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Page 1 of 12
Assignment No. 2
Course: Basics of ICT Course Code: 5403
Level: B.ed Semester: Autumn 2018
Question No. 1:-
a) What is meant by computer software? Explain it in detail with the help of proper
examples
b) Differentiate between system software and application software.
Answer:- What is meant by computer software? Explain it in detail with the help of proper
examples
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Related terms such as
software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets, all fall under the category of computer
software.
Software means computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is
software, in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called hardware.
Organized information in the form of operating systems, utilities, programs, and applications that
enable computers to work.
Types of Computer Software
System Software
System software coordinates the complete system hardware and provides an environment or
platform for all the other types of software to work in. It is the most basic type of software in any
computer system, which is essential for other programs, applications and indeed for the whole
computer system to function.
(System software examples - Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS, Linux, Windows Vista, Ubuntu,
device drivers, etc.)
Application Software
Application software are those that help the user perform the tasks of his/her choice. They are non-
essential software which are installed and run depending upon the requirements, in the environment
provided by the system software.
(Application software examples - MS Office, OpenOffice, Media Players, MS Access, educational
software, media development software, Antivirus software, etc. )
Programming Software
Programming software are used to write, test, debug and develop other software programs and
applications. The various programming language editors such as Eclipse- a Java language editor,
come under this category. They are used for creating both the system as well as application
software.
(Programming software examples - Turbo C, Xilinx, Kiel, compilers, debuggers, Integrated
Development Environment (IDE), etc.)
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Page 2 of 12
Sub-types of Computer Software
Apart from the above major types of software, there are many other sub-types such as the ones
mentioned below.
Freeware- Freeware are a type of software that anyone can download from the Internet and use for
free.
(Examples - Google Talk, Yahoo Messenger, uTorrent, etc.)
Shareware- Shareware are usually distributed for free on a trial basis. It can be shared without
violation of any laws. They usually stop working or prompt the user to purchase the full version,
once the trial period expires.
(Examples - BearShare, Kazaa, Winzip, etc.)
Registry Cleaners- When you install a lot of software, games, etc., your computer's registry gets
clogged. Registry cleaners are used to clean up or delete all the invalid registry entries which has
the benefit of speeding up your computer.
(Examples- TuneUp Utilities, Eusing, etc.)
Content Control Software- These software allow you to control the content that can be accessed
by a user on a computer. They are mostly used for restricting access over the Internet.
(Example- K9 Web Protection, PGSurfer, etc.)
Project Management Software- As its name suggests, project management software is a software
package that helps multiple users to work on a project simultaneously. It allows them to schedule
events, network with the other users, allocate resources, etc.
(Example- Microsoft Office Project Server, HyperOffice, 24SevenOffice, etc.)
Utility Software- They are usually small programs that help in the management of the hardware
and the application software, installed on a computer.
(Example- Disk defragmenters, Disk cleaners, etc.)
Open Source Software- This is a type of software the source code for which is available to all
users (open). As such, anyone can make changes to it and release their own new version.
(Example- Android OS, OpenOffice, etc.)
Browsers- Browsers are software that let you surf or browse the Internet.
(Example- Internet Explorer, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, etc.)
b) Difference between system software and application software:-
System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a
platform for running application software. Example of system software: Microsoft Windows, Apple
OS.
Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is designed to perform specific
data processing or computational tasks for the user. These programs are specifically designed to
meet end-user requirements. (e.g: spreadsheets, word processors, media players and database
applications). Example of application software: Microsoft Word, Apple iTunes.
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The Difference between system software and application software is that, system software can run
independently of the application software, while application software cannot run without the
presence of the system software. System software gets installed when the operating system is
installed on the computer, while application software is installed according to the requirements of
the user.
Subject Application Software System Software
Definition Application software is computer
software designed to help the user to
perform specific tasks.
System software is computer software
designed to operate the computer
hardware and to provide a platform for
running application software.
Purpose It is specific purpose software. It is general-purpose software.
Classification Package Program,
Customized Program
Time Sharing,
Resource Sharing,
Client Server
Batch Processing Operating System
Real time Operating System
Multi-processing Operating System
Multi-programming Operating
System
Distributed Operating System
Environment Application Software performs in a
environment which created by
System/Operating System
System Software Create his own
environment to run itself and run other
application.
