man - emisiones camión (2005)
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MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG 11.10.2005 1Dr. Schaller
Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 2Dr. Schaller
PM [g/kWh]
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,15
0,1
00,02
0 2 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14,4NOx [g/kWh]
Euro 0, 1990
Euro 1, 1992
COP limits EEC 88/77
Diesel engines > 85 kW
Euro 2, 1995Euro 3, 2000
from 2005
Euro 4
Euro 5, 2008
US 2010 US 2007
Reduction of limits
from Euro 0 to Euro 5 / US EPA 2007/2010
35 commercial vehicles in 2005emit the same particulate massas one in 1990
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 3Dr. Schaller
Engine technology
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 4Dr. Schaller
Cylinder spacing: 154 mm
Bore: 120 mm
Stroke: 155 mm
Displacement: 10.52 l
Wright: 960 kg
Rating [hp]: 310 350 390 430
Torque [Nm]: 1550 1750 1900 2100
New engine generation
D20 Common Rail
Euro 2: Export
Euro 3: Series (until 09/06)
Euro 4: SeriesEuro 5: Series (from 01/06)
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D2066 crankcase of vermicular cast iron GJV 450
Combustion
pressure > 200 bar
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D 2066 crankcase
Cracked crankshaft bearings
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D2066 cylinder head with external, cooled exhaust-
gas recirculation (EGR)EGR for Euro 3 andEuro 4 concepts
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View of cylinder head gasket without media passages
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Common-rail system, 2nd generation
High-pressure pump: <500 – 1600 bar
Fuel service centre
Rail for fueldistribution toinjectors
Injector
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Possible injection curves with CR
m g
/ H u
b /
g r d
K W
grd KW
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Exhaust systems
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Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4 (2005)
MotorischePartikelreduzierung
AbgasseitigePartikelreduzierung
Abgasseitige NOX-Reduzierung
P a r t i c u l a t e s [ g / k W h ]
MotorischeNOX-Reduzierung
Euro 5 (2008)
0,0
0,1
0,2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Possibilities for further reductions in
emissions to Euro 3
Exhaust-gas
recirculation
PM - KATCombustion,
injectionpressure
SCR - KAT
NOX [g/kWh]
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 14Dr. Schaller
EGR
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 15Dr. Schaller
D20 Common Rail with cooled exhaust-gas
recirculation
EGR
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 16Dr. Schaller
Cooled exhaust-gas recirculation on MAN engine
Air filter
Engine
EGR cooler
EGR valve
Peakpressure
valves
Inter-
cooler
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 17Dr. Schaller
Effect of exhaust-gas recirculationon consumption and NO
x
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NOx-Emission in g/kWh
V e r
b r a u c h s e r h ö h u n g i n %
ohne Abgasrückführung
mit Abgasrückführung (10%)
Speed = 1500 1/min ; Variation of start of injection
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 18Dr. Schaller
Euro 4 – MAN PM-Kat®
•Engine with EGR
•NOx emission after engine 3.5 g/kwh•PM emission after engine ~ 0.03 g/kwh
•PM emission after filter < 0.02 g/kwh
•Regeneration of filter " continously"
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 19Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® - structure
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 20Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT®
– Function
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 21Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® soot filter system
VVV PPP
VVV Pre-oxidation platinum cat.: 2NO + O2Æ 2NO2PrePre--oxidationoxidation platinumplatinum catcat.: 2NO + O2.: 2NO + O2 Æ 2NO22NO2
PPP Soot particle trap: 2NO2+ CÆ CO2+ 2NOSootSoot particleparticle traptrap: 2NO2+ C: 2NO2+ C Æ CO2+ 2NOCO2+ 2NO
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 22Dr. Schaller
New soot filter system for Euro 4 in TGA
MAN PM-KAT®
PM trapPMPM traptrap
Pre-cat.PrePre--catcat..
