materiales y sustentabilidad 2013
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DiseñoMaterialesSustentabilidad y
Cuerpo Académico 381_Innovación Tecnológica para el DiseñoAlberto Rossa Sierra, Dr. Ing.
Nuevas tecnologías
Nuevos materialesEstructuraFunciónCompuestosMulti-materiales
Nuevos procesosFormadoUniones
Superficies
Nuevos productosMenor pesoMenor costoMayor ciclo de vidaNuevas funcionesMenor impacto ambientalApariencia visualApariencia táctil
El rol de la ciencia
Briefing de diseño
Concepto
Desarrollo
Detalle
Especificaciones del producto
Producción, Uso y Residuo
Pro
ceso
de
dise
ño
100,000 materiales
Límites en atributos mecánicos, térmicos y otros:10-50 materiales
De acuerdo a su desempeño reducir una lista corta5-10 materiales
Prototipado virtual y real, AEF, CAD y modelos físicos
1 o 2 materiales
Dise
ño
técn
ico
100,000 materiales
Estética deseada, percepciones y asociaciones10-50 materiales
Exploración en colecciones de muestras y en otros productos5-10 materiales
Prototipado de superficies en renders 3D, prototipado rápido, modelos tradicionales
1 o 2 materiales
Dise
ño
ind
ustrial
Materiales en el proceso de diseño
CompositesSandwiches
HíbridosEstructuras segmentadas
Espumas
PE, PP, PETPC, PS, PEEKPA (nylons)
PolímerosPoliéstersFenólicosEpóxicos
IsoprenoNeopreno
Caucho natural
ElastómerosCaucho sintético
SiliconasEVA
Cristales de sodaBorosilicatos
CristalesCristal sílico
Cristales-cerámicos
AluminasCarburos de silicio
CerámicosNitritos de silicio
Zirconias
AceroAleaciones de AlCaucho natural
MetalesAleaciones de Cu
Aleac. de ZnAleac. de Ti
Menú de materiales
Clasificación de materiales (Di)
Materiales metálicos (Acero hierro,fundición, aluminio, estaño, plomo, etc.)
Materiales pétreos y cerámicos No aglomerantes (Rocas, arena, grava) Aglomerantes (Cemento, yeso, mortero, hormigón) Cerámicos (Arcilla, barro, loza, refractario, gres y porcelana) Vidrio
Fibras textiles Vegetal (Algodón, lino, papel) Animal (lana, seda, cuero) Mineral (Amianto, oro, plata, cobre) Sintéticas (Rayón, lycra)
Madera Dura (Haya,roble, cerezo, caoba) Blandas (Pino, abeto, chopo) Prefabricadas (Contrachapado, aglomerado, MDF) Celulósicos (Papel, cartón, cartulina) Corcho
Plásticos Termoplásticos (PET, PVC, PE, PS, PMMA, etc.) Termoestables (PU, Melamina) Elastómeros (TPO, caucho, látex)
Compuestos (Fibra de vidrio, ablativos)
Clasificación de materiales
Clasificación de materiales basada en el una concepción científica de la naturaleza de los átomos que contienen y la cohesión entre ellos. La columna final muestra una lista de posibles atributos para un material específico
Familia
MetalesPolímerosCerámicosComposites
Clase
ElastómerosTermoplásticosTermoestables
Miembro
ABSPoliamidaPolicarbonatoPolietilenoPolipropilenoPoliestirenoPoliuretanoPTFEPVC
Perfil técnico
Propiedades físicasPropiedades mecánicasPropiedades térmicasPropiedades eléctricasPropiedades ópticasEco-propiedadesPropiedades de procesoPropiedades acústicasPropiedades tactiles
Caracterización del PP
Propiedades físicasDensidad, kg/m3
Propiedades mecánicasMódulo elástico, GPaMódulo a cedencia, MPaMódulo a tracción, MPaMódulo a compresión, MPaElongación, %Límite de fatiga, MPaDureza, Vickers
Propiedades térmicasTemperatura máxima de uso, ºCConductividad térmica, W/m*CExpansión térmica, /C*10-6
Temperatura de molde, ºC
Propiedades eléctricasConstante dieléctricaPérdida dieléctrica, %Resistencia, ohm*cm
900-910
1.14-1.5531-3533-3637-45100-35010-1111-159.2-11
90-1050.11-0.12145-180210-250
2.2-2.30.05-0.083.1022-3.1023
Fecha
Imp
ort
anci
a re
lati
va
Metales
Polímeros y elastómeros
