aprender geografía e historia. aprender a leer. josé ignacio madalena calvo

8/3/2019 Aprender Geografa e Historia. Aprender a leer. Jos Ignacio Madalena Calvo

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Ezphte7 Gh} Oblemoh Keècjle Mec~h

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Ce mhkqjpjlmoe cjmphte j} zl mhkqhljlpj `j ce mhkqjpjlmoe mhkzlomepo~e y j} zlh`j ch} olòme`htj} k} okqhtpelpj} `jc lo~jc `jc `j}etthcch j`zmepo~h y mzcpztec `jzle }hmojè`, Jvpjl`jt }z `hkoloh e phè ce qhdcemol j} zl `j}enh qete mzecuzojt}hmojè` `jkhmtpome y qete zle }hmojè` `jc mhlhmokojlph e ce uzj }j e}qote, Ce

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2/13


Jl ce} cpoke} `meè} }j ~ojlj ol}o}pojl`h lh }ch jl jc metmpjt mhkzlomepo~h `jce cjlbze# }olh pekdol jl }z metmpjt ol}ptzkjlpec qete jc eqtjlòwegj jl phè} ce}tje}, Jlptj ce} okqcomemohlj} `j j}pj jlnhuzj }j `jto~e ce ljmj}oè` `j `j}etthccetce mhkqjpjlmoe jl mhkzlomemol colb}pome `j}`j phè} ce} tje} tjjgeè jl j}e

mhlhmoè e}j~jtemol `j ph`h} }hkh} qthnj}htj} `j cjlbze, Ce mzcpzte j}mhcet fee}zko`h ce o`je `j uzj ce} metjlmoe} jl jc eqtjlòwegj `j ce cjmpzte enjmpel e ph`hjc eqtjlòwegj y `j ef uzj }j emjqpj uzj eqtjl`jt e cjjt dojl j} zle mhlòmol ljm+j}etoe qete eqtjl`jt jl mzecuzojt kepjtoe,

4,Cej}qjmomoè``jcecjmpztejlMojlmoe}]hmoecj}

Jc tje `j Mojlmoe} }hmoecj}# bjhbtene j fo}phtoe lh j} zle jvmjqmol, Ce cjmpzte jlj}pe kepjtoe j}p cobeè ec eqtjlòwegj `j ce bjhbtene y ce fo}phtoe mzye lecoè` j}mhkqtjl`jt y jvqcomet ch} fjmfh} y qthmj}h} }hmoecj} pelph jl }z òkjl}ol j}qemoec

mhkh pjkqhtec, J}pj eqtjlòwegj }j de}e jl dzjle kjòè jl jc keljgh `j zle btelmelpoè` `j olnhtkemol# mhl ntjmzjlmoe de}pelpj ed}ptempe# uzj mtjmj mhl}pelpj+kjlpj e kjòè uzj ch femj jc mhlhmokojlph ò}moqcolet `j tjnjtjlmoe# ecbh uzj j}mhkl e ph`h} ch} mekqh} `jc mhlhmokojlph,

J}pe tjecoè` qcelpje lzj~h} `j}enh} e ch} qthnj}htj} y j}pzòelpj} `j j}pe kepjtoejl ce uzj fel `j emmj`jt e zle olnhtkemol edzlèlpj y mhkzlometce e pte~} `jpjvph} jvqtj}e`h} jl onjtjlpj} bljth} y nhtkeph}, J}pj qthmj}h tjuzojtj zle keyhtmhkqjpjlmoe cjmphte uzj olmczyj }edjt emmj`jt y hdpjljt ce olnhtkemol# }jcjmmohleteuzjcce uzj }je tjcj~elpj `j emzjt`h mhl ce olpjlmol cjmphte# mhlpte}pet ce olnht+

kemol# tjcemohletce y tjjcedhtetce qete mhl}ptzot zl mhlhmokojlph k} mhkqcjph, Jlj}pj mhlpjvph `j mhlpolzh olmtjkjlph `j ce olnhtkemol meè ~jw k} ~etoeè mhkhmhl}jmzjlmoe `j ce kzcpoqcomemol `j ebjlpj} uzj bjljtel olnhtkemol j} nzlèkjl+pec `j}etthccet ce cjmpzte mtpome uzj qjtkope ò}mjtlot ch tjcj~elpj `j ch uzj lh ch j}#ch ~jtè`jth `j ce nec}h jl }z} ò~jt}h} bte`h},

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fo}phtoe tjuzojtj pjljt jl mzjlpe ecbzlh} jcjkjlph} jlptj ch} uzj `j}pemel7

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ce ò~jt}oè` `j pjvph} uzj }j z}el jl jc ezce y

ce olpjtemmol jlptj `hmjlpj} y j}pzòelpj} jl jc qthmj}h `j jl}jelwe yeqtjlòwegj

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Tj}qjmph e ce qtokjte mzj}pol# fey uzj olòmet uzj ch} lj} y ce} j}ptepjboe} j cjmpz+te mhlòmohlel y j}pl mhlòmohle`h} qht ce kjph`hchbe j jl}jelwe y eqtjlòwegj,Lh j} ch ko}kh zl qcelpjekojlph kjph`hcbomh de}e`h jl ce tj}hczmol `j qthdcjke}h `j}etthcch `j qthyjmph} `j ptedegh uzj zl kh`jch k} pteòmohlec `hl`j jc eczklh

fe `j eqtjl`jt zle }jtoj `j olnhtkemol `j ce uzj czjbh fe `j èt mzjlpe kjòelpjzl jvekjl j}mtoph, Jl jc qtokjt me}h# jc eczklh ptepet ch} hmzkjlph} mhkh nzjlpj}`j olnhtkemol# j} jmot# mhkh kjòh} qete jlmhlptet tj}qzj}pe} e ce} qtjbzlpe} qtj+~oekjlpj nhtkzceè}, J}pe olnhtkemol fe `j }jt mhlpte}peè# mhkqcjkjlpeè mhlhpte qete j}pedcjmjt fjmfh} y tjcemohlj} jlptj ch} ko}kh} uzj mhl`zwmel e ce jvqco+memol y mhkqtjl}ol `j òmfh} fjmfh}, Qete jcch j} ljmj}etoe zle olpjtemmol jlptjch} eczklh} y eczkle} y jlptj j}ph} y jc qthnj}ht jl jc ketmh `j ò~jt}e} petje}, Epte~} `j jcce} }j ~e mhlbztel`h jc mhlhmokojlph uzj lh j}p qtj`jpjtkole`h qht jcpjvph `jc codth,

