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• Transporta energía química dentro de la célula•Transducción de señales AMPc

ATP + H2O → ADP(hydrated) + Pi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -30.54 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)ATP + H2O → AMP(hydrated) + PPi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)

• Fuerza iónica• Presencia de Mg+2, Na+ o Ca+2

• Concentración intracelular 1-10 mM•Menos de 1 min en la célula/ 500 mg/h

Compound kcal mol-1 kJ mol-1

Phosphoenolpyruvate -14.8 -61.91,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -11.8 -49.4Creatine phosphate -10.3 -43.1ATP (to ADP) - 7.3 -30.5Glucose 1-phosphate - 5.0 -20.9Pyrophosphate - 4.6 -19.3Glucose 6-phosphate - 3.3 -13.8Glycerol 3-phosphate - 2.2 - 9.2

Standard free energy of hydrolisis of some phosphorylated compounds

Nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido

Acetil CoA: Transportar carbonos al TCA

Carrier molecule in activated form Group carried Vitamin precursorATP PhosphorylNADH and NADPH Electrons Nicotinate (niacin)FADH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)FMNH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)Coenzyme A Acyl PantothenateLipoamide AcylThiamine pyrophosphate Aldehyde Thiamine (vitamin B1)Thiamine pyrophosphate Aldehyde Thiamine (vitamin B1)Biotin CO2 BiotinTetrahydrofolate One-carbon units FolateS-Adenosylmethionine MethylUridine diphosphate glucose GlucoseCytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol PhosphatidateNucleoside triphosphates NucleotidesNote: Many of the activated carriers are coenzymes that are derived from water-soluble vitamins

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Type of reaction DescriptionOxidation-reduction Electron transferLigation requiring ATP cleavage Formation of covalent bonds (i.e., carbon-carbon bonds)Isomerization Rearrangement of atoms to form isomersGroup transfer Transfer of a functional group from one molecule to anotherHydrolytic Cleavage of bonds by the addition of waterAddition or removal of functional groups Addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removal

to form double bonds

Regulación de procesos metabólicos

1. Cantidad de enzimas

2. Actividades catalíticas

3. Disponibilidad de substratos

4. Rutas distintas

5. Balance energético

Posibles rutas de uso de glucosa en células de plantas superiores y animales

Glucosa

Glucógeno, almidón, sacarosa

Almacenamiento

Glucosa

Ribosa 5 fosfato Piruvato

Oxidación vía glicolisisOxidación vía PPP

Glucosa

G6P

F6P

F1,6BP

G3P

ATP

ATP

NADH (x2)

Hexocinasa

Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

Fosfofructocinasa

AldolasaTriosafosfato

isomerasaG3P deshidrogenasa

Dihidroxiacetona fosfato

1,3BPGlicerato

3PG

2PG

PEP

Piruvato

ATP (x2)

ATP (x2)

NADH (x2)G3P deshidrogenasa

Fosfoglicerato kinasa

Fosfogliceromutasa

Enolasa

Piruvato cinasa

Glucolisis

Glucosa + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

1) Conversión de glucosa en piruvato:

Glucosa + 2NAD+ ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ ∆G1’ 0 = -146 kJ/mol

2) Formació de Atp a partir de ADP y Pi

2 ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 ATP + 2H2O ∆G2’ 0 = 61 kJ/mol

∆G’0 = ∆G1’ 0 + ∆G2’ 0 = -146 + 61 = - 85 kJ/mol (5.2% de la energía en glc)

Glucosa

G6P

F6P

F1,6BP

G3P

ATP

ATP

NADH (x2)

Hexocinasa

Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

Fosfofructocinasa

Aldolasa

Triosafosfatoisomerasa

G3P deshidrogenasa

Dihidroxiacetona fosfato

1,3BPGlicerato

3PG

2PG

PEP

Piruvato

ATP (x2)

ATP (x2)

NADH (x2)G3P deshidrogenasa

Fosfoglicerato kinasa

Fosfogliceromutasa

Enolasa

Piruvato cinasa

Regulación

Enzyme: Hexokinase

Reaction: Phosphorylation

Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -8.0 kcal/mol irreversible

Enzyme: Phosphoglucose isomerase

Reaction: Aldose to Ketose Isomerisation

Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.6 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase

Reaction: Phosphorylation

Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -3.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -5.3 kcal/mol irreversible

Glucosa

G6P

F6P

F1,6BP

ATP

ATP

Hexocinasa

Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

FosfofructocinasaAquí, por acción

de PFK-2 se puede formar

F2,6BP

Tanto el AMP como la F2,6BP estimulan a la

AMP ↑F2,6P ↑Citrato ↓

F2,6BP estimulan a la PFK, promoviendo la producción de ATP vía glicólisis.

Enzyme: AldolaseReaction: Aldol CleavageFree Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +5.7 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: -0.3 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Triose phosphate isomeraseReaction: Ketose to Aldose IsomerisationFree Energy Change

•Standard Conditions: +1.8 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: -+0.6 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenaseReaction: Coupled Oxidation & PhosphorylationFree Energy Change

•Standard Conditions: +1.5 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.4 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinaseReaction: DephosphorylationFree Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -4.5 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: +0.3 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: PhosphoglyceromutaseReaction: Phosphate group shiftFree Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +1.1 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: +0.2 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Pyruvate kinaseReaction: DephosphorylationFree Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -7.5 kcal/mol

Enzyme: Enolase

Reaction: Dehydration

Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.8 kcal/mol reversible

•Standard Conditions: -7.5 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol irreversible

Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenaseReaction: ReductionFree Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: kcal/mol reversible

Anabolismo: Ala

HígadoRiñónMucosa intestinal

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