Cerámicos yvítreos
Compuestos
Oro
Cobre
Bronce
Hierro
Acero
Aleaciones de acero
Aleaciones ligeras
Super aleaciones
TitanioZirconiaetc
Metales cristalinosAl-Li
Aceros de fase dualAceros microaleados
Nuevas super aleaciones
Lento desarrollo:Mejora en la calidad,control y procesamiento
MaderaPielesFibras
Adhesivos
Caucho
Bakelita
Nylon
PE PCPMMA PS
PP
Acrílicos
Epóxis
Poliesteres
Pollímeros de alto módulo
Pollímeros de alta temperatura
Papel
GFRP
CFRP
Kevlar-FRP
Compuestos Metal-matriz
Compuestos Cerámicos
Piedra
Cerámica
Vidrio
Cemento
Refractarios
Cemento portland Sílica
fundidaPyro-cerámica
Cerámica de ingeniería
Evolución histórica de los materiales
MaterialTimeline
From pre-historic times to the present National Academy of Engineering (US) and‘Lightness: The Inevitable Renaissance of Minimum Energy Structures’Ed van Hinte & Adriaan Beukers010 Uitgeverij, 1998
Source:
70 — INGREDIENTS NO. 2 INGREDIENTS NO. 2 — 71
Línea de tiempo de
uso de los materiales
De la prehistoria al presente
Metales
Madera
Otros naturales
Cerámicos
Vidrio
Plásticos
Composites
Importancia relativa
Fuente: Academia Nacional de Ingeniería (US)
Traducción: Alberto Rosa Sierra, CA_381, UdeG
Herramientas
de piedra
Terracota
Arcilla
Primeros textiles
Herramientas
de pedernal
Anzuelos
de hueso
Grasa
animal
Cobre
Latón
Oro
Loza de barro
500,000 AC 5000 AC 1000 AC 0 1000 1500
Carpintería
Concreto
Seda
Níquel
Bronce
Aceites
vegetales
Papiro
Cáñamo
Vidrio Hierro
Hule natural
Ladrillo
Chapa
Acero Carbón
Vidrio soplado
Pergamino
Plomo
Papel
Imanes
Porcelana
Mercurio
PetróleoLoza de China Yeso
Platino
Tungsteno
Molibdeno
1975 20001950192519001800
Grafito
Magnesio
Zirconia
Aluminio
TriplayCemento
Portland
Electromagnetos
Caucho vulcanizado
Plástico
sintético
Titanio
Baquelita
Fibra
sintética
Acero
inoxidable
Vidrio de
borosilicato
Caucho sintético
Poliestireno (PS)
Polietileno (PE)
Poliamida (PA)
Fibra de Vidrio
Super-aleaciones
basadas en Níquel
Poliesteres (PE)
PET
Acrílico
Aramidas
Siliconas
HDPE
Triplay
curvado
Plástico biodegradable
Plástico de
almidón (PLA)
Transistor molecular
Piel sintética
Nanotecnología
Imanes de tierras raras
SuperconductoresPoliuretano (PU)
Polipropileno
ABS
Aleaciones de
metales amorfos
Aleación NiTi
Vidrio flotado
Fibra de Ca
Cristal
de Silicio
Línea de tiempo de uso de materiales
CHAPTER 1: Introduction: material dependence8
This perception has now changed: warning fl ags are fl ying, danger sig-nals fl ashing. The realization that we may be approaching certain funda-mental limits seems to have surfaced with surprising suddenness, but warnings that things can’t go on forever are not new. Thomas Malthus,
Date
100,000 BC
10,000 BC
1,000 BC
0 BC / AD
1000 AD
500 AD
1500 AD
1800 AD
1900 AD
1850 AD
1920 AD
1940 AD
1960 AD
1980 AD
2000 AD
Dependence on non-renewable materials0% 100%
Dependence on non-renewable materials0% 100%
Oil-based polymers displace natural fibers,
pottery and wood
Cast iron, steel displace wood and stone in
structures
The “dark ages” —little materialdevelopment
Start of theindustrial revolution
Concrete displaceswood in large structures
Metals become the dominant materials
of engineering
Total dependenceon renewable
materials
Near-totaldependence on non-renewable
materials
Copper, bronzedisplace bone and stone tools
Wrought irondisplaces bronze
Aluminum displaceswood in light-weight
design
MFA 08
Silicon-basedcommunication
controls all commerceand life
FIGURE 1.2 The increasing dependence on nonrenewable materials over time, unimportant when they are plentiful but an emerging problem as they become scarce.