Jl mekdoh# jl zl qcelpjekojlph de}e`h jl zl mhlhmokojlph mhòme`h jl jc codth`j pjvph# jc qthpebhlo}kh `jc qthnj}ht j} ònjtjlpj# }j mjlpte jl ce jvqcomemol `jcmhlpjlo`h `jc codth `jc pjvph uzj jc eczklh fe `j tjbo}ptet &phket eqzlpj}# mhqoet/ ytjpjljt kjòelpj j}ptepjboe} mhkh jc j}uzjke h jc tj}zkjl, Ce cjmpzte }j mhlnzl`jmhl jc j}pzòh y ce} j}pepjboe} mhl }okqcj} pmlome} uzj lh }ojkqtj }j eqcomel j kh`he`jmze`h, Mhl ntjmzjlmoe# ce} qtjbzlpe} uzj }j nhtkzcel `j}`j jc qthqoh pjvph ~elòtoboè} e j~eczet }o }j fe jlpjlò`h h lh y lh pelph e bzoet ec eczklh jl zle cjmpztemhkqtjl}o~e y# }hdtj ph`h# femoe jc eqtjlòwegj, J} fedopzec hd}jt~et jl ch} codth} `jpjvph `j Mojlmoe} ]hmoecj} jgjtmomoh} jl nhtke `j qtjbzlpe} `hl`j jc eczkle`h fe `jtjmzqjtet olnhtkemol copjtec jl jc pjvph, Qht jgjkqch7

Pjvph7 Jl ce qtoke~jte `j 52?=# ce Tjqdcome Yntelmj}e[ j}pede jl qjcobth,,,

Jgjtmomoh7 Mzl`h }j jlmhlpt ce Tjqdcome jl qjcobth8

Ecbzle} ~jmj} j}pe petje pojlj zl qhmh k} òmzcpe` ec nhtkzcet ce qtjbzlpe j kh`huzj lh eqetjwme lolbzle qecedte mce~j jl jc jlzlmoe`h uzj qh`te èt zle qo}pe `j+mo}o~e ec eczklh `j `hl`j feccet ce tj}qzj}pe e`jmzeè,

Ce }jbzlè mzj}pol e ce uzj femekh} tjnjtjlmoe j} e ce ò~jt}oè` `j pjvph} }z}mjq+podcj} j }jt zpocowe`h} jl ce} mce}j} j bjhbtene j fo}phtoe `hl`j mhl~o~jl pjvph} mhl+

plzh} y ò}mhlpolzh}, Empzeckjlpj# jc qtolmoqec tjnjtjlpj `j ce cjmpzte jl j}pe tje}obzj }ojl`h jc codth `j pjvph# j} `jmot# zl hdgjph `hl`j }j }olpjpowe jc mhlhmokojlph`j kh`h ht`jle`h `j emzjt`h mhl ce j}ptzmpzte ò}moqcolet `j ce fo}phtoe y ce bjh+btene, Mhl ph`h# ch} codth} j pjvph fel jvqjtokjlpe`h zle okqhtpelpj j~hczmol y lh}hl }ch zl kelzec hl`j jc mhlhmokojlph }j jvqhlj j nhtke k} h kjlh} ht`jleèy tj}zkoè jl nhtke `j pjvph# }olh uzj pekdol efhte olmhtqhtel lzkjth}e} ocz}pte+mohlj} y hpte} tjqtj}jlpemohlj} btme} uzj ezkjlpel ce melpoè` `j olnhtkemol,

Zle `j ce} metempjt}pome} `j j}ph} pjvph} uzj }ot~jl `j de}j qete jc `j}etthcch `j cemce}j j} uzj qh}jjl zl bte`h j ed}ptemmol uzj ~ojlj eè qht ce }lpj}o} j qthmj}h}

fo}ptomh} y bjhbtmh} mhkqcjgh} &ce ol`z}ptoecowemol# ce bchdecowemol# ce nhtkemol`j ce} }hmojè`j} kjòj~ecj}# ce Bzjtte Mo~oc,,,/# e ~jmj} qht jc z}h `j cvomh j}qjm+mh h# }jlmoccekjlpj# qht ce melpoè` `j olnhtkemol,

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4/13


Hpte metempjt}pome `jc kepjtoec mzttomzcet uzj qtj`hkole jl ce} ezce} `j bjhbtene jfo}phtoe j} uzj ce olnhtkemol lh }ch }j qtj}jlpe jl nhtke `j pjvph# }olh pekdol j}meè ~jw k} ntjmzjlpj jc z}h `j tjqtj}jlpemohlj} btme} uzj jl } ko}ke} }hl yekzy }olppome} y# qht pelph# kzy `jl}e} jl olnhtkemol7 tjqtj}jlpemohlj} `j j}mjle}

`j ce ~oè mhpoòele9 j jòmoh} jkdcjkpomh}9 keqe} pjkpomh}# oephqh}# j}uzjke}btmh}# jpm,

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h kjòelpj zl òchbh olpjtoht,

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}j mhl~ojtpjl jl hmzkjlph} h nzjlpj} qete jcedhtet jc mhlhmokojlph, Ce jcedhtemol`j j}j mhlpjvph `j eqtjlòwegj j} jc tj}zcpe`h `j zle olpjtemmol jl jc ezce òtoboèqht jc qthnj}ht,

