n-+ ckcgcnyl)6ckcgcnyl 7 ry}ylf*NSKK+- +-)6

ww

ry}ku}

Blnt`c}yc khr kcy}hr ghñrbskhr ic bhicnh cn g`nñrbskhr. Ck }crskyhil cr kh p}l'

p`h bhicnh cn g`nñrbskhr.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}ku}*bjh} !bhicnh)6

ry}sp}

Blnt`c}yc khr kcy}hr g`nñrbskhr ic bhicnh cn ghñrbskhr. Ck }crskyhil cr kh p}l'p`h bhicnh cn ghñrbskhr.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>bjh} !ry}sp}*bjh} !bhicnh)6

BLNTC]R@ÒN IC IHYLRhyld

Blnt`c}yc snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr h sn thkl} ic y`pl ilsmkc.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>ilsmkc hyld*blnry bjh} !bhicnh)6




hyl`

Blnt`c}yc snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr h sn thkl} ic y`pl `ny."`nbksic ;bryik`m>`ny hyl`*blnry bjh} !bhicnh)6

hylk

Blnt`c}yc snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr h sn thkl} ic y`pl klne.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>

klne hylk*blnry bjh} !bhicnh)6

Bshnil khr dsnb`lncr hyld + hyl` hylk ylghn ic kh th}`hmkc bhicnh sn bh}èb'yc} xsc nl cr }cblnlbìl blgl ph}yc ic sn nñgc}l+ `nyc}}sgpcn kh blntc}r`òn.

rp}`nyd

Blnt`c}yc klr thkl}cr ic klr h}esgcnylr crpcb`d`bhilr h snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}crxsc hkghbcnh cn msddc} . Ictscktc blgl }crskyhil sn cnyc}l bl}}crplni`cnyc hknñgc}l ic bh}hbyc}cr hkghbcnhilr cn msddc} r`n blnyh} ck bh}èbyc} nskl ic yc}g`'nhb`òn.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny rp}`nyd*bjh} !msddc}+ blnry bjh} !dl}ghyl V+ h}esgcnylW ...)6

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny gh`n*tlì)vbjh} msddc}V=??W+ rVW 7 -l}icnhil}-+ b 7 %,%6`ny ` 7 9?+ a6

dklhy d 7 8.989=89D6

a 7 rp}`nyd*msddc}+ -[yBhicnh1 #r[n-+ r)6a &7 rp}`nyd*msddc} & a+ -[yBh}èbyc}1 #b[n-+ b)6a &7 rp}`nyd*msddc} & a+ -[yCnyc}l1 #i[n-+ `)6a &7 rp}`nyd*msddc} & a+ -[y]chk1 #d[n-+ d)6p}`nyd*-Rhkìh1[n#r[nNñgc}l ic bh}hbyc}cr 7 #i[n-+ msddc}+ a)6

w

ylhrb``

_lnc h ? ylilr klr m`yr ic b+ czbcpyl klr r`cyc m`yr ic gcnl} l}icn. I`bjl ic ly}hdl}gh+ blnt`c}yc b h sn bh}èbyc} HRB@@.




"`nbksic ;bbypc>`ny ylhrb``*`ny b)6

ylkluc}Blnt`c}yc b h snh kcy}h g`nñrbskh+ r` p}lbcic.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>`ny ylkluc}*`ny b)6

ylsppc}

Blnt`c}yc b h snh kcy}h ghñrbskh+ r` p}lbcic."`nbksic ;bryik`m>`ny ylsppc}*`ny b)6

DSNB@LNCR GHYCGÈY@BHRhblr

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck h}bl+ cn ck }hnel ? h Ϗ+ bsl blrcnl cr z. Ck thkl} ic z icmc

cryh} cny}c ∝8 86 ic kl blny}h}`l rc lmy`cnc sn c}}l} *h}esgcnyl dsc}h ick ilg`'n`l ic kh dsnb`òn).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc hblr*ilsmkc z)6

hr`n

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck h}bl+ cn ck }hnel ∝Ϗ ,= h Ϗ ,=+ bsl rcnl cr z. Ck thkl} ic z

icmc cryh} cny}c ∝8 86 r` nl+ rc lmy`cnc sn c}}l} *h}esgcnyl dsc}h ick ilg`n`l ickh dsnb`òn).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc hr`n*ilsmkc z)6

hyhn

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck h}bl+ cn ck }hnel ∝Ϗ ,= h Ϗ ,=+ bsh yhnecnyc cr z.

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc hyhn*ilsmkc z)6




hyhn=

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck h}bl+ cn ck }hnel ∝Ϗ h Ϗ + bsh yhnecnyc cr ,z. R` hgmlr h}'esgcnylr rln ?+ rc lmy`cnc sn c}}l} *h}esgcnyl dsc}h ick ilg`n`l ic kh dsnb`òn).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc hyhn=*ilsmkc + ilsmkc z)6

blr

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck blrcnl ic z * z cn }hi`hncr).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc blr*ilsmkc z)6

r`n

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck rcnl ic z * z cn }hi`hncr).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc r`n*ilsmkc z)6

yhnIh blgl }crskyhil kh yhnecnyc ic z * z cn }hi`hncr).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc yhn*ilsmkc z)6

blrj

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck blrcnl j`pc}mòk`bl ic z * z cn }hi`hncr)."`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc blrj*ilsmkc z)6

r`nj

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck rcnl j`pc}mòk`bl ic z * z cn }hi`hncr).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>

ilsmkc r`nj*ilsmkc z)6




yhnj

Ih blgl }crskyhil kh yhnecnyc j`pc}mòk`bh ic z * z cn }hi`hncr)."`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc yhnj*ilsmkc z)6

czp

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck thkl} ic c z

*c 7 =.58:=:=).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>

ilsmkc czp*ilsmkc z)6

kle

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck kleh}`ygl nhys}hk ic z.

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc kle*ilsmkc z)6

kle8?

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck kleh}`ygl cn mhrc 8? ic z.

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc kle8?*ilsmkc z)6

bc`k

Ih blgl }crskyhil sn thkl} ilsmkc+ xsc }cp}crcnyh ck cnyc}l gèr pcxscøl xsc cr

ghl} l `eshk xsc z."`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc bc`k*ilsmkc z)6

ilsmkc z 7 =.:+ 7 '=.:6p}`nyd*-#e #e[n-+ bc`k*z)+ bc`k*))6 ,, }crskyhil1 2 '=

dhmr

Ih blgl }crskyhil ck thkl} hmrlksyl ic z. Ck h}esgcnyl z cr sn thkl} }chk cn ilmkcp}cb`r`òn. @eshkgcnyc+ hmr khmr ihn ck thkl} hmrlksyl ic sn `ny sn klne+ }cr'pcby`thgcnyc.




"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc dhmr*ilsmkc z)6

dkll}Ih blgl }crskyhil sn thkl} ilsmkc+ xsc }cp}crcnyh ck cnyc}l gèr e}hnic xsc crgcnl} l `eshk xsc z.

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc dkll}*ilsmkc z)6

ilsmkc z 7 =.:+ 7 '=.:6p}`nyd*-#e #e[n-+ dkll}*z)+ dkll}*))6 ,, }crskyhil1 = '2

plu

Ih blgl }crskyhil z

. R` z cr ? c ncehy`tl l r` z c rln ? l r` z cr ncehy`tl c

nl cr cnyc}l+ rc lmy`cnc sn c}}l} *h}esgcnyl dsc}h ick ilg`n`l ic kh dsnb`òn). R` z

ih sn }crskyhil rspc}`l} hk thkl} kçg`yc ph}h ck y`pl ilsmkc+ ck }crskyhil cr cryc

thkl} kçg`yc *8.50540c&2?:).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>

ilsmkc plu*ilsmkcz+ ilsmkc

)6

ilsmkc z 7 =.:+ 7 '=.:6p}`nyd*-#e[n-+ plu*z+ ))6 ,, }crskyhil1 ?.?3305?2

rx}y

Ih blgl }crskyhil kh }hçq bshi}hih ic z. R` z cr ncehy`tl+ lbs}}c sn c}}l} *h}es'gcnyl dsc}h ick ilg`n`l ic kh dsnb`òn).

"`nbksic ;bghyj>ilsmkc rx}y*ilsmkc z)6

}hni

Ih blgl }crskyhil sn nñgc}l rcsilhkchyl}`l cnyc}l+ cny}c ? ]HNI\GHZ *2=545).