17
Ann
ual w
orld
pro
duct
ion
(ton
nes/
year
)
104
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
Steel
Al-alloys
Zn alloysCu alloys
Pb alloys
Mg alloys
Silver
Wood
GlassBrickPE
PPPVC
C-fiber
Asphalt
Oil and coal
Ni alloys
Gold
Ti alloys
Concrete
PET
MFA 08
Man-madefibers
Naturalfibers
Metals Polymers Ceramics Other
FIGURE 2.1 The annual world production of 23 materials on which industrialized society depends. The scale is logarithmic.
Resou
rce consu
mption
Producción anual mundial de los principales 23 materiales de los que depende la sociedad industrializada. La escala es logarítmica
Metales Polímeros Cerámicos Otros
Prod
ucci
ón a
nual
mun
dial
(Ton
s/añ
o)Producción mundial de los materiales
10-2
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
105
106
Precio por kg de materiales de ingenieríaP
reci
o d
el m
ater
ial p
or u
nid
ad d
e m
asa
($/k
g)
Diamante
Platino
Oro
Exóticos
Zafiro
Iridio
Berilio
PlataCFFP
Composites estructurales
GFRP
Nitrito-AlCarburo
Carburo de boro
Carburo de silicio
Cerámicas
técnicas y
vidrio
AluminaPyrexVidrio
PEEK
PTFE
Siliconas
Polímeros
Epoxies
Nylons
PMMA
EVA, PS
PP, PE
Aleac. de TiAleac. de Ni
Acero inoxidableAleac. de Mg.
MetalesAleac. de Al
AcerosHierros
VidrioAcero estructural
ConstrucciónLadrillo
Concreto
Petróleo
Combustibles
Carbón
Costo típico de los materiales estructurales
10-2
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
105
106
Lentes de contacto
Válvula cardíaca
Aros de gafas
Biomedicos
Implante de cadera
Cepillo de dientes
Precio por kg de producto manufacturadoP
reci
o p
or k
g un
idad
de
mas
a ($
/kg)
Nave espacial
Avión militar
Aeroespacial
Avión comercial
Avioneta
Caña de pescar
Raqueta de badminton
Equipo deportivo
Raqueta de tenis
Palos de golf
Zapatos tenis
Skies
Laptop
Lámpara de escritorio ejecutiva
Electrodomésticos
Secador de pelo
Aspirador
Lavaropas
Refrigerador
Ferrari
Rolls-Royce
Automóviles
Minivan
Sedán
Subcompacto
Yate de lujo
Lancha rápida
Marinos
Bote
Plataforma
Hoja de metal
Vidrio
Envases
Plástico
PapelEdificio
inteligente
Casa particular
Construcción
Bodega
Parking
Costo típico de los materiales estructurales
Interacción producto-medio ambiente
Incremento en la educación
Diseño industrialNuevas tecnologías
Reuso al alzaMas largo el ciclo de vida
Miniaturización
Nuevas funcionalidades
Mejora en el reciclaje Crecimiento poblacional
Incremento en el nivel de salud
Mejora en la calidad de vida
Consumo de energía
Gran requerimiento de nvos. materiales
Consumo de materiales
Energía consumida en los productos
Producción Manufactura Uso Residuo
Silla sencilla de madera
Bicicleta
Automóvil sedán
Aspiradora Dyson
Relación producción-energía
15
Resource consumption and its drivers
2.1 Introduction and synopsis
You can’t understand or reach robust conclusions about human infl uence on the environment without a feel for the quantities involved. This chapter
The Bingham Canyon copper mine in Utah, now 1.2 km deep and 4 km across, and a Caterpiller truck that is part of the excavation equipment. (Images courtesy of Kennecott Utah Copper.)
