student mohammed abdulla desalination presentation

7/27/2019 Student Mohammed Abdulla Desalination Presentation

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Mohammed Abdulla

Sunday, December 19, 2010

7/27/2019 Student Mohammed Abdulla Desalination Presentation

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Outlines

1. Salinity 

2. Desalination Processes

3. Desalination Barriers.

4.  Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant.

5. Useful Resources.

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1. SalinitySalinity 

Concentration of salt in water measured in grams per liter or parts per thousand.

Fresh Water Brackish Water Saline Water Brine

Less than 0.5 g/l

Desalinated Water

0.5-30 g/l

Underground Water

30-50 g/l

Sea Water

More than 50 g/l

DesalinationPlants Rejection

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2. Desalination Processes

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2. Desalination ProcessesSeparationProcesses

Thermal

Multi Stage FlashMultiple Effect

Evaporation

FreezingHumidification-

Dehumidification

Membrane

Reverse Osmosis Electro-Dialysis

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2.1 Thermal Desalination

 Water Vapor Water Steam

Gas phase of water. Water vapor at high pressure andtemperature.

Sensible Heat Latent Heat

Heat added or removed and causes

change in temperature.

Heat added or removed and causes

change in phase.

Specific Heat Capacity 

Heat required to raise a unit mass by a unit temperature at constant volume or

pressure (J/kg.°C).

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2.1 Thermal Desalination

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

   A    b  s  o    l  u   t  e   S  a   t  u  r  a   t   i  o  n   P  r  e  s  s

  u  r  e    (   K   P  a    )

Temperature °C 

Liquid Water

 Water Vapor

 Water Saturation Pressure

Pressure at which water changes its phase at certain temperature.

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2.1.1 Multi Stage Flash

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2.1.1 Multi Stage Flash

(El-Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002) 

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2.1.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation

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2.1.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation

(El-Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002) 

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2.2 Membrane Desalination

(Reverse Osmosis)Osmosis (Natural Osmosis)

 Water movement through a membrane from low salinity side to the high salinity 

side.

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2.2 Membrane Desalination

(Reverse Osmosis)

Reverse Osmosis

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2.2 Membrane Desalination

(Reverse Osmosis)

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2.2 Membrane Desalination

(Reverse Osmosis)

Tampa Bay RO Desalination Plant, Florida, US, 2007

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3. Desalination Barriers Energy Consumption

Cost Scaling

Environment Impact

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3.1 Energy ConsumptionMulti Stage Flash & Multiple Effect

Evaporation (Thermal)Reverse Osmosis (Membrane)

10–

200 kWh/m³ 1–

10 kWh/m³

Steam Turbines Gas TurbinesSteam and Gas

TurbinesPower (MW) to Water (MIGD)

Ratio5 : 1 10 : 1 15 : 1

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3.1 Energy Consumption

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3.2 Cost

ElectricalEnergy 

44%

Chemicals5%

Maintenance16%

Initial CapitalCost37%

Cost Analysis of RO MembraneDesalination Process

(Semiat, 2000) 

Enrgy 60%

Chemical3%

Maintenance6%

Initial CapitalCost31%

Cost Analysis for MED ThermalDesalination Process

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3.3 Scaling What is scaling?

The accumulation of salt particles on the desalinationplant components.

How to minimize scaling?

 Addition of chemicals, like Polyphosphate.

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3.4 Environmental Impact Energy consumption and carbon footprint.

Rejection of brine back into sea.

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4. Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination

Plant

(El-Nashar, 2008) 

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5. Useful ResourcesFundamentals of Salt WaterDesalination, by El-Dessouky &

Ettouney  Thermal analysis, mass balance, energy balance, efficiencies, ratios.

Desalination Research Progress, by Delgado & Moreno  Renewable energies and desalination.

Multiple Effect Distillation of SeawaterUsing Solar Energy, by El-Nashar  Solar desalination plant in Abu-Dhabi.