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>`ny }hni*tl`i)6




r}hni

Dàh ck psnyl ic blg`cnql ph}h ecnc}h} nñgc}lr rcsilhkchyl}`lr6 cn ly}hr phkh'm}hr+ `n`b`h ck ecnc}hil} ic nñgc}lr rcsilhkchyl}`lr cn dsnb`òn ick thkl} ic rsh}esgcnyl. Bshnil cryh dsnb`òn nl rc sy`k`qh+ ck thkl} ick p}`gc} nñgc}l rcsilh'kchyl}`l ecnc}hil r`cgp}c cr ck g`rgl ph}h bhih cacbsb`òn *bl}}crplnic h sn h}'esgcnyl ic thkl} 8).

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>tlì r}hni*snrènci `ny h}e )6

DSNB@LNCR IC DCBJH P JL]Hbklbf

@ni`bh ck y`cgpl cgpkchil pl} ck p}lbcrhil} cn ck p}lbcrl cn bs}rl.

"`nbksic ;by`gc>bklbf\y bklbf*tlì)6

Ck y`cgpl czp}crhil cn rcesnilr rc lmy`cnc hk i`tì`} ck thkl} ictsckyl pl}bklbf cny}c kh blnryhnyc BKLBFR\_C]\RC B. R` nl cr plr`mkc lmycnc} cryc y`cg'

pl+ kh dsnb`òn bklbf ictscktc ck thkl} *bklbf\y)∝8. Ck y`pl bklbf\y cryè icbkh}hilhrç1

ypcicd klne bklbf\y6

y`gc

]cyl}nh ck nñgc}l ic rcesnilr y}hnrbs}}ìlr icric khr ? jl}hr ick 8 ic cnc}l ic805?.

"`nbksic ;by`gc>y`gc\y y`gc*y`gc\y !rce )6

Ck y`pl y`gc\y cryè icd`nìl hrç1

ypcicd klne y`gc\y6

Ck h}esgcnyl pscic rc} NSKK. Rceñn cryl+ khr ilr rcnycnb`hr rès`cnycr ph}hlmycnc} klr rcesnilr y}hnrbs}}ìlr rln cxs`thkcnycr1

y`gc\y rcesnilr6y`gc*$rcesnilr)6rcesnilr 7 y`gc*NSKK)6




by`gc

Blnt`c}yc sn y`cgpl hkghbcnhil blgl sn thkl} ic y`pl y`gc\y+ cn snh bhicnh icbh}hbyc}cr ic kh dl}gh1

Yjs Ask ?: 8=1?81=0 =?8?[n[?

"`nbksic ;by`gc>bjh} !by`gc*blnry y`gc\y !rce )6

Cryh dsnb`òn ictscktc sn psnyc}l h kh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr }crskyhnyc l snpsnyc}l nskl r` rce }cp}crcnyh sn ihyl hnyc}`l} hk 8 ic cnc}l ic 805?. _l} cacgpkl+

ck rès`cnyc p}le}hgh p}crcnyh kh dcbjh hbyshk + h blny`nshb`òn+ ecnc}h b`nblnñgc}lr rcsilhkchyl}`lr+ snl bhih rcesnil.

,!!!!!!!!!! Ecnc}h} sn nñgc}l hkchyl}`l bhih rcesnil !!!!!!!!!!,"`nbksic ;bryi`l>"`nbksic ;bryik`m>"`nbksic ;by`gc>`ny gh`n*)vklne z+ yg6y`gc\y rcesnilr6

y`gc*$rcesnilr)6p}`nyd*-[n#r[n-+ by`gc*$rcesnilr))6r}hni**snrènci)y`gc*NSKK))6

dl} *z 7 86 z ;7 36 z&&)vil ,, y`cgpl ic crpc}h èshk h 8 rcesnilyg 7 bklbf*)6

uj`kc *yg,BKLBFR\_C]\RCB ; z)6,, Rc ecnc}h sn nñgc}l hkchyl}`l bhih rcesnilp}`nyd*-@yc}hb`òn #ki1 #i[n-+ z+ }hni*))6

ww

klbhky`gc

Blnt`c}yc ck nñgc}l ic rcesnilr y}hnrbs}}ìlr icric khr ? jl}hr ick 8 ic cnc}l ic805?+ thkl} lmycnìl pl} kh dsnb`òn y`gc+ h kh dcbjh jl}h bl}}crplni`cnyc *bl'}}ceìh cn dsnb`òn ic kh qlnh jl}h}`h cn kh xsc nlr cnblny}cglr). Ck }crskyhil crhkghbcnhil cn snh cry}sbys}h ic y`pl yg + icd`nìh cn by`gc.

"`nbksic ;by`gc>ry}sby yg !klbhky`gc*blnry y`gc\y !rce )6




Kh dsnb`òn klbhky`gc ictscktc sn psnyc}l h kh cry}sbys}h xsc blny`cnc ck }c'rskyhil l sn psnyc}l nskl r` ck y`cgpl nl pscic rc} `nyc}p}cyhil. Klr g`cgm}lr ickh cry}sbys}h rln klr rès`cnycr1

Bhgpl Thkl} hkghbcnhil

yg\rcb Rcesnilr *? ' 30).yg\g`n G`nsylr *? ' 30).yg\jls} Jl}hr *? ' =2).yg\gih Içh ick gcr *8 ' 28).yg\gln Gcr *? ' 886 cnc}l 7 ?).yg\ch} Høl *hbyshk gcnlr 80??).

yg\uih Içh ic kh rcghnh *? ' 46 ilg`nel 7 ?).yg\ih Içh ick høl *? ' 2436 8 ic cnc}l 7 ?).

Ck rès`cnyc cacgpkl gscry}h bògl rc sy`k`qh cryh dsnb`òn.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>"`nbksic ;by`gc>`ny gh`n*)vry}sby yg !dj6y`gc\y rcesnilr6

y`gc*$rcesnilr)6dj 7 klbhky`gc*$rcesnilr)6p}`nyd*-#i jl}hr+ #i g`nsylr[n-+ dj'>yg\jls}+ dj'>yg\g`n)6

w

Kh dsnb`òn klbhky`gc sy`k`qh snh th}`hmkc ic y`pl ryhy`b ry}sby yg ph}h }chk`qh}kh blntc}r`òn kl xsc ictscktc cr kh i`}cbb`òn ic crh th}`hmkc.

GHN@_SKH] MKLXSCR IC GCGL]@Hgcgrcy

_c}g`yc `n`b`h} sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>tlì !gcgrcy*tlì !icry`nl+ `ny m+ r`qc\y nmycr)6

Ck h}esgcnyl icry`nl cr kh i`}cbb`òn ick mklxsc ic gcgl}`h xsc rc icrch `n`'b`h}+ m cr ck thkl} cgpkchil ph}h `n`b`h} bhih myc ick mklxsc nmycr cr ck nñgc'

}l ic mycr ick mklxsc xsc rc `n`b`h}èn. _l} cacgpkl+ ck rès`cnyc bòièl `n`b`h h ?kh ghy}`q h1




ilsmkc hV8?WV8?W6,, ...gcgrcy*h+ ?+ r`qcld*h))6

gcgbp

Blp`h sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h cn ly}l.

"`nbksic ;bry}`ne>tlì !gcgbp*tlì !icry`nl+ blnry tlì !l}ècn+ r`qc\y nmycr)6

Ck h}esgcnyl icry`nl cr kh i`}cbb`òn ick mklxsc ic gcgl}`h icry`nl ic klr ih'ylr+ l}ècn cr kh i`}cbb`òn ick mklxsc ic gcgl}`h l}ècn ic klr ihylr nmycr crck nñgc}l ic mycr xsc rc blp`h}èn icric ck l}ècn hk icry`nl. _l} cacgpkl+ ck r`'es`cnyc bòièl blp`h kh ghy}`q h cn m1

ilsmkc hV8?WV8?W+ mV8?WV8?W6,, ...gcgbp*m+ h+ r`qcld*h))6

gcgbgp

Blgph}h myc h myc ilr mklxscr ic gcgl}`h."`nbksic ;bry}`ne>`ny gcgbgp*tlì !mg8+ blnry tlì !mg= + r`qc\y nmycr)6

