historia social 2016
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PORQUE LA GENTE NECESITA: AUTODESCUBRIRSE
CONOCER EL UNIVERSO FÍSICO Y SOCIAL COMPRENDER EL MUNDO Y LAS
CONDICIONES DE LA EXISTENCIA
COMPRENDER VINCULOS EINTERACCIONES EN DIVERSOS TIEMPOS YESPACIOS
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POR QUE EL PASADO
COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDIOCAMBIA CON LASEPOCAS¡¡¡Y POR ELLO CAMBIAN LOS
RELATOS DEL AYER¡¡¡
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“Lo real del pasadooculta el presente que
lo organiza”
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•
EXPERIMENTÓ CAMBIOSDESDE LA ANTIGÜEDAD
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HISTORIA ACADEMICA (HISTORICISMO)
L. VON RANKE (UNIVERSIDAD DE BERLIN)“CONOCER LOS HECHOS TAL Y COMOSUCEDIERON”
ESTADO MONARQUICO: HILOCONDUCTOR DE LA HISTORIA
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POSITIVISMO:
HISTORIA CIENTIFICA
CONOCIMIENTO DE LEYES GENERALES A
PARTIR DE HECHOS PARTICULARES
MARXISMO:
LUCHA DE CLASES
ESTUDIO BASES MATERIALES Y SU
VINCULACION CON OTRAS DIMENSIOES
SOCIALES
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Estudios estructurales
Nuevos protagonistasPrioridad de la dimensión económica
Búsqueda de leyes de la evoluciónsocial conforme al modelo europeo
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CONTACTO CON LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES
Annales (Francia)Bloch y Febvre. 1929
Marxismo Británico: “Past and Present” Thompson, Hill, Hobsbawm, etc
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•CRIMENES DE LESAHUMANIDAD, MULTIPLES,
DRAMATICOS…. • EL QUEBRANTO DE LA IDEADE PROGRESO Y DE LARACIONALIDAD “ILUSTRADA” •EL DETERIORO ECOLOGICO
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Todo ello…. CONDICIONA EL SURGIMIENTODE LA LLAMADA “POSMODERNIDAD”
ESTA CORRIENTE:NIEGA LA IDEA DEL PROGRESO
INDEFINIDOCUESTIONA LA POSIBILIDAD DE
REPRESENTAR OBJETIVAMENTELA REALIDAD
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Como capas geológicas
claramente separadasSon modos de hacer historia que:• se solapan,• superponen• aumentan así la diversidaddel campo historiográfico
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•CAMBIANTES RELACIONES CON LASCIENCIAS SOCIALES•
CAMBIOS EN LA CONCEPCION DE LATEMPORALIDAD
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CAMBIOS EN LOS OBJETOS DE
ESTUDIO
CAMBIOS EN LA CONCEPCION DE LO
SUJETOS DEL PROCESO HISTORICOCAMBIOS METODOLOGICOS
CAMBIOS EN LA NOCION DE
OBJETIVIDAD
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Cambiante y cada vez más intensa:En los comienzos (hacia los 30´)fueron la sociología y la economíaEn la segunda mitad del siglo (hacialos 80´), la antropología, laetnología, la crítica literaria, lasemiología
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Todo ello aportó a redefinir el objetode estudio de la Historia y sus
metodosGanó complejidadTornó más difusas las fronteras entre
los campos disciplinares
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Del tiempo lineal, cronológicopropio de la historia erudita
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concepciones de tiempos plurales,como construcción historiográfica anociones temporales como
Simultaneidad
Duración
SucesiónDiacronía
Ritmos Historia Social General
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Historia Social General
Especificidad de la historia:
su capacidad de distinguir y articular los diferentestiempos que se hallan superpuestos en cada
momento histórico.
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•el tiempo corto, del acontecimiento•el tiempo medio, más amplio y lento, estudiadosobre todo en el plano de la vida material y los
ciclos económicos•la historia de larga duración, la de aquellosfactores casi invariantes en el límite de lo móvil einmóvil
Historia Social General
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DEL CONCEPTO DE ESPACIO COMO “LO DADO POR L
NATURALEZA” O TELON DE FONDO SE ABORDA LA ESPACIALIDAD COMO CONTRUCCIONSOCIAL CONFORME A INTERESES E INTERACCIONES
HUMANAS
LOS CAMBIOS Y CONTINUIDADESTOMAN FORMA ENDAN FORMA A…
DIVERSOS TIEMPOS Y ESPACIOS
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De la consagración de la
nación – sobre todo, de losestados nacionales y sus
“grandes hombres”- comoprotagonistas exclusivos yexcluyentes del procesohistórico signado por lopolítico...