Qht hpth ce`h# kjghtet ce mhkqjpjlmoe cjmphte `jc eczklh }zqhlj eqtjfjl`jt zlebtel ~etojè` `j j}ptepjboe} uzj fel `j mhlptodzot e }z ezphlhke olpjcjmpzec# eeqtjl`jt e eqtjl`jt, Jl j}pj eqetpe`h ~ekh} e kh}ptet ecbzle} `j j}pe} j}ptepjboe}mzye }jmzjlmoe mhlbzte e btel`j} te}bh} zl qthmj}h `j cjmpzte, J} okqhtpelpj uzjjc qthnj}ht ~o}odocomj j}pe} j}ptepjboe}# uzj ketuzj mzl`h }j z}e qete uzj jc eczklh~eye olpjtohtowl`hce}, Qht jgjkqch# tj}ecpel`h ch uzj }j femj elpj} `j jkqtjl`jtzle cjmpzte k} mzoè`h}e `jc pjvph h mzel`h }j qthqhlj zl hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte,E mhlpolzemol j}mtodokh} ce} j}ptepjboe} k} okqhtpelpj} uzj qzj`jl }jt zpocoweè}jl ce cjmpzte jl ce kepjtoe `j mojlmoe} }hmoecj}# bjhbtene j fo}phtoe,

0,5,Mtjetzlmhlpjvph`jeqtjlòwegjuzj`}jlpo`hececjmpzte

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Ce hpte }j tjjtj e dz}met jl jc pjvph ecbzle} tjnjtjlmoe} uzj qjtkopel pjljt zlebze qete jvqchtet jc pjvph# }edjt mkh j}p htbelowe`h y `l`j qzj`j jlmhlptetce olnhtkemol okqhtpelpj,

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pjvph y jc hdgjpo~h j cjmpzte qzj`j qcelpjet e qetpot j zle ~o}ol }jcjmpo~e`jc pjvph qtjbzlpe} mkh7

Hd}jt~e jc ppzch jc hmzkjlph7 @j uz mtjj} uzj ~e e fedcet jc pjvph8

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Uz nte}j `jc pjvph lh} qh`te olòmet jc pjke8 &Jl jc me}h `j uzj feyezle nte}j pjkpome/

Ngepj jl ce} qecedte} tj}ecpeè} jl ljbtope,,,

Uz okebjl emhkqee jc `hmzkjlph8 Uz mtjj} uzj pojlj uzj ~jt mhlc8

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Qete uz mtjj} uzj ch ~ekh} e cjjt8 Uz olnhtkemol lh} qzj`j eqhtpet8Uz }edjkh} h uz fjkh} j}pzòe`h `j j}pj pjke8 Uz mzj}pohlj} lh}

qzj`j tj}qhl`jt8

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d/Tjmhlhmjteuzjcch}e}qjmph}`jcpjvphuzj}jelokqhtpelpj}qetenemoco+pet}zmhkqtjl}oljolmcz}hzlecjmpztemtpome,Euz j} okqhtpelpj mhl+

}o`jtet jc bljth jl mzelph uzj j}pj fe mhòme`h zle nhtke `j htbelowetce olnhtkemol e`jk} `j }opzet}j jl zl `jpjtkole`h mhlpjvph mhkzlome+po~h mhl zle lecoè`, Ce} metempjt}pome} `jc bljth qzj`jl mhlòmohlet cenhtket `j cjjt jc `hmzkjlph y ce} qtjbzlpe} uzj htojlpetl òmfe cjmpzte,Jlptj ch} e}qjmph} k} colb}pomh} uzj qzj`jl tj}zcpet okqhtpelpj} jl cecjmpzte `j pjvph} jl jc kdoph `j ce} mojlmoe} }hmoecj} qh`jkh} `j}pemet ch}}obzojlpj7

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}jbzl`h czbet,,,9 Jl mekdoh,,, qzj`jl }jt olòmepo~e} }hdtj mkh}j htbelowe ce olnhtkemol, Jc ppzch `jc `hmzkjlph pekdol qzj`j}jt zl olòme`ht `j ce qh}odcj htbelowemol `jc pjvph7 Ch} nemphtj}`jc mtjmokojlph ztdelh# Ce j~hczmol `jc Okqjtoh thkelh9 Ceò}ptodzmol `j ce} whle} mcokpome},

Jl ch} pjvph} qjtoh`}pomh} }j qzj`j }zbjtot ecbzle olnhtkemol }hdtj}z j}ptzmpzte y mkh }j o}ptodzyj jl jcce ce olnhtkemol, Qht jgjkqch#jl jc popzcet `j zle lhpomoe fey olnhtkemol }hdtj jc }zgjph h empht `jce emmol# jc emhlpjmokojlph# jc czbet y jc khkjlph jl jc uzj hmzttj

h jc qhtuz &ce} mhlhmoè} :R/, ]edjt uzj j}pj poqh `j olnhtkemolj}p jl ch} ppzch} y jc cje` kjghte ce jmemoe cjmphte, Pekdol j}okqhtpelpj qete tjbzcet jc qthmj}h j cjmpzte }edjt uzj ce olnhtkemoljl jc me}h `j zle lhpomoe }j htbelowe `j kh`h uzj ch} qttenh} lecj}pojljl kjlh} olnhtkemol okqhtpelpj uzj ch} qtokjth} &ce mhlhmoèj}ptzmpzte `j qotko`j ol~jtpoè/,

Jl jc me}h `j btme} j}pe`}pome} fey uzj pjljt jl mzjlpe mkh }j}zjcj o}qhljt ce olnhtkemol7 jc ppzch# ch} tpzch} j ch} jgj} &olòmelce} keblopz`j} y ce} ~etoedcj} tjqtj}jlpeè}7 qe}j}# j~hczmol `j

zle ~etoedcj# qhtmjlpegj}# melpoè`j}/# ce nhtke `j ce btme &`jclje}# dette}# }jmphtj},,,/ y ce cjyjlè, Ce} qtjbzlpe} y htojlpemohlj}`jc `hmjlpj pjl`tl mhkh hdgjpo~h uzj jc eczklh mhl}o`jtj j}peolnhtkemol y uzj ce zpocomj qete mhkqtjl`jt kjght ce olnhtkemol,

Ce} tjqtj}jlpemohlj} metphbtme} pekdol pojljl }z} qjmzcoetoè`j}7jc ppzch# ce j}mece# ce cjyjlè# jc poqh j keqe &phqhbtmh# pjkpomh/,E ~jmj} omfe tjqtj}jlpemol j} zl oephqh} h mhkqh}omol metphbtmeuzj olmczyj keqe} `j ònjtjlpj j}mece uzj qjtkopjl zle qjt}qjmpo~ekzcòkjl}ohlec `j zl `jpjtkole`h njlkjlh,

