presentation 1 inclusion matters-paho
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S O C I A L D E V E L O P M E N T | T H E W O R L D B A N K | A S K S O C I A L @ W O R L D B A N K . O R G
Inclusion Matters
The Foundation for Shared
Prosperity
Maitreyi Bordia Das, Lead Social
Development Specialist, Social
Development
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The Report
o Interdisciplinary, multi-method analysis, building on previous work
o Defines social inclusion and provides a framework
o Explains who may be excluded and why
o Linked to the post-2015 conversations
o
Shows that social inclusion can be influenced
Inclusion Matters
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to ending extreme poverty because some groups are
over-represented among the extreme poor to creating shared prosperity because todays growth
can leave some people behind
to todays social churning, driven by changing
demographic, spatial, economic and political forces for itself and because exclusion is too costly
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S O C I A L D E V E L O P M E N T | T H E W O R L D B A N K | A S K S O C I A L @ W O R L D B A N K . O R G
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What is social inclusion?
The process of improving the terms for individualsand groups to take part in society
The process of improving the ability, opportunity
and dignityof people disadvantaged on the basis
of their identity to take part in society
Social inclusion is
o
Specific to time, place and identitieso Multidimensional
o Related to poverty and inequality, but goes beyond these
o Both an outcome and a process
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Demand for access to information Demand for new skills and quality
of education
Demand for greater accountability
Demand for functioning and fairjustice systems
Better public services andinfrastructure
Demand for social security andsafety nets
New aspirations and demands forvoice and decision-making
Vulnerability to crime, drugs,prostitution
Demand for infrastructure and
services Demand for protection againstvulnerability to disasters
Demand for legal standing,recognition, politicalrepresentation
Claim on public spaces andsafety
More and better jobs and skills
Demand for care services Demand for voice, representation
and dignity
Demand for equal access to jobs,credit, housing & fair treatment
Demographic
Youth
Elderly
Migrants
Women
Non-traditional families
Spatial
Slum residents
Indigenous peopleLeft-behind families
IDPs, refugees
Knowledge and
ICT
YouthPolitically active
People left-out ofinformationrevolution
Disabled
Economic
Poor
Middle class
Food insecure
People affected bycrises
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Why now?Because dramatic transformations are creating new demands and new opportunities
TRANSFORMATIONS AND TRANSITIONS
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Inclusion in What?Markets, Services and Spaces
Taking part
in society
Improving
the terms
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Identity drives exclusion, which is highly contextual
Ethnicity: Roma in Eastern Europe, Indigenous Peoples
Caste: in India and Nepal Race: people of African descent
Religion: Muslims in the post-9/11 world
Gender and age: women, older people, widows
Nationality and migrant status: refugees,
undocumented persons, unwelcome migrants
Disability
Sexual orientation
Social and economic status
Yet its the intersection of identities
that heaps the disadvantage
8Note: Illustrative example of types of identities. The size of each bubble denotes the importance ofan identity, which can vary across individuals, groups and even for the same individual over time.
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Measurement is challenging but possible and important
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o We need to know whether we are making progress, but the indicators
we choose reflect what we valueo Depends on context
o Subjective indicators are as important as objective ones
o Important to go beyond symptoms of exclusion to understand WHY
Some recent measures and dashboardshttp://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org
http://www.ophi.org.uk
http://www.socialprogressimperative.org
http://www.indsocdev.org/
Secondary school completion in Bolivia
Source: World Bank 2013 (forthcoming) based on Minnesota Population Center, IPUMS database, 2011
and the Bolivian National Institute of Statistics, 2001.
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/http://www.ophi.org.uk/http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/http://www.indsocdev.org/http://www.indsocdev.org/http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/http://www.ophi.org.uk/http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/ -
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START BY ASKING WHY!
Why are some people left out of
health coverage?
Is there a systematic difference based
on identity?
Why have we lagged in some areas?
WHAT DOES SOCIAL INCLUSION HAVETO DO WITH UNIVERSAL HEALTHCOVERAGE?