Klr h}esgcnylr mg8 mg= rln khr i`}cbb`lncr ic klr mklxscr ic gcgl}`h hblgph}h} nmycr cr ck nñgc}l ic mycr xsc rc blgph}h}èn. Ck }crskyhil ictsckylpl} kh dsnb`òn cr ck g`rgl xsc rc czpsrl ph}h ry}bgp. _l} cacgpkl+ ck rès`cnycbòièl blgph}h kh ghy}`q h bln kh m1

ilsmkc hV8?WV8?W+ mV8?WV8?W6,, ...`d *gcgbgp*h+ m+ r`qcld*h)) 77 ?)p}`nyd*-Khr ghy}`bcr h m blny`cncn klr g`rglr ihylr[n-)6

ckrcp}`nyd*-Khr ghy}`bcr h m nl blny`cncn klr g`rglr ihylr[n-)6

HR@ENHB@ÒN I@NÈG@BH IC GCGL]@Hghkklb

_c}g`yc hrènh} sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h ic nmycr blnrcbsy`tlr cn gcgl}`h ph}hhkghbcnh} snl l gèr lmacylr ic sn y`pl bshkxs`c}h. Cryh dsnb`òn ictscktc sn psn'yc}l ecnà}`bl *tlì !) xsc }cdc}cnb`h ck crphb`l hrènhil. R` nl jh rsd`b`cnyc cr'




phb`l ic gcgl}`h+ kh dsnb`òn ghkklb }cyl}nh sn psnyc}l nskl *thkl} NSKK) r`ck h}esgcnyl nmycr cr ?+ hrènh sn mklxsc ic yhghøl ? ictlkt`cnil sn psnyc}ltèkìl.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>tlì !ghkklb*r`qc\y nmycr)6

d}cc

_c}g`yc k`mc}h} sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h hrènhil pl} khr dsnb`lncr ghkklb+ bhkklb l}chkklb *cryhr ilr ñky`ghr khr tc}cglr h blny`nshb`òn)+ pc}l nl plnc ck psnyc}l hNSKK. R` ck psnyc}l xsc }cdc}cnb`h ck mklxsc ic gcgl}`h xsc icrchglr k`mc}h} cr

nskl+ kh dsnb`òn d}cc nl jhbc nhih.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>tlì d}cc*tlì ! tpsnyc}l)6

}chkklb

_c}g`yc bhgm`h} ck yhghøl ic sn mklxsc ic gcgl}`h p}ct`hgcnyc hrènhil.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>

tlì !}chkklb*tlì ! pMklgcg + r`qc\y nMycr)6

pMklgcg nMycr Hbb`òn

NSKK ? Hrènh ? mycr *èshk xsc ghkklb).NSKK I`ry`nyl ic ? Hrènh nMycr mycr *èshk xsc ghkklb). R`

nl cr plr`mkc+ ictscktc NSKK.I`ry`nyl ic NSKK ? Ictscktc NSKK k`mc}h ck mklxsc l}è`nhk.I`ry`nyl ic NSKK I`ry`nyl ic ? ]chrènh nMycr mycr. Ck blnycnìl ick

crphb`l blnrc}thil nl bhgm`h. R` kh }chrè'

nhb`òn nl cr plr`mkc+ ictscktc NSKK ckmklxsc l}è`nhk nl bhgm`h.

D@BJC]LRdlpcn

_c}g`yc b}ch} sn dksal icric sn d`bjc}l+ jhb`h sn d`bjc}l l m`cn icric jhb`h snd`bjc}l. Cn yà}g`nlr gèr r`gpk`d`bhilr+ pc}g`yc hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h kcc}+ ph}h

crb}`m`} l ph}h kcc} crb}`m`}."`nbksic ;bryi`l>D@KC !dlpcn*blnry bjh} !nlgd`+ blnry bjh} !glil)6




nlgd` cr ck nlgm}c ick d`bjc}l glil crpcb`d`bh bògl rc th h hm}`} ck d`bjc}l1

Glil Icrb}`pb`òn‛}‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h kcc}. R` ck d`bjc}l nl cz`ryc l nl rc cnbscny}h+ rc

lmy`cnc sn c}}l}.

‛u‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h crb}`m`}. R` ck d`bjc}l nl cz`ryc+ rc b}ch6 r` cz`r'yc+ rs blnycnìl rc icry}sc ph}h rc} b}chil ic nsctl.

‛h‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h høhi`} `ndl}ghb`òn hk d`nhk ick g`rgl. R` ck d`'bjc}l nl cz`ryc+ rc b}ch.

‛}&‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h kcc} crb}`m`}. Ck d`bjc}l icmc cz`ry`}.

‛u&‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h crb}`m`} kcc}. R` ck d`bjc}l nl cz`ryc+ rc b}ch6 r` cz`ryc+ rs blnycnìl rc icry}sc ph}h rc} b}chil ic nsctl.

‛h&‗ Hm}`} sn d`bjc}l ph}h kcc} høhi`}. R` ck d`bjc}l nl cz`ryc+ rc b}ch.

D@KC !pd6pd 7 dlpcn*-ihylr-+ -u-)6 ,, hm}`} ck d`bjc}l ihylr

d}clpcn

Icrt`nbskh ck i`rplr`y`tl l d`bjc}l hbyshkgcnyc hrlb`hil bln ck dksal }cdc}cnb`hilpl} pdksal }chrènh pdksal hk d`bjc}l ìcny`d`bhil pl} nlgd`.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>D@KC !d}clpcn*blnry bjh} !nlgd + blnry bjh} !gli l+ D@KC ! pdksal)6

pd 7 d}clpcn*-ihylr-+ -u-+ ryilsy)6

dbklrc

B`c}}h ck dksal }cdc}cnb`hil pl} pd .

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dbklrc*D@KC ! pd )6

dc}}l}

Tc}`d`bh r` lbs}}`ò sn c}}l} cn kh ñky`gh lpc}hb`òn ic C,R.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dc}}l}*D@KC ! pd )6




bkch}c}}

_lnc h ? klr m`yr ic c}}l} xsc cryàn h 8+ `nbksìl ck m`y ic d`n ic d`bjc}l."`nbksic ;bryi`l>tlì bkch}c}}*D@KC ! pd )6

`d *dc}}l}*pd))vp}`nyd*-C}}l} hk crb}`m`} cn ck d`bjc}l[n-)6bkch}c}}*pd)6

w

dcldIctscktc sn thkl} i`ry`nyl ic ? bshnil rc `nycnyh kcc} gèr hkkè ic kh gh}bh cld

*cni ld d`kc ' d`n ic d`bjc}l)+ nl bshnil rc kcc ck ñky`gl }ce`ry}l. Cn ly}l bhrl ic'tscktc sn ?.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dcld*D@KC !pd )6

uj`kc *(dcld*pd)) ,, g`cny}hr nl rc kkcesc hk d`nhk ick d`bjc}lv,, Kcc} hxsç ck rès`cnyc }ce`ry}l ick d`bjc}l

wdbklrc*pd)6

dyckk

Ictscktc kh plr`b`òn hbyshk cn ck d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln pd ick psnyc}l ic K,C+ lm`cn ck thkl} ∝8K r` lbs}}c sn c}}l}. Cryh plr`b`òn cr }ckhy`th hk p}`nb`p`l ick d`'

bjc}l."`nbksic ;bryi`l>klne dyckk*D@KC !pd )6

drccf

Gsctc ck psnyc}l ic K,C ick d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln pd h snh nscth klbhk`qhb`ònicrpkhqhih icrp mycr *sn thkl} plr`y`tl hthnqh ck psnyc}l sn thkl} ncehy`tl kl}cy}lbcic) ic kh plr`b`òn crpcb`d`bhih pl} ck h}esgcnyl plr+ kh bshk pscic rc} snh

ic khr rès`cnycr1

RCCF\RCY Jhbc }cdc}cnb`h h kh p}`gc}h plr`b`òn cn ck d`bjc}l.




RCCF\BS] Jhbc }cdc}cnb`h h kh plr`b`òn hbyshk ick psnyc}l ic K,C.RCCF\CNI Jhbc }cdc}cnb`h h kh ñky`gh plr`b`òn cn ck d`bjc}l.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny drccf*D@KC !pd + klne icrp+ `ny plr)6

,, Bhkbskh} ck n± ylyhk ic }ce`ry}lr sn d`bjc}ldrccf*pd+ ?K+ RCCF\CNI)6ylyhk}ce 7 *`ny)dyckk*pd),r`qcld*}ce`ry}l)6

}cu`ni

Gsctc ck psnyc}l ic K,C hk p}`nb`p`l ick d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln pd .

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>tl`i }cu`ni*D@KC !pd )6

dpsyb

Crb}`mc sn bh}èbyc} bh} cn kh plr`b`òn `ni`bhih pl} ck psnyc}l ic kcbys}h,crb}`ys}h*K,C) ick d`bjc}l l i`rplr`y`tl hrlb`hil bln pd .