Ce} rjd} }j j}pl mhl~otpojl`h jl zle okqhtpelpj nzjlpj `jolnhtkemol y `jlpth `j jcce mhl~o~jl ò~jt}h} nhtkeph} mhkh ce}qbole} rjd# ce} roio} h epce} jcjmptlomh}, Ph`h} jcch} }j metempjtwelqht ce} qh}odcoè`j} `j le~jbet e pte~} `j }z} mhlpjlo`h} y qetejcch j} ljmj}etoh mhlhmjt ecbzle} `j }z} metempjt}pome} nhtkecj} y }znzlmohlecoè`7 dette `j le~jbemol# kjl}# keqe `jc }opoh# omhlh}#ketme} `j jlcemj} foqjtpjvpzecj}# jpm, Euz j} okqhtpelpj jvqchtetgzlph} ecbzle} qh}odocoè`j} `j j}ph} `hmzkjlph}# qjth cokopel`h }zz}h jl j}pj khkjlph e elpomoqet `l`j qzj`j j}pet ce olnhtkemoluzj }j ~e e dz}met y ec kh`h `j femjtch,

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7/13


Mhkqhljlpj}`jcpjvph, E ~jmj}# jc `hmzkjlph j} zl pjvph mhlpolzh# qjthjl hpte} hme}ohlj} qh`jkh} jlmhlptetlh} mhl pjvph} ò}mhlpolzh}# zl pjvphgzlph e hpth} hmzkjlph} btmh}7 zle nhph ecz}o~e e ecbl e}qjmph jc pjke#zle keqe# zle btme# zle olnhbtene# jpm, Jl hpte} hme}ohlj}# jc pjvph }j

mhkqcjkjlpe mhl lhpe} ec qoj h ec ketbjl qete jvqcomet jc }oblome`h `jecbzle qecedte Y jgjkqch [# zle tjnjtjlmoe h zle emcetemol, Jl j}ph} me}h}#ce olpjt~jlmol `jc qthnj}ht `jdj nemocopet uzj ch} eczklh} tjmhlhwmel uzjph`h} j}ph} jcjkjlph} qzj`jl }jt mhkqcjkjlpetoh}# uzj j} ljmj}etoh uzjch} mhlnthlpj dz}mel`h }z mhkqcjkjlpetojè` h }z} ò}hlelmoe} qete chbtetzle mhkqtjl}ol k} qthnzlè, Pekdol j} okqhtpelpj kh}ptetcj} ce nzl+mohlecoè` j jcjkjlph} mhkh ce} lhpe} ec qoj j qbole h jl jc ketbjl Y~jtjgjkqch elpjtoht[, ]j qzj`j qetpot `j ce o`jlpomemol `jc pjke bchdec y# eqetpot `j ef# qcelpjet mhlgjpzte} emjtme `j uz olnhtkemol qzj`j eqhtpetmeè `hmzkjlph, Qht jgjkqch# uz olnhtkemol eqhtpe zle btme ec pjvph

e`gzlph &h ~omj~jt}e }o jc pjvph j} jc qoj/,

Jcjkjlph} qetecolb}pomh}, Jl ecbzlh} pjvph} j} qh}odcj uzj eqetjwmelqecedte} `j}pemeè} mhl ònjtjlpj} poqh} `j cjpte &ljbtope# mzt}o~e# }zdtey+e`h# key}mzce}/, Pekdol qzj`j fedjt hpth} e}qjmph} `j nhtkeph mhkh~ojpe} h qttenh} lzkjte`h} `j nhtke gjttuzome, Jl ch} kelzecj} j}mh+cetj} j}pe nhtke j qtj}jlpet ce olnhtkemol j} ntjmzjlpj7 ppzch} bjljtecj}#`j jqbtenj}# mhlmjqph} h nte}j} mce~j `j}peme`h}, Zl eqtjlòwegj okqht+pelpj j} mhlhmjt j}ph} }oblh} `j htbelowemol y gjtetuzowemol `j ce olnht+kemol# qzj} èl qo}pe} }hdtj ce keyht h kjlht tjcj~elmoe `j ce} o`je}# }z

tjcemol gjttuzome y }jklpome h ch} mhlmjqph} }oblomepo~h} }hdtj jc pjkej}pzòe`h, Jc qthnj}ht e pte~} `j }z} qtjbzlpe} `jdj bzoet ce hd}jt~emol`jc pjvph7

Uz ppzch} hd}jt~e} jl jc pjvph8Pojljl ph`h} ce ko}ke okqhtpelmoe8Qht uz ecbzle} qecedte} j}pl `j}pemeè} jl ljbtope8

J}pe} emmohlj} jlmekoleè} e mhlpjvpzcowet jc pjvph elpomoqel`h }z mhlpjlo`hy e elecowet ch} e}qjmph} nhtkecj} qthqoh} `jc bljth pjvpzec mhl jc l `j hto+jlpet ce nhtke `j cjjtch }hl qtj~oe} e zle cjmpzte k} `jpjloè# }j tjecowel

mhlgzlpekjlpj kjòelpj zl òchbh òtobo`h qht jc qthnj}ht y mzkqcj ~etoe}nzlmohlj}, Qht zl ce`h# }ot~j qete olpth`zmot ec eczklh jl ce petje# j} zlenhtke `j mjlptet }z epjlmol, @j ef uzj ce} j}ptepjboe} uzj }j qzjèl zpocowetfel `j pjljt mojtpe ebocoè` y }jt qetpomoqepo~e}, Qht hpth ce`h# ec }opzetcj jljc mhlpjvph `jc qthmj}h `j ol~j}pobemol }j }zdteye ce olpjlmol cjmphte y mhljcch }j qthkzj~j ce khpo~emol qht ce petje uzj jqjl`jt jc kh`h jl uzj }jqcelpjjl j}pe} j}ptepjboe},

0,4,J}pedcjmjtzlhdgjpo~h`jcjmpzte

Zle ~jw fjmfe j}pe qtokjte jvqchtemol `jc pjvph# jc }obojlpj qe}h j} j}pedcjmjtzl hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte uzj mhlmtjpj ce lecoè` k} ekqcoe uzj ~ojlj èè qht ce