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 23Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® particulate fi ler system –
Integration in si lencer in TGA
Stainless steel
housing PM-KAT®
indiv. modules
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 24Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® particulate fi ler system –
Exhaust-gas ducting in silencer
PM trapPM trapPre-catPre-cat
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 25Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® particulate filer system –Exhaust-gas ducting in bus silencer
PM trapPM trapPre-catPre-cat
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 26Dr. Schaller
Particle size before and after MAN PM-KAT®
Soot separation efficiency
30
d N / d l o g
( D p ) * [ 1 0
1 3 p a r t i c l e s / k W h ]
Electric mobility diameter [nm]1 10 100 1000
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
before PM-KAT®
after PM-KAT®
separation
25
S e p
a r a t i o n ( q
u a n t i t y ) [ %
]
20
15
10
5
0
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 27Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT® - separation efficiency
and particle size
Speed B(1800 min-1)
5 10 50 100 3000
20
40
60
80
100 75% load50% load
25% load
40
S e p a r a t i o n e
f f i c i e n c y [ % ]
Particle diameter [nm] Elektrischer Mobilitätsdurchmesser gemäßMessung mit SMPS
(Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer)
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 28Dr. Schaller
MAN PM-KAT®
Advantages of particulate filter system Total particulate separation 60 to 80 %
Above-average elimination of smallest particles (< 40 nm)
Non-clogging, robust, maintenance-free
Tamper-proof
No additional agent necessasryÆ System independent of AdBlue infrastructure
No extra space requirement
Weight advantage over SCR system= approx. 100 kg(systemweight advantage without AdBlue)
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 29Dr. Schaller
Euro 5 – "MAN Ad Blue"
•Engine without EGR
•NOx emission after engine 7 - 9 g/kwh
•PM emission after engine 0.02 g/kwh
•NOx reduction by Selective Catalytic Reduction (= SCR)
• Additional liquid (urea) required
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 30Dr. Schaller
MAN AdBlue® SCR system
Urea
Reducing (SCR) catalyst
4NH3 + 4NO + O2 4N2 + 6H2O
2NH3 + NO + NO2 2 N2 + 3H2O
R
AdBlue mixer
(NH2) 2CO + H2O 2NH3 + CO2
(NH2) 2CO + NO + NO2 2 N2 + CO2 + H2O
H
Ammonia oxidation catalyst4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
O
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 31Dr. Schaller
MAN AdBlue system
air
Metering system withcontrol unit
AdBluetank
AdBluemixer
Metering valve Silencer with reducingsnd NH3 blocking cat.
CAN bus to EDC
Temp. snsor
Temp. sensor
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 32Dr. Schaller
Components of MAN AdBlue systems in vehicle
Combinationtank
Supply
module
Solenoid valve
Silencer with catalyst
modules
AdBlue mixer with nozzle and temp.sensor (fixed to engine)
Bonded cover(here remvoed)
Engine connectionsfor heating
Line to meteringmodule
Lines fromtank
Insulation of interface
AdBlue filler neck
AdBlue tank
Heater spiral
Flexible hose =engine interface
Attachmentpoint for temp. sensor
Euro5 – SCR System
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 33Dr. Schaller
yParts fixed to engine
AdBlue mixer
Temperature sensor
Metering unit
Engine brake cylinder
Urea nozzle
Euro5 – SCR System
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 34Dr. Schaller
yCombination tank
Lines to supplymodule
Aluminium tank fordiesel fuel
Synthetic tank forAdBlue
Last baffle is a partition
Bonded end cover
AdBlue supplyand return lines
Location forAdBlue levelsensor
Heater lines
Mounting brackets
AdBlue filler neck
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 35Dr. Schaller
Euro x – next steps
•Twin turbocharging
•Double intercooling
•SCR and/or
•PM-Kat ®
EURO x through modifications to engine:
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 36Dr. Schaller
EURO x through modifications to engine:Euro 4 + 2-stage supercharging
IntercoolingHighpressure stage
Low-pressure stage
EngineIntercooling
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 37Dr. Schaller
Effects
E i i i G 1999
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 38Dr. Schaller
Emission in Germany, 1999according to nature of source
5% 4% 4% 7%
20%20%
51%53%
5,6%
26%
Carbonmonoxide
Carbondioxide
ParticulatesOrganiccompounds
Oxides of nitrogen
4.96 million t 1.63 million t 1.65 million t 0.8 million t*
859 million t
(100%)
Road transport Commercial vehiclesTotal
Quelle: BMW 5/01, * Werte f. Partikel: UBA Berlin 1994
P i l i i f i l hi l i
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 39Dr. Schaller
700
400
150
100
20 13
m g
/ k W h
1990 1992 1995 2000 2005/8 2007
Particulate emissions from commercial vehicle engines:Development in limits, 1990-2008
6.564 + 1 1 %
Euro 4/5Euro 0 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 US 2007
9 7 %
r e d u c t i oni n1 5 y e ar s !