2.1 Introduction and synopsis
2.2 Resource consumption
2.3 Exponential growth and doubling times
2.4 Reserves, the resource base, and resource life
2.5 Summary and conclusion
2.6 Further reading
2.7 Exercises
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2
15
Resource consumption and its drivers
2.1 Introduction and synopsis
You can’t understand or reach robust conclusions about human infl uence on the environment without a feel for the quantities involved. This chapter
The Bingham Canyon copper mine in Utah, now 1.2 km deep and 4 km across, and a Caterpiller truck that is part of the excavation equipment. (Images courtesy of Kennecott Utah Copper.)
2.1 Introduction and synopsis
2.2 Resource consumption
2.3 Exponential growth and doubling times
2.4 Reserves, the resource base, and resource life
2.5 Summary and conclusion
2.6 Further reading
2.7 Exercises
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2
Análisis del ciclo de vida (LCA)
39
The materials life cycle
CHAPTER 3
Image of casting courtesy of Skillspace; image of car making courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy EERE program; image of cars courtesy of Reuters.com; image of junk car courtesy of Junkyards.com.
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction and synopsis
3.2 The material life cycle
3.3 Life-cycle assessment: details and diffi culties
3.4 Streamlined LCA
3.5 The strategy for eco-selection of materials
3.6 Summary and conclusion
3.7 Further reading
3.8 Appendix: software for LCA
3.9 Exercises 3.1 Introduction and synopsis
The materials of engineering have a life cycle. They are created from ores and feedstock. These are manufactured into products that are distributed and used. Like us, products have a fi nite life, at the end of which they become scrap. The materials they contain, however, are still there; some (unlike us) can be resurrected and enter a second life as recycled content in a new product.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) traces this progression, documenting the resources consumed and the emissions excreted during each phase of life. The output is a sort of biography, documenting where the materials have been, what they have done, and the consequences for their surroundings.
Material
Manufacture
Use
Disposal
Resources
Manufactura
UsoMaterial
Disposición
Recursos
sold, and used. Products have a useful life, at the end of which they are dis-carded, a fraction of the materials they contain perhaps entering a recycling loop, the rest committed to incineration or landfi ll.
Energy and materials are consumed at each point in this cycle, deplet-ing natural resources. Consumption brings an associated penalty of car-bon dioxide (CO 2), oxides of sulfur (SO x), and of nitrogen (NO x), and other emissions in the form of low-grade heat and gaseous, liquid, and solid waste. In low concentrations, most of these emissions are harmless, but as their concentrations build, they become damaging. The problem, simply put, is that the sum of these unwanted by-products now often exceeds the capacity of the environment to absorb them. For some the damage is local and the creator of the emissions accepts the responsibility and cost of con-taining and remediating it (the environmental cost is said to be internal-ized). For others the damage is global and the creator of the emissions is not held directly responsible, so the environmental cost becomes a burden on society as a whole (it is externalized). The study of resource consump-tion, emissions, and their impacts is called life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Materialproduction
Productmanufacture
Productuse
Productdisposal
Natural resources
CO2, NOx, SOx
ParticulatesToxic wasteLow grade heat
Emissions
Energy
Feedstocks
Transport
FIGURE 3.1 The material life cycle. Ore and feedstock are mined and processed to yield a mate-rial. This material is manufactured into a product that is used, and at the end of its life, it is discarded, recycled, or, less commonly, refurbished and reused. Energy and materials are consumed in each phase, generating waste heat and solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions.
The material life cycle 41
Recursos
Materia prima
Transporte
Energía
Recursos naturales Producción deMateriales
Manufactura deproductos
Uso de losproductos
DisposiciónfinalCO2 NOx SOx
PartículasBasura tóxicaCalor
Emisiones
?