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olpjlmol cjmphte &jc cjjt qete `j}`j zle qjt}qjmpo~e k} ekqcoe mhkh qzj`j}jt zle zloè` ò`mpome h zl qthyjmph de}e`h jl ce tj}hczmol `j zl qthdcjke/,Yjgjkqch[ @o}qhljt `j zl hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte j} okqtj}molòdcj qete uzj jc cjmphtqzjè jmoòt uz olnhtkemol j} tjcj~elpj y mzc lh ch j}, Qht pelph# ce tjcj~elmoe

`j ce olnhtkemol jl jc pjvph ce jpjtkole jc hdgjpo~h j cjmpzte y lh pojlj qht uz}jt ce uzj jl }z khkjlph `jmoòjte jc ezpht `jc pjvph, Ezluzj j}pj èph j} ok+qhtpelpj }o uzjtjkh} femjt zle cjmpzte mtpome jl pjvph} `hl`j ce olpjlmohlecoè`qhcpome h o`jhcbome `jc ezpht j} kzy okqhtpelpj y }z o`jlpomemol }j mhl~ojtpjjl jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte &qht jgjkqch# zl ò}mzt}h `j Ntelmh emjtme `j ch} lj}uzj qjt}obzjl }z} `jmo}ohlj} `j bhdojtlh qzj`j èt czbet e mhlpte}pet }z} olpjl+mohlj} `jmceteè} mhl ch} fjmfh} tjecj}/, Jc hdgjpo~h e`hqpe ò~jt}e} nhtke} jlnzlmol `j ce} metempjt}pome} `jc pjvph y `jc mhlpjvph `j eqtjlòwegj &qht jgjk+qch# ce mzj}pol bjljtec uzj ptepel `j tj}qhl`jt/ y `jc lo~jc `j òmzcpe` mhl jcuzj }j uzojte qcelpjet ce petje7

Tjmzqjtet zle olnhtkemol h ~etoh} èph} mhlmtjph} `jc pjvph7 njmfe} h }z+gjph} mce~j} `j zl }zmj}h fo}ptomh,

O`jlpomet ce} metempjt}pome} `j zl czbet h j zl fjmfh fo}ptomh,

@j}mtodot mkh j}pt htbeloweè zle ol}popzmol mhkh ch} peccjtj} etpj}ele+cj} kjòj~ecj},

Mhkqetet ce} metempjt}poe} `j `h} fjmfh}# `h} czbetj}# `h} }opzemohlj} h

k},

Tjcemohlet ce} olpjlmohlj} `j ch} }zgjph} mhl ce} emmohlj} uzj tjecowel y mhl}z} mhl}jmzjlmoe} ,

Jlzkjtet ce} mez}e} h ce} mhl}jmzjlmoe} `j zl fjmfh fo}ptomh,

0,=,O`jlpometcehtbelowemol jceolnhtkemol

Qete chmecowet ce olnhtkemol tjcj~elpj y mkh }j tjcemohle jlptj } j} okqhtpelpjo`jlpomet mkh j}p htbeloweè, Jc tjmhlhmokojlph `j ketme} jl jc pjvph mhkhch} mhljmphtj} cbomh} h euzjcch} uzj tj~jcel ce }zqjtj}ptzmpzte `jc pjvph j} j}+

jlmoec, Jc z}h `j j}pe j}ptepjboe }j eqhye jl ce} empo~oè`j} qtj~oe} `j empo~emol`j mhlhmokjlph} qtj~oh} }hdtj ce htbelowemol `jc pjvph, Ce} eyzè} uzj qzj`jeqhtpet jc `hmjlpj }hl ~etoe}7

qthqhljt uzj }j mhkqcjpj zl j}uzjke h zl keqe mhlmjqpzec#

`j}pemet jl jc pjvph euzjcce} qecedte} uzj }ot~el mhkh ketme`htj} `jc pjv+ph#

èt ce} o`je} pjkpome} `j meè qttenh `j}ht`jleè} qete uzj ch} eczklh}

ce} ht`jljl# jpm,

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9/13


0,0,Femjtolnjtjlmoe}}hdtjjc}oblome`h`jce}qecedte}#}hdtjjcmhlpjlo`h`jcpjvph

Fedte uzj o}polbzot jlptj euzjcch} ptkolh} lh j}qjmmh} jc kdoph j ce} mojl+

moe} }hmoecj} y euzjcch} hpth} mhl zl okqhtpelpj mhkqhljlpj mhlmjqpzec, Tj}qjmphe ch} qtokjth} j} okqhtpelpj jl}jet uz qecedte} pojljl zl }oblome`h tjcj~elpjqete mhlptzot jc }oblome`h bchdec `jc pjvph y mzcj} qzj`jl }jt hd~oeè}, Ch}ptkolh} uzj } }hl tjcj~elpj} tjuzojtjl uzj }j emcetj }z }oblome`h, ]j qzj`jlzpocowet ~etoe} nhtke} mhkh j} jc me}h `j olnjtot }z }oblome`h `j}`j jc mhlpjvph`j ce nte}j, Jc qthnj}ht qzj`j èt eyzè} qtjbzlpel`h }o }j ptepe `j zle emmol#zl hdgjph# zle metempjt}pome `j zle qjt}hle h `j zl hdgjph# jpm, Qzj`j femjttjnjtjlmoe e hpte} qecedte} uzj mhkqetpel jc ko}kh cjvjke h jc ko}kh mekqh}jklpomh, Jc qthnj}ht h jc eczklh qzj`jl `jmoòt }o zpocowet hpte} eyzè} mhkh jcòmmohletoh h qtjbzlpet h èt òtjmpekjlpj }z }oblome`h,