Execution
Time
It executes as and when required. It executes all the time in computer.
Essentiality Application is not essential for a
computer.
System software is essential for a
computer
Number The number of application software is
much more than system software.
The number of system software is less
than application software.
________________________________________________________________________________
Question No.2:-
What is meant by operating system? Define function of an operating system in detail with the
help of different examples.
Answer:-
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot
program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications
or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making
requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can
interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or
a graphical user interface (GUI).
An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to
communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a
computer and software programs would be useless. In the picture to the right, is an example of
Microsoft Windows XP, a popular operating system and what the box may look like if you were to
visit a local retail store to purchase it.
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-
purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems
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Page 4 of 12
perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a
traffic cop - it makes sure those different programs and users running at the same time do not
interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that
unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows:
Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating
systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.
Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS
and UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application
programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating
system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications
you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others
are available, such as Linux.
As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For
example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying
files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a
part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical
user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the
screen.
Examples of computer operating systems:
Microsoft Windows 7 - PC and IBM compatible operating system. Microsoft Windows is the
most commonly found and used operating system.
Apple MacOS - Apple computer operating system. The only Apple computer operating
system.
Ubuntu Linux - A popular variant of Linux used with PC and IBM compatible computers.
Google Android - operating system used with Android compatible phones.
iOS - Operating system used with the Apple iPhone.
Functions of an Operating System
An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among
computer hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and
remains in memory at all times.
The basic functions of an operating system are:
i. Booting the computer
ii. Performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various
peripheral devices e.g. mouse, keyboard
iii. Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user
interface (GUI)
iv. Handles system resources such as computer's memory and
sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various
applications or peripheral devices
v. Provides file management which refers to the way that the
operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.
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Question No.3:-
a) Compare feature of windows operatin system on your computer with other operating
system.
b) Briefly explain the terms: assembler, compiler, linker and interpreter.
Answer:-
a)
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Answer (b):
ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern
of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these
instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written in assembly
language into machine language, code and instructions that can be executed by a computer.
An assembler enables software and application developers to access, operate and manage a
computer's hardware architecture and components.
An assembler is sometimes referred to as the compiler of assembly language. It also provides the
services of an interpreter.
COMPILER
A program that translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way
it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions.
A compiler is a software program that compiles program source code files into an executable
program. It is included as part of the integrated development environment IDE with most
programming software packages.
The compiler takes source code files that are written in a high-level language, such as C, BASIC
and Java and compiles the code into a low-level language, such as machine code or assembly code.
This code is created for a specific processor type, such as and Intel Pentium or PowerPC. The
program can then be recognized by the processor and run from the operating system.
After a compiler compiles source code files into a program, the program cannot be modified.
Therefore, any changes must be made in the source code and the program must be recompiled.
Fortunately, most modern compilers can detect what changes were made and only need to
recompile the modified files, which save programmers a lot of time. This can help reduce
programmers' 100 hour work weeks before project deadlines to around 90 or so.
A compiler differs from an interpreter, which analyzes and executes each line of source code in
succession, without looking at the entire program. The advantage of interpreters is that they can
execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program
emerges. However, programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs
executed by an interpreter.
LINKER
The linker is a program that makes executable files. The linker resolves linkage issues, such as the
use of symbols or identifiers which are defined in one translation unit and are needed from other
translation units. Symbols or identifiers which are needed outside a single translation unit have
external linkage.
A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program. Many
programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code, called modules, separately.
This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large program into small, more
manageable pieces. Eventually, though, you need to put all the modules together. This is the job of
the linker.
In addition to combining modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses.
Therefore, you may need to link a program even if it contains only one module.
In short, the linker's job is to resolve references to undefined symbols by finding out which other
object defines a symbol in question, and replacing placeholders with the symbol's address. Of
course, the process is more complicated than this; but the basic ideas apply.
Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. Depending on the library (system or
language or external libraries) and options passed, they may only include its symbols that are
referenced from other object files or libraries. Libraries for diverse purposes exist, and one or more
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system libraries are usually linked in by default. We will take a closer look into libraries on the
Libraries Section of this book.
INTERPRETER
An interpreter is a program that reads and executes code. This includes source code, pre-compiled
code, and scripts. Common interpreters include Perl, Python, and Ruby interpreters, which execute
Perl, Python, and Ruby code respectively.