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dpsyb*`ny bh}+ D@KC !pd )6

decyb

Kcc sn bh}èbyc} ic kh plr`b`òn `ni`bhih pl} ck psnyc}l ic K,C ick d`bjc}l l i`rpl'r`y`tl hrlb`hil bln pd hthnqh hk r`es`cnyc bh}èbyc} h kcc}. Ictscktc ck bh}èbyc}kcçil l sn CLD+ r` lbs}}c sn c}}l} l rc icycbyh ck d`nhk ick d`bjc}l.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>

`ny decyb*D@KC !pd )6

dpsyr

_c}g`yc blp`h} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr cn sn d`bjc}l l i`rplr`y`tl.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dpsyr*blnry bjh} !bhicnh+ D@KC !pd )6




decyr

_c}g`yc kcc} snh bhicnh ic bh}hbyc}cr ic sn d`bjc}l l i`rplr`y`tl. IctscktcNSKK r` lbs}}c sn c}}l}.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>bjh} !decyr*bjh} !bhicnh+ `ny n+ D@KC !pd )6

dp}`nyd

_c}g`yc crb}`m`} rsr h}esgcnylr+ bln ck dl}ghyl crpcb`d`bhil+ cn sn d`bjc}l l i`r'plr`y`tl.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny dp}`nyd*D@KC !pd + blnry bjh} !dl}ghylV+ h}eW...)6

drbhnd

_c}g`yc kcc} klr h}esgcnylr crpcb`d`bhilr+ bln ck dl}ghyl crpcb`d`bhil+ icric snd`bjc}l l i`rplr`y`tl. Ictscktc sn CLD r` rc icycbyh ck d`nhk ick d`bjc}l.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>

`ny drbhnd*D@KC !pd + blnry bjh} !dl}ghylV+ h}eW...)6

du}`yc

_c}g`yc crb}`m`} b ckcgcnylr ic klne`ysi n mycr hkghbcnhilr cn ck msddc} crpcb`'d`bhil+ cn ck d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln pd .

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>r`qc\y du}`yc*blnry tl`i !msddc}+ r`qc\y n+ r`qc\y b+ D@KC !pd )6

D@KC !pd8 7 NSKK+ !pd= 7 NSKK6bjh} bh}+ bhicnhV24W6ecyr*bhicnh)6 bh} 7 ecybjh}*)6,, ...du}`yc*$bh}+ r`qcld*bjh})+ 8+ pd8)6du}`yc*bhicnh+ r`qcld*bhicnh)+ 8+ pd=)6

d}chi

_c}g`yc kcc} b ckcgcnylr ic klne`ysi n mycr ick d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln pd klr hk'ghbcnh cn ck msddc} crpcb`d`bhil.

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>




r`qc\y d}chi*tlì !msddc}+ r`qc\y n+ r`qc\y b+ D@KC !pd )6

D@KC !pd8 7 NSKK+ !pd= 7 NSKK6

bjh} bh}+ bhicnhV24W6,, ...d}chi*$bh}+ r`qcld*bjh})+ 8+ pd)6d}chi*bhicnh+ r`qcld*bhicnh)+ 8+ pd)6

ddksrj

Crb}`mc cn ck d`bjc}l hrlb`hil bln ck dksal hpsnyhil pl} pd ck blnycnìl ick msddc} icd`nìl ph}h cryc dksal. Cn U`nilur+ nl cn SN@Z+ r` ck d`bjc}l cn kseh} ic cryh}hm`c}yl ph}h crb}`m`} cryè hm`c}yl ph}h kcc}+ ddksrj ml}}h ck blnycnìl ick msddc} .

"`nbksic ;bryi`l>`ny ddksrj*D@KC ! pd )6

G@RBCKÈNCHrrycg

Cntçh snh l}icn hk r`rycgh lpc}hy`tl.

"`nbksic ;bryik`m>`ny rrycg*blnry bjh} ! bhicnh'ic'bh}hbyc}cr)6

rrycg*-bkr-)6 ,, k`gp`h} kh phnyhkkh cn U`nilurrrycg*-bkch}-)6 ,, k`gp`h} kh phnyhkkh cn SN@Z



H_ÀNI@BC I D.A.Bcmhkklr,]H'GH

CNYL]NLR IC ICRH]]LKKLBshnil rc sy`k`qh sn cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl `nyce}hil *CI@)+ kl p}`gc}l xsc jhxsc jhbc} snh tcq `nryhkhil cr hrces}h}rc ic xsc khr }syhr ilnic rc klbhk`qhn khrjc}}hg`cnyhr+ khr m`mk`lycbhr+ kh ilbsgcnyhb`òn klr d`bjc}lr dscnyc jhhn rìlcryhmkcbìhr6 hkesnlr CI@ ròkl }cxs`c}cn kh }syh ilnic rc `nryhkò ck blgp`khil}.Cryc p}lbcrl nl}ghkgcnyc rc cacbsyh hsylgèy`bhgcnyc is}hnyc ck p}lbcrl ic `nr'yhkhb`òn ic i`bjl cnyl}nl. R` nl cr hrç+ ck cnyl}nl p}lpl}b`lnh}è hkeñn gcnñ blnkhr ò}icncr hp}lp`hihr ph}h }chk`qh} i`bjl p}lbcrl. _l} cacgpkl+ cn ck CI@ xsc rcp}crcnyh h blny`nshb`òn pscic blgp}lmh} cryl h y}htàr ic khr lpb`lncr ick gcnñRcyy`ner.

BlicMklbfr

Cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc rc pscic lmrc}th} ck hrpcbyl ick cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl `nyc'e}hil BlicMklbfr `nbksìl cn ck BI xsc hblgphøh hk k`m}l.




_h}h ci`yh} cacbsyh} ck p}le}hgh JlkhGsnil.bpp t`ryl cn ck bhpçyskl 8+ lbshkxs`c} ly}l p}le}hgh+ sy`k`qhnil cryc cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl `nyce}hil+ klr phrlrh rces`} rc `ni`bhn h blny`nshb`òn1

8. Rspln`cnil xsc h cryè t`rshk`qhil ck cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl+ b}chglr sn nsc'tl p}lcbyl B&& *D`kc+ Ncu+ _}lacby ). Rc gscry}h kh tcnyhnh r`es`cnyc1



H_ÀNI@BC I1 CNYL]NLR IC ICRH]]LKKL :43

=. Ckce`glr kh bhycel}çh blnrlkh *Blnrlkc)+ kh pkhny`kkh Blnrlkc hppk`bhy`ln pskrhglr ck mlyòn El.

2. Rckcbb`lnhglr ck kcneshac B&& jhbcglr bk`b cn ck mlyòn Nczy .




9. Crpcb`d`bhglr ck nlgm}c ick p}lcbyl+ kh bh}pcyh ilnic rc}è esh}ihil jhbcglr bk`b cn Nczy .

3. R` klr ihylr p}crcnyhilr cn kh tcnyhnh hnyc}`l} rln bl}}cbylr+ jhbcglr bk`b cnck mlyòn D`n`rj. Ck p}lcbyl cryè b}chil6 blny`cnc sn d`bjc}l gh`n.bpp xsc `n'bksc kh dsnb`òn gh`n pl} ilnic rc `n`b`h}è d`nhk`qh}è kh cacbsb`òn ick p}l'e}hgh.




4.

H blny`nshb`òn+ rceñn rc pscic lmrc}th} cn kh dès}h hnyc}`l}+ ci`yhglr ckbòièl xsc blgplnc ck p}le}hgh kl esh}ihglr.

5. Icrpsàr+ ph}h blgp`kh} ck p}le}hgh+ cacbsyhglr kh l}icn Ms`ki ick gcnñ Ms`ki + snh tcq blgp`khil *r`n c}}l}cr)+ kl plicglr cacbsyh} rckcbb`lnhnilkh l}icn ]sn ick g`rgl gcnñ *r` nl psi`à}hglr tc} kh tcnyhnh bln klr }crsk'yhilr pl}xsc icrhph}cbc 'nl cr ck bhrl'+ høhi`}çhglr hk d`nhk ic kh dsnb`òngh`n+ hnycr ic }cys}n+ kh rcnycnb`h ‛rrycg*-phsrc-)6‗ hk p}`nb`p`l ickd`bjc}l .bpp kh i`}cby}`q "`nbksic ;bryik`m>+ r` dsc}h ncbcrh}`l).

Cn ck bhrl ic xsc kh hpk`bhb`òn cryà blgpscryh pl} th}`lr d`bjc}lr dscnyc+r`gpkcgcnyc ycni}cglr xsc høhi`}klr hk p}lcbyl cacbsyhnil kh l}icn D`kc ickgcnñ D`kc.

G`b}lrldy T`rshk B&&

Cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc rc pscic lmrc}th} kh pèe`nh ic `n`b`l ick cnyl}nl ic icrh'}}lkkl `nyce}hil G`b}lrldy T`rshk B&&.