"35 Euro 4/5
trucks =1 Euro 0 truck"
P ti l t d NO i i
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 40Dr. Schaller
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
p a r t i c u l a t e e m i s
s i o n s [ k t / a ]
Particulates fromdiesel cars
Particulates fromcom. vehicles
Particulate and NOx emissionsRoad transport in Germany, 1970 – 2020 scnario
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
N O x e m i s s i o n s [ k t / a ]
NOX cars
NOX com. vehicles
Source: Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, TU Wien, Stand November 2001
D l t i ti l t i i 2000 2020
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 41Dr. Schaller
Development in particulate emissions 2000 – 2020Commercial vehicles in Germany
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
P a r t i c u l t e e m i s s i o
n s [ k t / a ]
Current EU schedule up to Euro 5
Reduction potential for Euro 6* from 2012
Delta Euro6
* Assumpt ion: Euro 5 limits halved againto 10 (ESC) or 15 (ETC) mg/kWh
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Quelle: Dr. E. J acob, Internat. Wiener Motorensymposium, April 2005
Development in particulate emissions 2000 2020
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 42Dr. Schaller
Development in particulate emissions 2000 – 2020Commercial vehicles in Germany
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
P a r t i c u l a t e e m i s s
i o n s [ k t / a ]
Euro 2 and older Euro 3Euro 4
Euro 5Euro 6
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Source: Dr. E. J acob, Internat. Wiener Motorensymposium, April 2005
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 43Dr. Schaller
Fine dust debate
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 44Dr. Schaller
Fine dust
Limits from 01.01.2005:
50 µg/m³ as 24-hour limit for day; must not be exceeded more than 35x per year 40 µg/m³ as average limit for year
This is therefore a regulation on immissions that deals with the concentration andsize of particulates and the frequency of their occurrence
EU clean air directive1996/62/EC of 1996 with follow-on directive 1999/30/EU of 1999
Passed into German law in 1999 too.
The directive stipulates that from01.01.2005 certain specified concentrations of thefollowing particles smaller than dia. 10 µm (PM 10) must notbe exceeded in the airin urban areas within certain periods.
The emission directive 1999/96/EC also passed by the EU in 199 deals with theemission of pollutants from diesel and gas engines and is binding, i.a. for theregistration of commercial vehicles (Euro 3,4,5 etc.)
Correlation between particulateconcentration and climatic change
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 45Dr. Schaller
Quellen: Dr. Scheuerer, BMW AGMrowietz Volkswagen AGUmweltbundesamt
No direct correlation
between PM10 concentrationand emission sources
Weather has decisiveinfluence on PM10
concentration
concentration and climatic change
Measurement of PM10 burden in central Berlin
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 46Dr. Schaller
Measurement of PM10 burden in central BerlinHeavily frequented main road
26%Local traffic
27%Urban background(all other sources in Berlin)
47%
Regionalbackground
(imported fine dust)
Truckexhaust
Car exhaust
Abrasion productsfrom cars, swirling
Abrasion products from trucks,swirling
Source: Berlin Senate Office for Urban Development–Berlin clean-air action plan, 2005 to 2010 (February 2005)
Fine dust burden (TÜV SÜD)
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Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles 11.10.2005MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group 47Dr. Schaller
Fine dust burden (TÜV SÜD)Publicaiton of 4th April 2005
69%
16%
10% stationary combustion
(e.g. heating systems etc.)
2.5% diesel cars
2.5% diesel trucks
Fine dust fromhouseholds
Fine dust from•Industry•Further afield• Agriculture•Traffic (tyre wear, brake dust)
Soot emissions
Diesel soot from trucks
accounts for approx. 2.5 %
Source: TÜV SÜD
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