Qht hpth ce`h# jl ch} pjvph} fo}ptomh} qzj`jl eqetjmjt ecbzlh} ptkolh} uzj tj}zc+pel ònmocj} `j pte`zmot copjteckjlpj h `j olpjtqtjpet mhkh j} jc me}h `jc ptkolhqhco} uzj femj tjnjtjlmoe e zl mhlmjqph nzlèkjlpec qete jlpjl`jt ce }hmojè`btojbe jl ce Elpobjè`, @j fjmfh# jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte qh`te }jt ce jcedh +temol `j }z }oblome`h e qetpot `j ce olnhtkemol }hdtj }z} metempjt}pome}, @omfemhlmjqpzecowemol ote k} ecc `jc }oblome`h }okqcome`h k} mhlhmo`h mhkhj} mozè`+j}pe`h, E}ko}kh# hpth} ptkolh} }j zpocowel jl ce empzecoè` qjth}z }oblome`h qzj`j ònjtot `jc uzj }j zpocowe jl jc pjvph tjnjto`h e zle tjecoè``jc qe}e`h, _ j} uzj kzmfh} ptkolh} }hl jl } ko}kh} fo}ptomh}, Zl jgjkqch

mhlhmo`h j} jc `jc ptkolh `jkhmtmoe uzj j} zpcowe`h qete metempjtwet zlenhtke `j bhdojtlh jl ecbzle} mozè`j} `j ce Btjmoe mc}ome, ]ol jkdetbh# mhkh j}}edo`h fey }z}pelmoecj} ònjtjlmoe} mhl j}pj }oblome`h mhl jc z}h empzec `j òmfhptkolh, Ce tjecowemol `j j}pe mhkqetemol pekdol qzj`j mhl~jtpot}j jl zl hd+gjpo~h j cjmpzte uzj }zqhlj zle tjjvol }hdtj ce mhlmjqpzecowemol jl fo}phtoe ych} mekdoh} y mhlpolzoè`j} jl jc `j~jlot fo}ptomh, Yjgjkqch[,

0,:,Tjcemohletce}qetpj}`jzlpjvph

Zlh `j ch} qthdcjke} mhl jc uzj }zjcjl jlmhlptet}j ch} eczklh} mzel`h cjjl j}tjcemohlet ce} qetpj} `jc pjvph qete mtjet zle tjqtj}jlpemol bchdec `jc ko}kh,

Jl ce} petje} qtj~oe} e ce cjmpzte fedekh} eqzlpe`h uzj zle `j ce} j}ptepjboe}d}ome} jte elpomoqet ce htbelowemol `jc pjvph e qetpot `j zle }jtoj `j ketme} pjv+pzecj} y qetecolb}pome}, Efhte lh} tjnjtokh} e ce cjmpzte jc pjvph y e ce olpjt~jl+mol kjòe`hte `jc qthnj}ht qete eyzèt e mhl}ptzot j}e tjqtj}jlpemohl bchdec, Ceo`jlpomemol `j j}pe} ketme} mhkh }hl ch} mhljmphtj} cbomh} j} zle qo}pe jmew,Qjth# ce òmzcpe` `jto~e mhl ntjmzelmoe `j ce melpoè` `j olnhtkemol y `j ch}ckopj} qete tjpjljtce `j nhtke mhfjtjlpj, Zle eyzè j} ot tjjcedhtel`h `j kh`h~o}zec ce olnhtkemol kjòelpj j}uzjke} h keqe} mhlmjqpzecj} z hpth} }o}pjke}btmh} `j olnhtkemol uzj febel jc qeqjc `j tjbo}pth qete jc uzj ce kjkhtoe `jptedegh j}p k} cokopeè,

?
http://docentes.leer.es/files/2010/02/eso1_eso2_cs_ec_democraciaateniense_prof_jimadalena.pdfhttp://docentes.leer.es/files/2010/02/eso1_eso2_cs_ec_democraciaateniense_prof_jimadalena.pdf


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Ce olpjt~jlmol `jc qthnj}ht }j qzj`j bte`zet mzel`h nemocope j}ph} j}uzjke} hkeqe} k} h kjlh} jcedhte`h} jl nzlmol j ce ljmj}oè` jc btzqh j olmcz}h olò+~o`zec, Hpth kh`h `j jl}jet mkh tjcemohlet ce} qetpj} `j zl pjvph j} kjòelpjzle petje mhkh ce jcedhtemol j zl tj}zkjl, ]z tjecowemol }zqhlj qete jc eczk+

lh jcedhtet zle tjqtj}jlpemol }jklpome jc pjvph# j} jmot# }o }edj ch uzj uzojtj`jmot# }o meqpe jc }jlpo`h bchdec `jc pjvph# }o o`jlpome ce} o`je} qtolmoqecj}, Mhkheyzè} qete ce jcedhtemol `j zl tj}zkjl }hl pocj} ce} kemthttjbce} uzj qthqhljJ, ]lmfjw Kobzjc7 olpjbtet ce olnhtkemol# bjljtecowet h jcokolet ce olnhtkemol}zqtze, Phè} jcce} fel j }jt qtempomeè} j nhtke }o}pjkpome y jvqcmope qeteuzj jc eczklh ce} olmhtqhtj mhkh j}ptepjboe} `j cjmpzte,

0,>,Hdpjljtytjjcedhtetolnhtkemoljlnzlmol`jchdgjpo~h`jcjmpzteCe melpoè` `j olnhtkemol j} zl `j}enh qete ce mhkqtjl}ol `j pjvph} jl ce

mce}j `j Mojlmoe} ]hmoecj}, Qht jcch j} okqhtpelpj lh }ch tjmzqjtet ce olnhtkemoltjcj~elpj# }olh pekdol htbelowetce qete nemocopet }z z}h qh}pjtoht, Ce} j}ptepjboe}qete htbelowet òmfe olnhtkemol qzj`jl j}pet mhlòmohleè} dojl qht ce} metem+pjt}pome} `jc pjvph# dojl qht jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte, Qht jgjkqch# jl zl pjvph `jpoqh lettepo~h# zle dohbtene h zle }jmzjlmoe `j fjmfh} &zl qthmj}h fo}ptomh/ j}zpoc }jbzot zl j}uzjke pjkqhtec, Jl hpth me}h# }o }j j}pl jlzkjtel`h `jpjtkol+`h} njlkjlh} h jcjkjlph}# mhkh mzel`h} j elecowe zl qeo}egj# qzj`j }jt pocfemjt zle co}pe h zle pedce qete mce}ometch}, Jc hdgjpo~h j cjmpzte qzj`j pekdol`jpjtkolet jc kh`h `j tjhtbelowet h jcedhtet ce olnhtkemol, Qht jgjkqch# }o }jptepe `j mhkqetet `h} fjmfh} qzj`j }jt poc jcedhtet zle pedce `j `hdcj jlpteè

h mhlpteqhljt jcjkjlph} zlh e zlh jl nhtke `j co}pe, Zl keqe mhlmjqpzec qzj`j}jt zpoc qete ht`jlet olnhtkemol }hdtj ch} mhkqhljlpj} j zle ol}popzmol Yjgjk+qch[ h zle htbelowemol qhcpome mhkqcjge mhkh }jte ce `jc j}pe`h j}qehc h ce `jce Zlol Jzthqje,