_h}h ci`yh} cacbsyh} ck p}le}hgh JlkhGsnil.bpp czpscryl cn ck bhpçyskl 8sy`k`qhnil cryc cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl+ klr phrlr h rces`} rln klr r`es`cnycr1

8. _h}y`cnil ic kh pèe`nh ic `n`b`l ic T`rshk B&&+ jhbcglr bk`b cn ck mlyònB}ch} p}lcbyl ph}h b}ch} sn p}lcbyl nsctl l m`cn cacbsyhglr kh l}icn H}'bj`tl > Nsctl > _}lcbyl. Cryh hbb`òn jh}è xsc rc t`rshk`bc snh tcnyhnh xscglry}h}è cn rs phnck `qxs`c}il klr y`plr ic p}lcbylr xsc rc pscicn b}ch}+ cn rs phnck ic}cbjl khr pkhny`kkhr xsc rc pscicn sy`k`qh}6 kh ckcbb`òn ic snh lic ly}h icpcnic}è ick y`pl ic hpk`bhb`òn xsc icrccglr blnry}s`}. Kh d`es}h r`'es`cnyc gscry}h cryh tcnyhnh1




=. _h}h nscry}l cacgpkl+ ckce`glr ck y`pl ic p}lcbyl T`rshk B&& U`n2= khpkhny`kkh Hpk`bhb`òn ic blnrlkh U`n2=. Icrpsàr crpcb`d`bhglr ck nlgm}c ickp}lcbyl rs sm`bhb`òn6 lmrc}tc xsc ck p}lcbyl rc}è b}chil cn snh bh}pcyhbln ck g`rgl nlgm}c. H blny`nshb`òn pskrhglr ck mlyòn Hbcpyh} . Cryh hbb`ònt`rshk`qh}è kh tcnyhnh glry}hih cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc+ xsc pc}g`y`}è cryhmkcbc}khr lpb`lncr ncbcrh}`hr ph}h ecnc}h} snh hpk`bhb`òn ic blnrlkh ph}y`cnil icsn p}lcbyl thbçl1

2. Snh tcq blndès}hih kh hpk`bhb`òn+ pskrhglr ck mlyòn D`nhk`qh} . Ck }crskyhilrc}è sn p}lcbyl thbçl hk xsc pli}cglr høhi`} d`bjc}lr. _l} cacgpkl+ ph}hhøhi`} ck d`bjc}l JlkhGsnil.bpp+ jhbcglr bk`b bln ck mlyòn ic}cbjl ick}hyòn rlm}c ck nlgm}c ick p}lcbyl rckcbb`lnhglr kh l}icn He}ceh} > Nsc'tl ckcgcnyl....




9. Kh hbb`òn cacbsyhih cn ck psnyl hnyc}`l} gscry}h kh tcnyhnh xsc rc gscry}h hblny`nshb`òn+ kh bshk nlr pc}g`y`}è ckce`} kh pkhny`kkh ph}h ck d`bjc}l+ cn nscr'y}l bhrl H}bj`tl B&& *.bpp+ crpcb`d`bh} ck nlgm}c kh sm`bhb`òn ick g`r'gl.

3. Ck rès`cnyc phrl cr crb}`m`} ck bòièl xsc rc hkghbcnh}è cn cryc d`bjc}l+rceñn gscry}h kh dès}h rès`cnyc1




Cn cryh dès}h lmrc}thglr snh tcnyhnh p}`nb`phk xsc blny`cnc ly}hr tcnyhnhrbln th}`hr pèe`nhr bhih snh ic ckkhr. Kh xsc cryè cn kh ph}yc bcny}hk cryè glr'

y}hnil kh pèe`nh ic ci`b`òn ick d`bjc}l gh`n.bpp xsc cryhglr ci`yhnil y`cnclbskyh kh pèe`nh ic `n`b`l. Kh xsc cryè cn kh ph}yc `qxs`c}ih cryè glry}hnil ckczpkl}hil} ic rlksb`lncr6 àryc k`ryh ck nlgm}c ic kh rlksb`òn *snh rlksb`ònpscic blnycnc} snl l gèr p}lcbylr)+ ck nlgm}c ick p}lcbyl l p}lcbylr cknlgm}c ic klr d`bjc}lr xsc blgplncn ck p}lcbyl6 cn nscry}l bhrl ròkl ycnc'glr ck d`bjc}l gh`n.bpp ilnic crb}`m`}cglr ck bòièl ic khr hbb`lncr xsc y`c'nc xsc kkcth} h bhml nscry}h hpk`bhb`òn6 ck czpkl}hil} ic rlksb`lncr lbskyh kht`ryh ic bkhrcr+ bsh g`r`òn cr glry}h} ck blnasnyl ic bkhrcr xsc dl}ghn snhhpk`bhb`òn l}`cnyhih h lmacylr6 jheh bk`b cn kh pcryhøh T`ryh ic bkhrcr ph}h lm'rc}th} rs blnycnìl. Kh tcnyhnh xsc jh cn kh ph}yc ic}cbjh gscry}h kh pèe`nhic p}lp`cihicr lbskyh kh pèe`nh bl}}crplni`cnyc h kh hsih i`nèg`bh6 jhehbk`b cn kh pcryhøh Hsih i`nèg`bh r` xs`c}c blnrskyh} kh hsih }ckhb`lnhih blnkh rckcbb`òn xsc jhh }chk`qhil cn kh pèe`nh ic ci`b`òn. P kh tcnyhnh xsc jhicmhal ic kh pèe`nh ic ci`b`òn pscic glry}h} th}`hr pèe`nhr+ pl} cacgpkl+ khic }crskyhilr ic kh blgp`khb`òn.

4. Snh tcq ci`yhil ck p}le}hgh+ ph}h blgp`kh}kl cacbsyhglr kh l}icn Ecnc}h} ... ick gcnñ Ecnc}h} ph}h cacbsyh}kl+ rckcbb`lnhglr kh l}icn @n`b`h} r`n icps'}h} ick gcnñ Icps}h} l m`cn pskrhglr khr ycbkhr By}k&D3.




IC_S]H] KH H_K@BHB@ÒN

¼_l} xsà rc icps}h snh hpk`bhb`òn< _l}xsc klr }crskyhilr xsc cryhglr lmycn`cnilbln kh g`rgh nl rln bl}}cbylr nl rhmcglr pl} xsà. Ck p}lbcrl ic icps}hb`ònblnr`ryc cn cacbsyh} kh hpk`bhb`òn phrl h phrl+ `ni`ry`nyhgcnyc pl} rcnycnb`hr l pl}dsnb`lncr+ bln ck d`n ic lmrc}th} ck dksal rcesìl is}hnyc rs cacbsb`òn+ hrç blglklr }crskyhilr `nyc}gci`lr xsc rc thn rsbci`cnil+ bln kh d`nhkìhi ic icycbyh} khrhnlghkçhr xsc p}lisbcn sn }crskyhil d`nhk c}}òncl. _h}h kkcth}kl h bhml cr p}cb`rlblgp`kh} kh hpk`bhb`òn `ni`bhnil xsc th h rc} icps}hih6 ic cryh dl}gh+ ck blgp`'khil} høhi`}è ck bòièl xsc pc}g`y`}è cryc p}lbcrl.

Jh ilr blndès}hb`lncr mhal khr xsc rc pscic blgp`kh} snh hpk`bhb`òn1 ]c'

kchrc Icmse. Kh p}`gc}h pc}g`yc lmycnc} sn p}le}hgh cacbsyhmkc lpy`g`qhil cnbòièl cn tcklbìhi+ kh rcesnih+ sn p}le}hgh cacbsyhmkc bln bòièl czy}h nc'bcrh}`l ph}h icps}h} kh hpk`bhb`òn.

_l} cacgpkl+ ph}h icps}h} snh hpk`bhb`òn sy`k`qhnil ck icps}hil} ick cnyl}nlic icrh}}lkkl ic T`rshk B&&+ icmc hby`th} kh blndès}hb`òn Icmse hnycr ic `n`b`h}rs blgp`khb`òn. _h}h ckkl+ p}lbcih blgl gscry}h kh dès}h hnyc}`l}.

Snh tcq blnry}sìh kh hpk`bhb`òn mhal kh blndès}hb`òn Icmse pli}è+ r` kl nc'bcr`yh+ icps}h} kh g`rgh. _h}h ckkl+ cacbsyc kh l}icn Icps}h} > _hrl pl} `nry}sb'b`lncr sy`k`bc khr ò}icncr ick gcnñ Icps}h} l klr mlylncr bl}}crplni`cnycr ickh mh}}h ic jc}}hg`cnyhr *ph}h rhmc} ck rèn`d`bhil ic bhih mlyòn+ plneh ck psnyc}lick }hyòn rlm}c bhih snl ic ckklr).