CHAPTER 9: Eco-informed materials selection200
Before starting, there’s something to bear in mind. There are no simple, single-answer solutions to environmental questions. Material substitution guided by eco-objectives is one way forward, but it is not the only one. It might sometimes be better to abandon one way of doing things (the IC engine vehicle, for example) and replacing it with another (fuel cell or electric power, perhaps). So, though change of material is one option, another is change of concept. And of course there is a third: change of lifestyle (no vehicle at all).
This book is about materials so, in Chapters 1 through 8, we stuck with them as the central theme. In this and the next two chapters we venture a little outside this envelope.
9.2 Which bottle is best? selection per unit of function
Drink containers coexist that are made from many different materials: glass, polyethylene, PET, aluminum, steel —Figure 9.1 shows them. Surely one must be a better environmental choice than the others? The audit of a PET bottle in Chapter 7 delivered a clear message: the phase of life that dominates energy consumption and CO 2 emission is that embodied in the material of which a product is made. Embodied energies for the fi ve mater-ials are plotted in the upper part of Figure 9.2 (a plot of CO 2 shows the same distribution). Glass has values of both that are by far the lowest. It would seem that glass is the best choice.
But hold on. These are energies per kg of material. The containers differ greatly in weight and volume. What we need are values per unit of function . So let’s start again and do the job properly, listing the design requirements. The material must not corrode in mildly acidic (fruit juice) or alkali (milk) fl uids. It must be easy to shape, and —given the short life of a container —itmust be recyclable. Table 9.1 lists the requirements, including the objective of minimizing embodied energy per unit volume of fl uid contained .
Glass PE PET Aluminum Steel
FIGURE 9.1 Containers for liquids: glass, polyethylene, PET, aluminum, and steel; all can be recycled. Which carries the low penalty of embodied energy?
Vidrio PE PET Aluminio Acero
Cuál de estos envases implicará menor gasto energético
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
Energía por kg Energía por lt
Alumini
o
Alumini
o
Vidrio
Acero
Vidrio Ac
ero
Ener
gía/
unid
ad d
e vo
lum
en (M
J/lt)
Gas
to e
nerg
étic
o (M
J/kg
)
Tipo de contenedor
Botella PET 400 mlBotella PE 1 ltBotella vidrio 750 mlLata Al 440 mlLata acero 440 ml
Material
PETPE HDVidrio de sodaAl serie 5000Acero plano
Masa, gms
25383252045
Gasto energético MJ/kg848115.520832
Energía/litroMJ/lt5.33.86.79.53.3
Hipócritas!!
Hipócritas!!
ABS allows detailed moldings, accepts color well, and is nontoxic and tough .
Ecoproperties: material Annual world production *5.6 ! 106 – 5.7 ! 106 tonne/yr Reserves *1.48 ! 108 – 1.5 ! 108 tonne Embodied energy, primary production *91 – 102 MJ/kg CO 2 footprint, primary production *3.3 – 3.6 kg/kg Water usage *108 – 324 l/kg Eco-indicator 380 – 420 millipoints/kg
Ecoproperties: processing Polymer molding energy *10 – 12 MJ/kg Polymer molding CO 2 footprint *0.8 – 0.96 kg/kg Polymer extrusion energy *3.2 – 4.6 MJ/kg Polymer extrusion CO 2 footprint *0.31 – 0.37 kg/kg
Recycling Embodied energy, recycling *38 – 43 MJ/kg CO 2 footprint, recycling *1.39 – 1.5 kg/kg Recycle fraction in current supply 0.5 – 1 % Recycle mark
7Other
Typical uses. Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe fi ttings; home-security devices and hous-ings for small appliances; communications equipment; business machines; plumbing hardware; automobile grilles; wheel covers; mirror housings; refrig-erator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boat hulls; large com-ponents for recreational vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe for drain-waste-vent (DWV) systems.
Polymers 295
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
The material. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or ABS, is tough, resilient, and easily molded. It is usually opaque, although some grades can now be transparent, and it can be given vivid colors. ABS-PVC alloys are tougher than standard ABS and, in self-extinguishing grades, are used for the cas-ings of power tools.