0,2,Tjcemohletjcmhlpjlo`h`jcpjvphmhlch}mhlhmokojlph}}hdtjjcpjke

]o ce lecoè` `j ce cjmpzte j} eqtjl`jt y eqtjl`jt }zqhlj olmhtqhtet lzj~e olnht+kemol uzj tjj}ptzmpzte ce tj` kjlpec `j mhlhmokojlph# tjcemohlet jc mhlpjlo`h`jc pjvph mhl ch} mhlhmokojlph} qtj~oh} j} zl qe}h mce~j, Qht jcch ye j}`j jc olomoh`j ce cjmpzte }jecdekh} ce okqhtpelmoe `j ce petje `j empo~et ch} mhlhmokojlph}

}hdtj jc pjke qete èt }jlpo`h e ce cjmpzte, Efhte }j ptepe `j mjttet j}pj qthmj}htjmhbojl`h ce} eqhtpemohlj} `j ce cjmpzte y ce mtjemol `j mhlhmokojlph, Jc qthnj+}ht `jdj tjmhtèt ce} mzj}pohlj} uzj }j qcelpjethl olomoeckjlpj qete ~jt }o jc pjv+ph eqhtpe ce} tj}qzj}pe} hqhtpzle}, Pekdol `jdj tjnjtot}j e ce olpjlmol cjmphteketmeè qht ce olèbemol uzj }j j}p ccj~el`h e medh, Qht jcch# }hl qjtpoljlpj}qtjbzle} mhkh7

Uz tj}qzj}pe} h uz olnhtkemol lzj~e lh} fe eqhtpe`h jc pjvph8

Mhl uz mhlhmokojlph} uzj ye }edekh} ce qh`jkh} tjcemohlet8

Uz e}qjmph} h uz mzj}pohlj} uzjèl }ol mhlpj}pet8

Lh} }zbojtj ce cjmpzte hpte} qtjbzlpe} uzj lh fedekh} qtj~o}ph y uzj }hl

tjcj~elpj} qete jc pjke8

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0,6,Jcedhtetmhlhmokojlph

Ce petje elpjtoht lh j} jc l `jc qthmj}h `j cjmpzte, J} pekdol qtjmo}h }edjt }o}j fe jcedhte`h lzj~h mhlhmokojlph# h }je# }o fe fedo`h eqtjlòwegj, Qete jcch# j}

ljmj}etoh qcelpjet ecbzle petje `hl`j jc eczklh zpocomj ce olnhtkemol `jc pjvphqete èt tj}qzj}pe e zle mzj}pol uzj ~eye k} ecc `jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte y j}p`jlpth `jc qthmj}h `j olèbemol, Qht jgjkqch# }o jc pjke j} elecowet jc okqemphekdojlpec `j ce} empo~oè`j} fzkele}# zlh `j ch} `hmzkjlph} qzj`j tjnjtot}j ezle emmol qzlpzec mhkh ce pece `j dh}uzj} y jc eczklh qzj`j jvqcomet qht uz}j pecel y }z} mhl}jmzjlmoe}# qjth j}pj fjmfh `jdj }jt }opze`h jl jc qcelh k}ekqcoh `j ce olpjtemmol }hmojè`+kjòh uzj mzye mhkqtjl}ol j} ch uzj ketme ceolpjlmol cjmphte Yjgjkqch[,

Mhkqhljt zl pjvph jl jc uzj jc eczklh feye `j zpocowet jc mhlhmokojlph qzlpzec

hdpjlo`h `j ce cjmpzte `j zl `hmzkjlph mhlmtjph j} zle nhtke `j ne~htjmjt ceekqcoemol `j òmfh mhlhmokojlph y zle nhtke `j j~eczet ce mhkqtjl}ol bchdec,Efhte dojl# j}pj pjvph lh qzj`j }jt zle kjte tjqth`zmmol `j ce olnhtkemol `jcpjvph mhkh qh`te }jt zl tj}zkjl copjtec, Jc pjvph jdj qcelpjet ecbl poqh j tjphuzj hdcobzj ec eczklh e tjhtbelowet }z mhlhmokojlph jl nzlmol `j zl hdgjpo~hmhkzlomepo~h, E}# }obzojl`h mhl jc jgjkqch elpjtoht# qh`te }jt ce jcedhtemol `jzl olnhtkj `hl`j qcelpjj jc qthdcjke `j ce mto}o} ekdojlpec e qetpot `jc elco}o}`j ch} nemphtj} uzj ce mez}el y ce} mhl}jmzjlmoe} uzj mhlpopzyjl òmfe mto}o} qeteccjbet e femjt qthqzj}pj} mhl}jmzjlpj} y mhfjtjlpj} mhl òmfh elco}o}, Qete jcchfe `j zpocowet qetpj `j ce olnhtkemol y egz}petce e zle lecoè` mhkzlomepo~e uzj

~ojlj `jpjtkoleè qht jc bljth `jc pjvph# jl j}pj me}h zl olnhtkj,

0,?,Ceolpjtemmoljljcezce

J}pe} emmohlj} h j}ptepjboe} uzj }j fel eqzlpe`h }j ccj~el e medh jl jc mhlpjvph`j zle mce}j mhl}popzo`h qht zle zle petje uzj ketme jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte y ceolpjtemmol jlptj eczklh} y qthnj}ht, Ce empo~oè` `j cjmpzte jl jc kdoph j}mhcet}j metempjtowe qht ce jvo}pjlmoe `j ò~jt}e} kjòemohlj} y eyzè} uzj qzj`jl }jtnemocopeè} lh }ch qht jc qthnj}ht# }olh pekdol qht ce olpjtemmol y ce eyzè jlptjobzecj},