Ic dl}gh }crsgìh+ khr ò}icncr i`rpln`mkcr ph}h icps}h} snh hpk`bhb`òn rlnkhr rès`cnycr1

• Blny`nsh} l D3. Blny`nñh kh cacbsb`òn ic kh hpk`bhb`òn cn glil icps}hb`ònjhryh cnblny}h} sn psnyl ic ph}hih l jhryh ck d`nhk r` nl jh psnylr ic ph}hih.

• @nyc}}sgp`} ylilr. Ck icps}hil} icycni}è kh cacbsb`òn ic ylilr klr p}le}hghrxsc rc cacbsyhn mhal rs blny}lk.




• Icycnc} icps}hb`òn l Ghñr&D3. Icy`cnc ck p}lbcrl ic icps}hb`òn.

• ]c`n`b`h} l By}k&Ghñr&D3. ]c`n`b`h kh cacbsb`òn ic kh hpk`bhb`òn cn glil

icps}hb`òn.• Glry}h} kh `nry}sbb`òn rès`cnyc. Gscry}h kh rès`cnyc `nry}sbb`òn h cacbsyh}.

• _hrl h phrl pl} `nry}sbb`lncr l D88. Cacbsyh kh hpk`bhb`òn phrl h phrl. R` khkçnch h cacbsyh} bl`nbìc bln snh kkhghih h snh dsnb`òn icd`nìh pl} ck srsh'}`l+ i`bjh dsnb`òn yhgm`àn rc cacbsyh phrl h phrl.

• _hrl h phrl pl} p}lbci`g`cnylr l D8?. Cacbsyh kh hpk`bhb`òn phrl h phrl. R`kh kçnch h cacbsyh} bl`nbìc bln snh kkhghih h snh dsnb`òn icd`nìh pl} cksrsh}`l+ i`bjh dsnb`òn nl rc cacbsyh phrl h phrl+ r`nl ic snh rlkh tcq.

• _hrl h phrl ph}h rhk`} l Ghñr&D88. Bshnil snh dsnb`òn icd`nìh pl} cksrsh}`l jh rìl `ntlbhih ph}h cacbsyh}rc phrl h phrl+ sy`k`qhnil cryh l}icn rcpscic d`nhk`qh} rs cacbsb`òn cn sn rlkl phrl.

• @nrc}yh},Xs`yh} psnyl ic `nyc}}spb`òn l D0. _lnc l xs`yh sn psnyl ic ph}hihcn kh kçnch rlm}c kh xsc cryè ck psnyl ic `nrc}b`òn.

• Cacbsyh} jhryh ck bs}rl} l By}k&D8?. Cacbsyh ck bòièl xsc jh cny}c kh ñky`'gh kçnch cacbsyhih kh kçnch ilnic rc cnbscny}h ck psnyl ic `nrc}b`òn.

• @nrpcbb`òn }èpìh l By}k&Hky&X. T`rshk`qh ck thkl} ic kh th}`hmkc xsc cryè mh' al ck psnyl ic `nrc}b`òn l ck thkl} ic kh czp}cr`òn rckcbb`lnhih *rlgm}chih).

_h}h cacbsyh} kh hpk`bhb`òn cn sn rlkl phrl+ rckcbb`lnc kh l}icn @n`b`h} r`n ic' ps}h} *By}k&D3) ick gcnñ Icps}h} .

Bln ly}l cnyl}nl `nyce}hil ic icrh}}lkkl+ pl} cacgpkl BlicMklbfr+ klr phrlrh rces`} ph}h icps}h} snh hpk`bhb`òn rln r`g`kh}cr.

G@B]LRLDY B&&1 @NYC]DHQ IC KÇNCH IC Ò]ICNCRKlr d`bjc}lr xsc blgplncn snh hpk`bhb`òn B&& pscicn rc} crb}`ylr sy`k`qhnilbshkxs`c} ci`yl} ic yczyl HRB@@6 pl} cacgpkl+ ck Mklb ic nlyhr. Snh tcq ci`yhilr esh}ihilr ylilr klr d`bjc}lr xsc blgplncn kh hpk`bhb`òn+ ck rès`cnyc phrl crblgp`kh}klr cnkhqh}klr ph}h lmycnc} ck d`bjc}l cacbsyhmkc bl}}crplni`cnyc h khg`rgh. Kh l}icn ph}h }chk`qh} cryhr lpc}hb`lncr sy`k`qhnil kh `gpkcgcnyhb`òn G`'b}lrldy B&& cr kh rès`cnyc1

bk d`bjc}l?8.bpp Vd`bjc}l?= Vd`bjc}l?2W ...W

Ck nlgm}c ick d`bjc}l cacbsyhmkc }crskyhnyc rc}è ck g`rgl xsc ck nlgm}c ickp}`gc} d`bjc}l crpcb`d`bhil+ pc}l bln czycnr`òn .czc.




_}ct`hgcnyc+ ph}h xsc ck r`rycgh lpc}hy`tl cnbscny}c kh sy`kìhi bk+ klr d`bjc'}lr ic bhmcbc}h *i`}cby}`q `nbksic) khr m`mk`lycbhr i`nèg`bhr cryèy`bhr+ bshnilrln `ntlbhilr icric kh kçnch ic ò}icncr+ jh xsc icd`n`} cn ck cnyl}nl ic y}hmhalkhr rès`cnycr th}`hmkcr1

rcy phyj7#phyj#6}syh ic klr d`bjc}lr .czc p .ikk

rcy `nbksic7}syh ic klr d`bjc}lr .j

rcy k`m7}syh ic klr d`bjc}lr .k`m

Kh czp}cr`òn #phyj# }cp}crcnyh ck thkl} hbyshk ic kh th}`hmkc ic cnyl}nl phyj. Snh }syh th rcph}hih ic kh hnyc}`l} pl} sn psnyl blgh. Cryhr th}`hmkcryhgm`àn pscicn rc} cryhmkcbìhr cacbsyhnil ck d`bjc}l tbth}r2=.mhy xsc hpl}yh T`'rshk B&&. Cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc pscic lmrc}th}rc sn cacgpkl1

Snh tcq cryhmkcbìhr cryhr th}`hmkcr+ h pscic `ntlbh} hk blgp`khil} B&& hkcnkhqhil}. Cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc rc pscic lmrc}th}+ blgl cacgpkl+ ck p}lbcrl rc'esìl ph}h blgp`kh} gh`n.bpp1




Lmrc}tc xsc hnycr ic `ntlbh} hk blgp`khil} jcglr bhgm`hil hk i`}cbyl}`l ickh hpk`bhb`òn *bi ). Icrpsàr `ntlbhglr hk blgp`khil} B&& *bk). Ck }crskyhil crgh`n.czc. _h}h cacbsyh} cryc d`bjc}l+ crb}`mh gh`n cn kh kçnch ic ò}icncr pskrc

Cny}h} .

K@NSZ1 @NYC]DHQ IC KÇNCH IC Ò]ICNCR

Klr d`bjc}lr xsc blgplncn snh hpk`bhb`òn B&& }chk`qhih mhal ENS'K`nsz psc'icn rc} crb}`ylr sy`k`qhnil bshkxs`c} ci`yl} ic yczyl HRB@@ p}lpl}b`lnhil pl} àryc.Snh tcq ci`yhilr esh}ihilr ylilr klr d`bjc}lr xsc blgplncn kh hpk`bhb`òn+ ckrès`cnyc phrl cr blgp`kh}klr cnkhqh}klr ph}h lmycnc} ck d`bjc}l cacbsyhmkc bl'}}crplni`cnyc h kh g`rgh. Kh l}icn ph}h }chk`qh} cryhr lpc}hb`lncr cr kh rès`cnyc1

e&& d`bjc}l?8.bpp Vd`bjc}l?= Vd`bjc}l?2W ...W ’l d`bjc}l\cacbsyhmkc

Cn ck bhrl ic K`nsz+ khr }syhr ic hbbcrl ph}h xsc ck r`rycgh lpc}hy`tl cnbscn'

y}c kh sy`kìhi e&&+ klr d`bjc}lr ic bhmcbc}h khr m`mk`lycbhr+ bshnil rln `ntlbh'ilr icric kh kçnch ic ò}icncr+ h cryèn icd`nìhr cn ck cnyl}nl ic y}hmhal.