Composition (CH 2 —CH— C 6 H 4 ) n
General properties Density 1010 – 1210 kg/m 3
Price 2.3 – 2.6 USD/kg
Mechanical properties Young’s modulus 1.1 – 2.9 GPa Yield strength (elastic limit) 18.5 – 51 MPa Tensile strength 27.6 – 55.2 MPa Elongation 1.5 – 100 % Hardness—Vickers 5.6 – 15.3 HV Fatigue strength at 10 7 cycles 11 – 22.1 MPa Fracture toughness 1.19 – 4.29 MPa.m 1/2
Thermal properties Glass temperature 88 – 128 °C Maximum service temperature 62 – 77 °C Thermal conductor or insulator? Good insulator Thermal conductivity 0.188 – 0.335 W/m.K Specifi c heat capacity 1390 – 1920 J/kg.K Thermal expansion coeffi cient 84.6 – 234 µ strain/ °C
Electrical properties Electrical conductor or insulator? Good insulator Electrical resistivity 3.3 ! 1021 – 3 ! 1022 µ ohm.cm Dielectric constant 2.8 – 3.2 Dissipation factor 0.003 – 0.007 Dielectric strength 13.8 – 21.7 106 V/m
CHAPTER 12: Material profiles294
RecoveryWaste, whether melt or used parts, consisting solely of Terlux® can berecovered, i.e. can be fed back to the process as regrind (cf. Repro-cessing, above). Depending on the age and wear of the used parts tobe mechanically recycled, certain properties may have changed. It istherefore important to check whether the recycled material is suitablefor the intended application.
C!smetics packa"in"
THePr
oCeS
SIngoFTe
rlu
x®
Vacuum cleaner housing
!1
ABSacrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno
Nueva caracterización de materiales
257
and on the way it is governed. But Figure 11.6 provides some perspective: if all the countries plotted here could achieve the performance shown by France, global carbon emissions and energy consumption would fall by a factor of 2 straight away.
11.4 Gathering clouds: threats 6
Now back to forces for change. Figure 11.7 is the road map for this section and the next. The central spine represents the design or redesign process, moving from market need through the steps of development (including choice of material and process) to the specifi cation and ultimate production of products. The radial boxes summarize, on the left, some of the threats; those on the right, some of the opportunities.
Population. For most of the history of man the population has been small and rising only very slowly (Figure 1.3), but in the last 70 years of the 20th
FIGURE 11.7 Forces for change: threats on the left, opportunities on the right.
Concern-driveninfluences
Concern-driveninfluences
Opportunity-driveninfluences
Opportunity-driveninfluences
Approaching energy,water and food crisis
Marketneed
Materialsand design
New orredesigned
product
Global warmingand climate change
Diminishing land resources
Terrorism and national security
The population explosion
Increased wealthof nations
The digital economy
Predicitive modelling,anticipate, not react
Economics of carbon-free energy
Advancing scienceand technology
MFA 09
6 For full documentation and analysis of the facts listed in this section, see the book by Nielsen (2005) and the IPCC (2007) report listed under Further Reading.
Gathering clouds: threats
Ok....y nosotros que podemos hacer ?
Diseñar materiales?
Gracias al desarrollo de la tecnología es posible diseñar nuevos materiales....aunque no se necesita ser químico (ni premio nobel) para esta nueva frontera del diseño.
Diseñar materiales?
Estrategia de diseño a través
de nuevos materiales
FUTURO
TENDENCIAS
ESCENARIOS
INNOVACIÓN
Fuentes
Adaptación de otros ambientes/usos
Creación de nuevos compuestos
Nuevas aplicaciones a materiales conocidos
Reciclaje de materiales
Adaptación de otros ambientes/usos
Creación de nuevos compuestos
Eco-c1
Nuevas aplicaciones a materiales conocidos
Nuevas aplicaciones a materiales (poco) conocidos
Kenaf
Guadua
Reciclaje de materiales
Alkemi
Reciclaje de materiales
Bici-rug
Kovalex
Reciclaje de materiales
El Futuro de los Materiales
Nanomateriales
Inteligentes
Biomiméticos
Nanomateriales
Nanotubos de carbón
E= 1,3 a 1,8 Tpa
Acero alta resistencia = 0.2Tpa
Materiales inteligentes
Cierre craneal fabricado con material con memoria de forma (nitinol, Ni-Ti)
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Materiales inteligentes
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Materiales inteligentes
Materiales inteligentes
Pintura absorvente de la radiación electromagnética, contiene microhilos magnéticos
DEFAULT STYLES
BioMateriales
Obtención de material biocompatible a partir de la reacción de las proteinas globulares del plasma y un agente entrecruzante
Para ir conociendo...