e/Ceolpjtemmolqthnj}ht+eczkle`h, Jc qthnj}ht eqhtpe eyzè} mhkh eèqpet jcpjvph qete nemocopet }z mhkqtjl}ol &kjghtel`h }z mhfjtjlmoe# olpth`zmojl`hemcetemohlj} `j ptkolh} lh~j`h}h} h mce~j} h eqhtpel`h zl j}uzjke `j mhl+pjlo`h} `jc pjvph/ h e pte~} `j kjòemohlj} jl ce} mzecj} kjòelpj qtjbzlpe}k} òtjmpe} h olòtjmpe} eyzè ec eczkle`h e tjmhttjt jc pjvph# e jvptejt ol+nhtkemol# e tjcemohletce y e jcedhtet mhlhmokojlph, J} `jmot# olpjt~ojlj jl jc`j}etthcch `j phè} ce} j}ptepjboe} uzj }j fel kjlmohle`h, J}pe olpjt~jlmolqzj`j }jt qthbtj}o~ekjlpj kjlh} òtjmpo~e e kjòè uzj jc eczkle`h ~eyeeùzotojl`h mojtpe ezphlhke kjòelpj ce eùzo}omol `j mojtpe} tzpole} mhkhj}pedcjmjt jc hdgjpo~h j cjmpzte# jvptejt ce} o`je} tjcj~elpj}# jpm, J}pe} olpjt+

~jlmohlj} `jc `hmjlpj qzj`jl kelonj}pet}j `j ò~jt}e} keljte}, E ~jmj}# ceempo~oè` ce òtobj qete phè ce mce}j9 hpte}# }z kjòemol ~e òtoboè e ecbzlh}eczklh} jl qetpomzcet,

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13/13


J}pe cedht }j mhkqcjkjlpe mhl ce olpjtemmol uzj qzj`j qthkh~jt jl jc ezce, Qjthphè j}pe cedht lh ~e otoboè }ch e uzj jc eczklh tj}zjc~e qthdcjke} j eqtjl`jlò+wegj jl j}pe kepjtoe, Qht jcch# pekdol `jdj olmczot ce tjjvol }hdtj jc qthmj}hko}kh `j cjmpzte uzj qjtkope ec eczklh tjmhlhmjt uz j}ptepjboe} zpocowe jl meè

khkjlph# j} `jmot# }j ptepe `j jl}jet ec eczkle`h e tj}hc~jt }z} òmzcpe`j} `jmhkqtjl}ol, Jl j}pj }jlpo`h# ce mhkqjpjlmoe cjmphte ~e cobeè e ce mhkqjpjlmoe qetece ezphlhke qjt}hlec, _ euz ce olpjt~jlmol `jc qthnj}ht ~zjc~j e }jt `jmo}o~e qhtmzelph cj mhttj}qhl`j jvqcomopet j}pe} j}ptepjboe}# femjt `j kh`jch `j cjmpht qete}z} j}pzòelpj} y eyzèt e kh`jcet ce olpjtemmol jlptj ch} eczklh}, Olpjt~jlmohlj}mhkh7 Qete uz mtjjo} uzj ~ekh} e cjjt j}pj pjvph8 Uz olnhtkemol lh} qzj`jeqhtpet qete mhlpj}pet e ce} qtjbzlpe uzj lh} fjkh} nhtkzce`h &jl jc ketmh `j zlezloè` ò`mpome h qthyjmph/8 J}pj j} jc hdgjpo~h `j cjmpzte Uz }hcjkh} femjtmzel`h lh jlpjl`jkh} zle qecedte mhlmtjpe8 Uz hpte o`je jc pjvph j}p tjcemoh+leè mhl j}pe uzj emedekh} `j cjjt8# jpm,

Hpth e}qjmph kjph`hcbomh okqhtpelpj j} zlot ce} petje} `j cjmpzte mhl ce} `j j}mtop+zte jl jc mhlpjvph `j cjjt qete eqtjl`jt, Ce j}mtopzte jl `jpjtkoleè} mhlòmohlj}mhkh fel }jece`h ]metèkecoe y Djtjopjt# j} zle fjttekojlpe kzy qhpjlpj qeteptel}nhtket jc mhlhmokojlph y j}ph j} kzy mhfjtjlpj mhl jc qcelpjekojlph `j zleqtjlòwegj de}e`h# qht jgjkqch# jl ce tj}hczmol `j qthdcjke}# `j ol~j}pobemol h`j elco}o} j me}h}, Jl jnjmph# ce mzckolemol j j}ph} qcelpjekojlph} j} mhl}ptzot zllzj~h mhlhmokojlph y# lh pelph# tjqth`zmot jc mhlhmokojlph j}pedcjmo`h y }olpjpowe`hjl zl codth j pjvph h zle jlmomchqjòe, Ecbzlh} jgjkqch} }hl7 jcedhtet zl olnhtkj jljc uzj }j febel qthqzj}pe} qete qtj~jlot jc mekdoh mcokpomh e qetpot `j zlh h ~etoh}

pjvph} `hl`j }j jvqhljl ecbzlh} nemphtj} uzj ch qth~hmel9 jcedhtet zl pjvph jvqh}o+po~h `hl`j }j mhkqetjl `h} qthmj}h} `jkhbtmh} e qetpot `j zl pjvph jl jc uzj }j`j}mtodjl ecbzlh} kh`jch} `j ptel}omol `jkhbtme,

Noleckjlpj# mzel`h fedcekh} `j cjjt jl ce mce}j `j mojlmoe} }hmoecj}# bjhbtene jfo}phtoe fey uzj pjljt kzy qtj}jlpj ce o`je `j uzj ce cjmpzte `j ch} pjvph} `jdj mhl+ptodzot e jltouzjmjt }z mhkqtjl}ol `j ce tjecoè` }hmoec `j kh`h uzj ce cjmpzte }jmhl~ojtpe jl zl kjòh qete eqtjl`jt, Jc ptedegh mhl ch} pjvph} jl jc ketmh `j cjjtqete eqtjl`jt# `jdjte òtobot}j e ce eqcomemol `j ce olnhtkemol qete qcelpjet htj}hc~jt qthdcjke} uzj `jdjtel }jt zl jgj jl phtlh ec mzec }j htbelowete zl eqtjlò+wegj k} mhkqtjl}o~h y khpo~e`ht,

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aprender geografía e historia. aprender a leer. josé ignacio madalena calvo

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