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Primero hacia una historia económicay social (el pasado)
Apelaba a los métodos de otrasdisciplinas para estudiar lasestructuras, atender a los sujetoscolectivos y construir series
temporales que permitieran mensurarlas variaciones de los fenómenos
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La disciplina asumió diversas ymuchas veces contradictorias
relaciones con otras disciplinasviró:
•
de una historia estructural a labúsqueda de los sujetos socialese individuales
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•Del desprecio a la narrativa auna atención cada vez mayor a
los acontecimientos•A las formas narrativas deescribir historia
•A explicar y comprender
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•La fragmentación de los objetos
de estudio (historia en migajas)•Nuevas formas de entender la“historia total”
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•de la cientificidad positivista
•a la aceptación de la historia como
disciplina que opera con normasrigurosas y construye verdadesparciales y perfectibles, en
contextos diversos y desdeperspectivas disímiles
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•
de la figura del “héroe”
•a una pluralidad de protagonistasy formas de identidad colectiva,no sólo la nacional, sometidas aprocesos de reformulación einvención y generadores de
diversas maneras de intervenciónsocial
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Del paradigma cientificista unívoco
(historicista, positivista)
Hacia una pluralidad de estrategiasde investigación que incluyen locuantitativo y lo cualitativo
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DESDE LA RECONSTRUCCION DE LOSHECHOS “TAL COMO SUCEDIERON” Y
EL DISTANCIAMIENTO ENTRE OBJETO YSUJETO DE CONOCIMIENTO
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SE AVANZA A UNA NUEVA NOCIÓN DE OBJETIVIDADCOMO:
•RELACIÓN DIALECTICA ENTRE OBJETO Y SUJETO DECONOCIMIENTO•RECONOCIMIENTO DE LAS MUTUAS INFLUENCIAS•ADMISIÓN DE LA IMPOSIBILIDAD DE SABER NEUTRAL•INCORPORACIÓN DE LAS CONTROVERSIAS Y DEBATES
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MICROHISTORIANUEVA HISTORIA POLIITCAHISTORIA DE LAS MUJERES
CATEGORIA DE GENEROHISTORIA ORALECOHISTORIAHISTORIA DE LA VIDA PRIVADAHISTORIA DE LAS INFANCIAS
HISTORIA DE LOS JOVENESHISTORIA DE LA LECTURAHISTORIA DE LOS SECTORES MARGINALESHISTORIA DE TIEMPO PRESENTE
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ABORDA a las sociedades
como trama de relacionescomplejas
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Cultural
Político-ideológico
Social
Económico
T
I
E
M
P
O
E
S
PA
C
I
O
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Articulaciones entre estasdimensiones
Entender sus ritmos, sussincronías, sus diacronías› Que…
Hacen posible comprender elconjunto
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ESTUDIAMOS LOS HECHOS
UBICAMOS ESOS HECHOS EN UN PROCESO
BUSCAMOS SUS CAUSAS MULTIPLES
ANALIZAMOS SUS RELACIONES
TRATAMOS DE EXPLICAR SUS GENESIS
UBICAMOS LOS HECHOS EN UNA ESTRUCTURA
esto define la OBJETIVIDADEN LA HISTORIA
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Es un saber enconstrucción, provisional,con sus propias reglas deproducción y validación
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PROCESO DECONOCIMIENTO
DEFINICION
DEL TEMA
PLANTEO DE
PREGUNTAS
UBICA Y
CLASIFICA
FUENTES
ESCRIBE UN TEXTO
BICA CAMBIOS Y
PERMANENCIAS
PLANTEA
PROBLEMAS
ELABORA:
DESCRIPCIONES
INTERPRETACIONES
ARGUMENTACIONES
PRODUCE
INFORMACIONES Y LAS
ORGANIZA TEMATICA,
TEMPORAL Y
ESPACIALMENTE
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del desarrollo de
su CONCIENCIAHISTORICA
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Es la estructura de pensamientoque orienta nuestras prácticas sociales , el conocimiento que
tenemos sobre la realidad, lo quedefine nuestra comprensión de lmundo
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Cuál es el contenido de nuestra conciencia
histórica???
Quién soy??
De dónde vengo???
Qué opinión tengo sobre la sociedad??
Qué expectativas tengo para la sociedad a la que
pertenezco??
Qué rol quiero jugar en la sociedad ??
Porque elijo la carrera ?? qué puede modificar en
mi?? en los otros??
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En un mundo dominado pormedios de comunicaciónmensajes catastróficos
IncertidumbreImpredictibilidad del futuro(Morin )….
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Para aprender a formular
interrogantes sobre los cambios y
continuidades sociales
Sobre nuestra posición en este proceso
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¡¡¡ESTOS SON LOS PROPOSITOS DE
NUESTRO CURSO !!!EQUIPO DE CATEDRA DE HISTORIA
SOCIAL GENERAL
FFyL. UNT. 2016
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