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No female provider 1%
They do not trust facility 2%
Husband, family do not allow 5%
Facility not open 5%
Not customary 7%
Too costly 23%
Too far, no transport 17%
They dont think
it necessary 72%
Provide
vouchers,
grants
Improve
public &
private
transport
Hold providers
accountable for their
behavior in addition to
their technical
expertise
(One of the
reasons)(Most frequent reason)
Why?
Humiliation and
indignity
High
maternal
mortality
among tribal
women in
India
(One of the
reasons)
Why?
They dont deliver
babies in health
institutions
Source: World Bank team adapted from World Bank, 2011 based on
National Family and Health Survey 2005 in India.
Note: Percentages denote reasons for not delivering at health
institutions by respondents who delivered their babies at home. Multiple
responses were allowed.
Why?
mitigating measures
80% of tribal women
deliver their babies athome, versus 60% of
all Indian women
(2005).
Maternal health of tribal women in India
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CHANGE TOWARDS SOCIAL
INCLUSION IS POSSIBLE!
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Change is inevitable. It could be towards inclusion orexclusion
Policies, programs and activism play a crucial role
Change may well be political but thats not necessarilybad
Change needs multiple actors
We can influence change towards social inclusion
Main message
Policies for social inclusion dont
always do more. They do things
differently.
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Stylized steps to social inclusion
Diagnose'Ask
Why?'
DesignAction
MonitorProgress
Createavenues
forrecourse
andfeedback
loops
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Vouchers, grants, and culturally appropriate incentives
Education/awareness campaigns in local language and idiom
Register births and deaths
Involve the community in health surveillance
Tribal systems of knowledge
Links to other programs
Innovative use of private providers, including private transport
agencies, while regulating their quality
More female staff from tribal communities
Cultural competency training for service providers Hold providers accountable for their behavior as well as
technical skills
Incentives to providers to reside in remote areas
2. Design action
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Monitoring framework that can be accessed by tribal
people and community monitoring mechanisms
Third-party monitoring mechanisms
Social audits and hold public meetings
Conduct verbal autopsies Citizen report cards
Publicly disclose results of monitoring, including through
electronic channels
ICT to solicit anonymous feedback
3. Monitor progress
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Establish an empowered ombudsman-like institution
that enforces tribal rights
Empower tribal women through legislation and provide
them with legal assistance
Independent help-lines Local tribal health committees with access to district
administration
Empowered grievance redress committees
Systems to report back to communities on action taken
4. Create avenues for recourse and feedback loop
M t l d th b t
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Maternal deaths are a somber symptomDeeper institutional issues lie beneath
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o Alienation from traditional lands and forestso Low voice
o Efforts have been made to address these
o Legislation that gives tribal areas some measure of autonomy
o Special programs and special budgetary arrangements
o Quotas in jobs and education
o But implementation has been patchy
o Same institutional issues have prevented adequate progress
o Elites have taken better advantage of quotas even as seats remain vacant
due to lack of qualified candidates
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Final Reflections
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o Social inclusion is a long term agenda
o There can be long gestation periods before results are
seen
o One stroke of the pen changes are few incremental
changes are more common
o Change is often non-linear
o Policies may have unintended consequences
o Lasting change is built on inclusive settlements andinstitutions with appropriate incentives
o Social inclusion is usually work in progress new
challenges of inclusion may arise even as some are met
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NEXT STEPS
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Report was a promise of action
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Next steps
Knowledge sharing
Knowledge generation
Training and learning
Deepening partnerships
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Detailed review of projects approved betweenFY10-FY13
Methodology to assess social inclusion in projects
Identification of good practice examples
Interview with teams to understand what worked
in good practices
Plans to engage in greater depth in the portfolio of
a few countries so as to identify entry points fordeepening social inclusion
Operational Companion for the WBG
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ENGAGE!!! The Social Inclusion Online Campaign
Stay tuned with @DasMaitreyi
Social Inclusion websitehttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopm
ent/brief/social-inclusion #inclusionmatters campaign:
Blog series
Videos on the World Bank You Tube channel
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusionhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusion -
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Thank You
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