definición conceptual de microdestinos turísticos y ...
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MICRODESTINOS TURÍSTICOS JECAS 2014
Definición conceptual de microdestinos turísticos y elaboración de estadísticas asociadas mediante la
georeferenciación de los alojamientos
• JECAS 2014
• Yenis Marisel González Mora
• 4 de julio de 2014
MICRODESTINOS TURÍSTICOS
Autores del trabajo:
Jesús Alberto González Yánes (ISTAC)
Yenis M. González Mora (ISTAC)
Raúl Hernández Martín (ULL)
Moisés R. Simancas Cruz (ULL)
Yurena Rodríguez Rodríguez (ULL)
Juan Israel García Cruz (ULL)
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Table of contents • Introduction
– Motivation – Research group – Main goals – Statistical framework – The concepts
• Methodology • Pilot study • Some results • Concluding remarks
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MOTIVATION. THE INITIAL PROBLEM
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Motivation • From 2009 on, available tourism statistics at a municipal level
(ISTAC) – Survey on Tourism Expenditure – Survey on Tourism Accommodation in Hotels – Survey on Tourism Accommodation in Apartments
• But more precise information is still needed for certain hotspots
• The problem: “Administrative boundaries are not an appropriate limit
for analysing tourism destinations at a local level”
• Buhalis (2000:97): “Often destinations are artificially divided by geographical and political barriers, which fail to take into consideration consumer preferences or tourism inustry functions”
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Distribution of bed-places across Tenerife
Pilot study
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Tourism areas at the municipalities of Arona and Adeje
Pilot study
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93,000 tourist bed-places (2013) 3.4 million tourists in hotels & apartments (2013)
Source: Google Earth
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Alternative approaches to tourism statistics at the local level
1. Destination at the local level = municipality Sometimes misleading. Why?
Municipality 1 Municipality 2 Municipality 3
Micro-destination 1
Micro-destination 2 Micro-destination 3
Micro-destination 4
Municipality 4
Micro-destination 5
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Alternative approaches to tourism statistics at the local level
2. Defining a new geographical unit: micro-destination
– Small geographical unit highly dependent on tourism
– Comprises of a wide range of tourism facilities
– Has a differentiated image and tourism typology
(tourism products)
– Is an individual unit for tourism management and
planning
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RESEARCH GROUP
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Research group
Pilot Study
Economics
Geography
Official Statistics
Office
Tourism
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Research group
Unidad Mixta de Metodología e
Investigación en Estadística Pública
ULL – ISTAC
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MAIN GOALS
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Main goals
• Developing a methodology to establish the boundaries of
micro-destinations
• Applying the methodology in a pilot study
• Contribution to international criteria to define relevant tourism zones at the local level
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THE STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK
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The Integrated System of Tourism Statistics of the Canary Islands
DIRECTORY OF
TOURISM ESTABLISH
MENTS
Tourism Arrivals
Tourism Expedidure
Accommodation in Hotels
Accommodation in
Apartaments
Hotel Expectatio
ns
Users of Golf
Courses
Census survey Supply-side
Sample survey Demand-side
Source: ISTAC
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THE CONCEPTS
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No precise definition of tourism destination
• Bornhorst, Ritchie & Sheehan (2010): – “that geographical region which contains a sufficiently critical mass or cluster of
attractions so as to be capable of providing tourists with visitation experiences that attract them to the destination for tourism purposes”
• Scott, Cooper & Baggio (2008):
– Highlight the network nature of destinations
– Buhalis (2000): – “destinations are amalgams of tourism products, offering an integrated
experience to consumers”
– United Nations IRTS (2010): – “The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is
central to the decision to take the trip. However, if no such place can be identified by the visitor, the main destination is defined as the place where he/she spent most of his/her time during the trip. Again, if no such place can be identified by the visitor, then the main destination is defined as the place that is the farthest from the place of usual residence”. (UN, 2010:13)
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BACKGROUND ON DELIMITATION
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Is not easy to find examples of small area identification in tourism
Outside the scope of tourism, this zoning type has been made in:
Sociology Public health
Urban planning
Geography
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Is not easy to find examples of small area identification in tourism
Neighborhoods identification. The 9 most common criteria:
• Subjectivity (Suttles, 1972; Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Sampson et al., 1997; Coulton et al., 2001) • Physical and social barriers (Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Sampson et al., 1997; Suttles, 1972; Cutchin et al., 2011) • Enacted boundaries (Suttles, 1972; Chaskin, 1997) • Homogeneity (Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Spielman et al., 2013; Riva et al., 2008; Sampson et al., 1997) • Land use (Suttles, 1972; Cutchin et al., 2011; Dredge, 1999) • Research purpose (Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Chaskin, 1997; Dredge, 1999) • Size (Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Blasco et al., 2013; Clapp et al., 2006) • Contiguity (Flowerdew, et al., 2007; Sampson et al., 1997; Cutchin et al., 2011) • Consensus (Flowerdew et al., 2007)
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THE METHODOLOGY
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Proposed criteria to identify micro-destinations
1. Concentration of establishments from tourism characteristic industries 2. Homogeneity of tourism typologies and characteristics of tourism supply
3. Stability of boundaries over time
4. Dynamism and flexibility
5. Feasibility and relevance
6. Public and private support
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Main criteria 1. Concentration of establishments from tourism characteristic industries
– Allows to separate tourism areas from non-tourism areas – Allows to separate tourism areas from areas where tourism density is low – Accommodation vs. attractions:
• Places where tourists stay • Places visited by tourists: attractions, beaches, natural parks, city centers,
etc. 2. Homogeneity of tourism typologies and characteristics of tourism supply.