Lammax
Para ir conociendo...
Hularo
Para ir conociendo...
Corian
Sifón PermaFlowABS+caucho sintéticoEvita el uso de destapa-caños
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Espuma de Al
Alusion©100% reciclablePuede ser post-formada usando calorDensidades variables
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Extrusión por impactoProceso desarrollado por Sigg©, 2004Tolera variaciones de espesores de paredesProducción rápidaBajo costo unitarioBajo costo de herramental
Renault DesignAvantime, 2001Primer automovil comercial de carrocería de composite
Philippe Starck2002, GF+PP
Zirconia + Alumina
Más ligero que el acero50% más duro que el aceroQuímicamente inerteLa hoja se puede obtener por variedad de procesos
Drip, Popsy, Silicone Zone, 2006, Silicona
Drip popsy, Silicone Zone2006, Silicona
Black honey, Materialise2005, Epoxi
Accoya©Madera especialpara exteriores50 años de vida
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Drivable grass©Fabricado de piezas de concreto de 2 x 2Flexible, se adapta a la topografía
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Armstrong© TierraPlafones bio-acústicosFabricados de plantas cosechadas a los 90 díasSin formaldehídos, diseñadas para reciclarse 100%
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Uruku™ Cosmet ic Packaging | Aveda Estée Lauder An unexpected materia l leads to an award-winning susta inable packaging
Fbased products that are healthy for consumers as well as for the planet. When it developed the Uruku line of makeup, inspired by the cosmetic practices of an indigenous South American tribe, the company was compelled to create a cosmetic packaging made entirely of recycled materials. Tsourcing a material that was visually appealing as well as compatible with Aveda’s sustainability requirements and existing injection and compression moulds. Until Allen re-envisioned it as lipsttubes and compact cases, the low-cost, post-industrial polypropylene our materials specialists recommended had been used primarily in outdoor applications such as decking. The vegetable that lent the polymer its strength also gave it a pleasing, earthy texture. Aappeal of organic cosmetics, the design also earned Aveda praise for its vanguard effort to lessen negative impact of cosmetic packaging on the environment. In 2003, the Uruku packaging won the International Package Design Award "Cosmetic Category Leader," given in conjunction with the Healtand Beauty America show. N
or over thirty years, Aveda has been providing the beauty industry with high performance, botanically
o find the right solution, Aveda’s design consultant Harry Allen asked Material ConneXion for help
ick
fibers
veda’s new packaging not only helped to broaden the company’s consumer-base and widen the the
h
eed help sourcing a sustainable material solution? Ask our experts >
Material ConneXion® 60 Madison Avenue, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10010 T. 212-842-2050 F. 212-842-1090 www.materialconnexion.com Every Idea Has A Material Solution: New York · Bangkok · Cologne · Daegu · Milan
Uruku©PP de post-consumo con fibras naturalesTextura “terrenal”
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Espuma de AlNaoron ©RPF (Recycled PET Fiber), papel con textura de piel,fabricado usando la técnica “ washi-suki”, ya en fase comercial por ONAO, Co.
Para ir conociendo...
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Material
Other naturals
Country of origin
United States
Product code
ONA017
Sensorial
Glossiness Glossy
Translucence 0 %
Structure Open
Texture Coarse
Hardness Soft
Temperature Warm
Acoustics Moderate
Odeur None
Technical
Fire resistance None
UV Resistance Moderate
Weather resistance Moderate
Scratch resistance Moderate
Weight Light
Chemical resistance Poor
Renewable Yes
No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept anyresponsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com andwww.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any otherkind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you,or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite itsappearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered,reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia.
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A modo de conclusión
Aquí no hay conclusión.....
Hay una invitación a adentrarse al mundo de los materiales y desarrollar nuevas aplicaciones, o mejor aún nuevos materiales....
Gracias por su atención
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