Cn kh dès}h rès`cnyc rc pscic lmrc}th}+ blgl cacgpkl+ ck p}lbcrl rcesìlph}h blgp`kh} JlkhGsnil.bpp1




Lmrc}tc xsc p}`gc}l jcglr bhgm`hil hk i`}cbyl}`l ic kh hpk`bhb`òn *bi )+ icr'psàr jcglr t`rshk`qhil ck blnycn`il ic crc i`}cbyl}`l *kr 'k) d`nhkgcnyc jcglr`ntlbhil hk blgp`khil} B&& *e&&). Ck d`bjc}l cacbsyhmkc }crskyhnyc cr ck crpcb`'

d`bhil pl} kh lpb`òn ‒l+ cn ck cacgpkl gh`n+ l h.lsy pl} lg`r`òn._h}h cacbsyh} kh hpk`bhb`òn ick cacgpkl+ crb}`mh gh`n cn kh kçnch ic ò}icncr

pskrc Cny}h} . R` hk }chk`qh} cryh lpc}hb`òn rc cnbscny}h bln xsc nl pscic jhbc}klpl}xsc ck r`rycgh nl cnbscny}h ck d`bjc}l crpcb`d`bhil+ y`cnc xsc høhi`} kh }syh icki`}cbyl}`l hbyshk ic y}hmhal h kh th}`hmkc ic cnyl}nl _HYJ. Cryl rc jhbc hrç1

_HYJ7)_HYJ1.

Kh czp}cr`òn )_HYJ }cp}crcnyh ck thkl} hbyshk ic kh th}`hmkc ic cnyl}nl

_HYJ . Snh }syh th rcph}hih ic kh hnyc}`l} pl} ilr psnylr. Ck i`}cbyl}`l hbyshkcryè }cp}crcnyhil pl} ck bh}èbyc} psnyl.

Ck icps}hil} eim ic ENS

Bshnil rc y`cnc kh `nycnb`òn ic icps}h} sn p}le}hgh B crb}`yl mhal ENS+ cn ckglgcnyl ic blgp`kh}kl rc icmc crpcb`d`bh} kh lpb`òn ∝ e l ‒e2. Cryh lpb`òn `ni`bhhk blgp`khil} xsc `nbksh `ndl}ghb`òn czy}h ph}h ck icps}hil} cn ck d`bjc}l lmac'yl. _l} cacgpkl1

e&& 'e2 p}le?8.bpp 'l p}le?8.czc




Kh l}icn hnyc}`l} blgp`kh cnkhqh ck d`bjc}l dscnyc p}le?8.bpp. Ck }crskyhilcr sn d`bjc}l cacbsyhmkc p}le?8.czc bln `ndl}ghb`òn ph}h ck icps}hil}.

Snh tcq blgp`khil sn p}le}hgh bln khr lpb`lncr ncbcrh}`hr ph}h icps}h}kl+`ntlbh}cglr h eim ph}h p}lbcic} h rs icps}hb`òn. Kh r`nyhz`r cr kh rès`cnyc1

eim d`bjc}l'cacbsyhmkc

Ck rès`cnyc cacgpkl `ntlbh hk icps}hil} eim ic ENS'K`nsz+ xsc bh}eh ck d`'bjc}l cacbsyhmkc p}le?8 cn gcgl}`h ph}h icps}h}kl.

eim p}le?8.czc

Snh tcq xsc rc jh `ntlbhil ck icps}hil}+ icric kh kçnch ic ò}icncr rc pscicncacbsyh} ò}icncr blgl khr rès`cnycr1

• m}chf V d`bjc}l1W dsnb`òn. Cryhmkcbc sn psnyl ic ph}hih cn kh dsnb`òn `ni`bhihick d`bjc}l crpcb`d`bhil. _l} cacgpkl+ kh rès`cnyc l}icn plnc sn psnyl ic ph'}hih cn kh dsnb`òn crb}`m`} .

m crb}`m`}

• m}chf V d`bjc}l1Wkçnch. Cryhmkcbc sn psnyl ic ph}hih cn kh kçnch `ni`bhih. _l}cacgpkl+ kh rès`cnyc l}icn plnc sn psnyl ic ph}hih cn kh kçnch 8?.

m 8?

• ickcyc psnyl'ic'ph}hih. Ck`g`nh ck psnyl ic ph}hih crpcb`d`bhil. _l} cacg'pkl+ kh rès`cnyc l}icn ck`g`nh ck psnyl ic ph}hih 8 *p}`gc}l).

i 8

• }sn Vh}esgcnylrW. @n`b`h kh cacbsb`òn ic kh hpk`bhb`òn xsc icrchglr icps}h}.Kh cacbsb`òn rc icy`cnc hk cnblny}h} sn psnyl ic ph}hih l hk d`nhk`qh} kh hpk`'bhb`òn. _l} cacgpkl1

}sn • p}`ny czp}cr`òn. T`rshk`qh ck thkl} ic snh th}`hmkc l ic snh czp}cr`òn. _l}

cacgpkl+ kh rès`cnyc l}icn t`rshk`qh ck thkl} ic kh th}`hmkc ylyhk.

p ylyhk




• nczy . Cacbsyh kh kçnch rès`cnyc. R` kh kçnch bl`nbìc bln snh kkhghih h snhdsnb`òn icd`nìh pl} ck srsh}`l+ nl rc cny}h h icps}h} kh dsnb`òn. _l} cacgpkl1

n

• blny`nsc. Blny`nñh bln kh cacbsb`òn ic kh hpk`bhb`òn. _l} cacgpkl1

b

• rycp. Cacbsyh kh kçnch rès`cnyc. R` kh kçnch bl`nbìc bln snh kkhghih h snhdsnb`òn icd`nìh pl} ck srsh}`l+ rc cny}h h icps}h} kh dsnb`òn. _l} cacgpkl1

r

• k`ry . T`rshk`qh ck bòièl dscnyc. _l} cacgpkl1

k

• my . T`rshk`qh ck cryhil ic kh p`kh ic kkhghihr cn bs}rl *khr kkhghihr h dsnb`l'ncr).

• jckp Vl}icnW. Rlk`b`yh hsih rlm}c kh l}icn crpcb`d`bhih.

• xs`y . D`nhk`qh ck y}hmhal ic icps}hb`òn.



H_ÀNI@BC C D.A.Bcmhkklr,]H'GH

@NRYHKHB@ÒN ICK _HXSCYCIC ICRH]]LKKL

Cn ck hpàni`bc Cnyl}nlr ic icrh}}lkkl jcglr t`ryl bògl crb}`m`} cacbsyh} snhhpk`bhb`òn B&& icric ilr cnyl}nlr ic icrh}}lkkl i`dc}cnycr1 BlicMklbfr+ xsc `n'bksc sn blgp`khil} B,B&& ic EBB *ENS Blgp`kc} Blkkcby`ln)+ G`b}lrldy T`'

rshk Rysi`l *l m`cn G`b}lrldy T`rshk B&& Czp}crr)+ xsc `nbksc ck blgp`khil}

G`b}lrldy B,B&&. Yhgm`àn jcglr t`ryl xsc plicglr jhbc}kl ic ilr dl}ghr i`dc'}cnycr1 ci`yhnil+ blgp`khnil icps}hnil icric ck cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl+ l m`cnicric kh kçnch ic ò}icncr. Tchglr h blny`nshb`òn bògl `nryhkh} crylr blgp`khil'}cr cn snh pkhyhdl}gh U`nilur *U`nilur =???,Z_,T`ryh).

@NRYHKHB@ÒN IC G`nEU

G`nEU * G`n`ghk`ry ENS dl} U`n2=) cr sn phxscyc xsc p}lpl}b`lnh snh tc}r`ònnhy`th ic U`n2= ic EBB *ebb+ e&&+ e55 + cyb.)+ ck icps}hil} eim+ ghfc+

u`n2=hp`+ ly}hr sy`kìhicr. Rc pscic }chk`qh} snh `nryhkhb`òn pc}rlnhk`qhih `nryh'khnil pl} snh ph}yc kh `gpkcgcnyhb`òn EBB+ pl} ly}h ck cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl`nyce}hil *CI@) BlicMklbfr+ l m`cn rc pscic `nryhkh} snh tc}r`òn ic BlicMklbfr xsc h `nbksc G`nEU . Cn nscry}l bhrl thglr h `nryhkh} kh `gpkcgcnyhb`òn

G`nEU ck cnyl}nl `nyce}hil BlicMklbfr pl} rcph}hil. Ic cryh dl}gh pli}è `nr'yhkh} ly}lr CI@ blgl Cbk`prc l NcyMchnr xsc ncbcr`yhn ic EBB.