– Allows to delimit micro-destinations: A continuous tourism area can include one or more micro-destinations
Homogeneous tourism area (Tourist area = Micro-destination)
Heterogeneous tourism area (Tourist area = Several micro-destinations)
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THE PILOT STUDY
TOURISM ACCOMMODATION DIRECTORY
Tourism GIS Database Project of the University of
La Laguna
ISTAC Geolocation of Accommodation Establishments
Statistical Analysis and Spatial Analysis
Aggregation Test
ISTAC
Micro-destinations
Criteria
GEOLOCATED TOURISM ACCOMMODATION
DIRECTORY
MICRODESTINOS TURÍSTICOS
Application of criteria
1. Concentration of tourism establishments. Advantages of choosing tourism collective accommodation establishments: – Huge availability of information for collective accommodation establishments – Allows tourist numbers to be counted easily – Easy geolocation of establishments and their linked information – Good starting point to analyse mobility – Used often by most tourists or the by the most relevant segment – Relevant share of tourism expenditure at the destination – Usually next to tourist attractions and services – Accommodation supply is stable across time – Characteristics of collective accommodation establishments is highly related to tourism
activities and consumption patterns – Disadvantages: same-day visitors, urban destinations, disseminated accommodation
units, rural tourism, natural protected areas, etc.
2. Homogeneity of tourism typologies and tourism supply – The typology of accommodation facilities – Age: different waves of tourism development
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The nine micro-destinations
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Type of accommodation and year of building
New luxury hotels
Apartments
New All-inclusive
Traditional old town + apartments
New apartment + 2nd homes
Old apartments + 2nd homes
Old cheap apartments + night life
Golf course
Golf course
Source: ISTAC
Residential tourism
TOURISM ACCOMMODATION DIRECTORY
Tourism GIS Database Project of the University of
La Laguna
ISTAC Geolocation of Accommodation Establishments
Statistical Analysis and Spatial Analysis
Aggregation Tests
ISTAC
Micro-destinations
Criteria
GEOLOCATED TOURISM ACCOMMODATION
DIRECTORY
MICRODESTINOS TURÍSTICOS
Aggretation and tests
Geocoded supply-side statistical information (establishment level)
Geodcoded tourism accommodation establishments
directory
Geocoded demand-side statistical
information (establishment level)
Publishable integrated supply-demand tourism information at the micro-destination
level
Aggregation Test
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SOME RESULTS OF THE PILOT STUDY
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Tourists staying in collective accommodation establishments (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Average Daily Expenditure per Tourist (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Revenue per Available Room in Hotels (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Ratio of tourism expenditure spent in the Canary Islands (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Average Daily Expenditure in Restaurants per Tourist (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Ratio of British to Total Tourists in each Micro-destination (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Ratio of Tourists Travelling with Children (2011)
Source: ISTAC
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Concluding remarks
• This study has developed and applied a methodology to improve the relevance of tourism statistics by adopting a more appropriate level of analysis: the micro-destination.
• Building and mantaining an up-to-date directory of tourism
establishments has been central for this purpose • This research takes advantage of existing statistical
information, but combines information in new ways
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Concluding remarks
•This methdology could be applied to other regions, but the core criteria for delimiting tourism destinations shall have to be adapted in the case of areas in which accommodation is not the core activity (cities, natural protected areas, rural tourism, etc.)
•We need an international standarised methodology to improve our findings
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¡¡Muchas gracias!!! ygonmor@gobiernodecanarias.org
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