_h}h }chk`qh} kh `nryhkhb`òn icrbh}esc ck d`bjc}l G`nEU'z.z.z.czc+ l m`cn sy`k`'bc kh tc}r`òn rsg`n`ry}hih cn ck BI ick k`m}l cacbñyckl. Icrpsàr+ rès`cnil klrphrlr crpcb`d`bhilr pl} ck p}le}hgh ic `nryhkhb`òn+ rckcbb`lnc icrbh}eh} c `nryh'

kh} + hbcpyc ck hbsc}il ic k`bcnb`h+ ckàh kh tc}r`òn xsc xs`c}c icrbh}eh} *rc }cbl'g`cnih icrbh}eh} kh hbyshk)+ rckcbb`lnc klr blgplncnycr xsc icrch `nryhkh} *hk



::? CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

gcnlr+ blgl gscry}h kh dès}h rès`cnyc+ G`nEU e&&)+ rckcbb`lnc kh bh}pcyhilnic kl xs`c}c `nryhkh} p}lbcih h kh icrbh}eh c `nryhkhb`òn.

Kh dès}h rès`cnyc gscry}h sn cacgpkl ic `nryhkhb`òn1

Lmrc}tc r` cn kh bh}pcyh m`n cryèn khr sy`kìhicr eim.czc *icps}hil}) gh'

fc.czc l g`neu2='ghfc.czc *ph}h kh blnry}sbb`òn ic p}lcbylr). R` nl cryèn+ icr'bè}escklr c `nryèkcklr.

Cryh `nryhkhb`òn kc pc}g`y`}è ci`yh}+ blgp`kh}+ cacbsyh} icps}h} rsr p}le}h'ghr B&& icric snh tcnyhnh ic blnrlkh. _h}h ckkl+ snh tcq hm`c}yh kh tcnyhnh icmccryhmkcbc} kh rès`cnyc th}`hmkc ic cnyl}nl1

RCY _HYJ7#_HYJ#6 B1 [ . . . [ G nEU[ m` n



H_ÀNI@BC C1 @NRYHKHB@ÒN ICK _HXSCYC IC ICRH]]LKKL ::8

@nryhkhb`òn ic BlicMklbfr

Snh tcq `nryhkhil ck cnyl}nl ic icrh}}lkkl ic B&& pscic `nryhkh} sn cnyl}nl icicrh}}lkkl `nyce}hil *CI@) xsc `nyce}c ck ci`yl} rlpl}yhil pl} àk ck blgp`khil} ck icps}hil} hnyc}`l}gcnyc `nryhkhilr. _h}h ckkl+ cacbsyc ck d`bjc}l blicmklbfr'

:.?='rcysp.czc klbhk`qhil cn kh bh}pcyh CI@[G`nEU&BlicMklbfr ick BI ick k`'m}l+ l m`cn icrbè}esckl ic @nyc}ncy+ c `nryèkckl+ rceñn kh dès}h hnyc}`l}+ cn kh bh}'pcyh B&&. Ck }crskyhil rc}è r`g`kh} hk p}crcnyhil pl} kh dès}h rès`cnyc1

H blny`nshb`òn hm}h ck CI@+ rckcbb`lnc cn kh l}icn Blgp`kc} hni icmse'

ec}...ick gcnñ Rcyy`ner+ jheh bk`b cn kh pcryhøh Yllkbjh`n czcbsyhmkcr ic kh tcnyh'nh xsc rc t`rshk`qh tc}`d`xsc xsc kh }syh ic G`nEU cr kh crpcb`d`bhih xsc khrsy`kìhicr rckcbb`lnhihr cryèn cn kh bh}pcyh G`nEU[m`n.



::= CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

D`nhkgcnyc+ pc}rlnhk`bc kh `nryhkhb`òn h rs gci`ih h y}htàr ic khr ò}icncr Ci`'

yl}... Cnt`}lngcny... ick gcnñ Rcyy`ner. _l} cacgpkl+ hby`tc kh bhr`kkh ic tc}`d`'bhb`òn Rjlu k`nc nsgmc}r r` xs`c}c glry}h} klr nñgc}lr ic kh kçnchr ick p}le}h'p}le}hgh.

Cryhr ilr `nryhkhb`lncr xsc hbhmhglr ic }chk`qh} pscicn rc} jcbjhr ic snh rl'kh tcq cacbsyhnil ck d`bjc}l blicmklbfr':.?=g`neu'rcysp.czc klbhk`qhil cn kh bh}'pcyh CI@[BlicMklbfr ick BI ick k`m}l+ l m`cn icrbh}eènilkl ic @nyc}ncy+ c`nryhkènilkl cn kh bh}pcyh icrchih. Cryh dl}gh ic p}lbcic} cr gcnlr tc}rèy`k xsc

kh hnyc}`l}+ h xsc nl pc}g`yc hbyshk`qh} klr phxscycr G`nEU BlicMklbfr icdl}gh `nicpcni`cnyc yhgplbl icah G`nEU h i`rplr`b`òn ic ly}lr CI@.

@NRYHKHB@ÒN IC G`b}lrldy B,B&&

Yhgm`àn+ r` kl p}cd`c}c pscic sy`k`qh} ck blgp`khil} B,B&& ic G`b}lrldy. _h}hckkl+ y`cnc xsc `nryhkh} ck phxscyc G`b}lrldy T`rshk Rysi`l l G`b}lrldy T`rshk B&&

Czp}crr Ci`y`ln *cryh ñky`gh tc}r`òn pscic icrbh}eh}kh ic dl}gh e}hys`yh ic @nyc}'ncy)+ h xsc ck f`y ic icrh}}lkkl ic rldyuh}c *.Ncy D}hgcul}f RIF ) ic G`b}lrldyròkl `nbksc kh blkcbb`òn ic blgp`khil}cr B" T`rshk Mhr`b.



::9 CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

ASCEL IC BH]HBYC]CR HNR@



H_ÀNI@BC D1 BÒI@ELR IC BH]HBYC]CR ::3

SY@K@QHB@ÒN IC BH]HBYC]CR HRB@@

Cn GR'ILR dsc}h ick cnyl}nl U`nilur rc sy`k`qh ck ascel ic bh}hbyc}cr HRB@@._h}h crb}`m`} sn bh}èbyc} HRB@@ xsc nl cryà cn ck ycbkhil1

8. Msrxsc ck bh}èbyc} cn kh yhmkh ic bòièlr xsc bl`nbìh bln kh yhmkh hby`th.Sy`k`bc kh l}icn bjbp ph}h rhmc} xsà yhmkh ic bòièlr cryè hby`th.

=. Ghnycneh pskrhih kh ycbkh Hky sy`k`bc ck ycbkhil nsgà}`bl ph}h pskrh} khr yc'bkhr bl}}crplni`cnycr hk nñgc}l ick bh}èbyc} xsc icrcc.

_l} cacgpkl+ r` cryè sy`k`qhnil kh yhmkh ic bòièlr :3?+ ph}h crb}`m`} ck bh}èb'

yc} Ϗ ghnycneh pskrhih kh ycbkh Hky g`cny}hr crb}`mc ==5 cn ck ycbkhil nsgà}`bl.



::4 CNB@BKL_CI@H ICK KCNESHAC B&&

ASCEL IC BH]HBYC]CR HRB@@



H_ÀNI@BC D1 BÒI@ELR IC BH]HBYC]CR ::5

ASCEL IC BH]HBYC]CR SN@BLIC

SN@BLIC cr sn ascel ic bh}hbyc}cr cn ck xsc rc cgpkchn = mycr *84 m`yr ph}h}cp}crcnyh} bhih bh}èbyc}. Cryl pc}g`yc kh }cp}crcnyhb`òn ic bshkxs`c} bh}èbyc} cnbshkxs`c} kcneshac crb}`yl cn ck gsnil+ `nbkscnil klr rçgmlklr ick bj`nl+

ahplnàr l bl}chnl.

Bòièlr Sn`blic ic klr içe`ylr sy`k`qhilr cn crphølk1

[s??2?'[s??20 ?'0 @RL'KHY@N'8

Bòièlr Sn`blic ic khr kcy}hr ly}lr bh}hbyc}cr sy`k`qhilr cn crphølk1[s??=9 ) rènl iòkh} [s??98'[s??3h H'Q [s??3d \[s??48'[s??5h h'q [s??b?'[s??i4 Ï È Í Â É Ã Ä Å Ê À Á Æ Ë Ç Î Ì ß Ø Ý Ò Ù Ó Ô [s??i:'[s??d4 Ú Ð Ñ Ö Û × Þ Ü ï è í â é ã ä å ê à á æ ë ç î ì ÿ ø ý ò ù ó ô[s??d:'[s??dd ú ð ñ ö û ÷ þ ü

Ilr bh}hbyc}cr rln ìàny`blr ròkl r` y`cncn ck g`rgl bòièl Sn`blic.

ceballos: enciclopedia del lenguaje c++

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