Interpreters and compilers are similar, since they both recognize and process source code.
However, a compiler does not execute the code like and interpreter does. Instead, a compiler simply
converts the source code into machine code, which can be run directly by the operating system as
an executable program. Interpreters bypass the compilation process and execute the code directly.
Since interpreters read and execute code in a single step, they are useful for running scripts and
other small programs. Therefore, interpreters are commonly installed on Web servers, which allows
developers to run executable scripts within their webpages. These scripts can be easily edited and
saved without the need to recompile the code.
While interpreters offer several advantages for running small programs, interpreted languages also
have some limitations. The most notable is the fact that interpreted code requires and interpreter to
run. Therefore, without an interpreter, the source code serves as a plain text file rather than an
executable program. Additionally, programs written for an interpreter may not be able to use built-
in system functions or access hardware resources like compiled programs can. Therefore, most
software applications are compiled rather than interpreted.
Q 4: Explain the basic concept of multimedia with the help of proper examples. Identify at
least ten different example of multimedia and also describe five of them in detail
Answer: THE CONCEPT OF MULTIMEDIA
The term ‘multimedia’ refers to diverse classes of media employed to represent information. The
unit provides the basic concepts of multimedia, multimedia elements and interactivity issues
required for multimedia applications. Before the design take place, a topic from the syllabus was
chosen for this multimedia application. This includes ensuring there are enough resources to
building the application.
Multimedia is the use of computers to present text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an
integrated way. Long touted as the future revolution in computing, multimedia applications were,
until the mid-90s, uncommon due to the expensive hardware required. With increases in
performance and decreases in price, however, multimedia is now commonplace. Nearly all PCs are
capable of displaying video, though the resolution available depends on the power of the
computer's video adapter and CPU.
EXAMPLES OF MULTIMEDIA
There are several types of media, including video, audio, and text. A multimedia device allows a
person to deal with a variety of these media while eliminating the need to have a separate device for
each. There are numerous tasks that may be accomplished on these devices, such as creating,
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editing, and transferring files. Many of these devices are compatible with computers, which allows
them to be easily dealt with in ways that may not otherwise be possible. These are:
1. Graphics, 2. Animation, 3. Audio, 4. Video 5. Analog 6. Flash player 7. QuickTime
8. Multimedia 9. Portfolio Video 10. Elements3D 11. Elements Interactive 12. Flash Audio
13. Elements PDF as a website 14. Audio Handling 15. Video Output, 16. Phonon, 17 Memory
Card, 18. A tablet Computer and 19 MP3 Player.
1. GRAPHIC
The term computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound.
Today almost every computer can do some graphics, and people have even come to expect to
control their computer through icons and pictures rather than just by typing.
It refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and
manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves. For example, laser printers
and plotters are graphics devices because they permit the computer to output pictures. A graphics
monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures. A graphics board (or graphics card) is a
printed circuit board that, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to display pictures.
Many software applications include graphics components. Such programs are said to support
graphics. For example, certain word processors support graphics because they let you draw or
import pictures. All CAD/CAM systems support graphics. Some database management systems
and spreadsheet programs support graphics because they let you display data in the form of graphs
and charts. Such applications are often referred to as business graphics.
2. ANIMATION
A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. Cartoons on
television is one example of animation. Animation on computers is one of the chief ingredients of
multimedia presentations. There are many software applications that enable you to create
animations that you can display on a computer monitor.
Note the difference between animation and video. Whereas video takes continuous motion and
breaks it up into discrete frames, animation starts with independent pictures and puts them together
to form the illusion of continuous motion.
3. AUDIO When considering multimedia applications audio is very important. Traditionally computers have
relied on visual interfaces, and audio facilities were very limited. Now, however, most personal
computers will have sound cards and speakers, and the hardware to upgrade those that do not is
relatively cheap.
Audio can be used to enhance multimedia applications in a number of ways, for example in
delivering lectures over the web, music used to add interest and emotion to a presentation, and
other non-speech audio used as part of a general interface.
Computer audio is far simpler and more approachable then you might think. Computer Audio
Demystified was written to help you get a handle in this new and exciting way to experience music
in your home.
VLC media player is one of the best open-source multimedia players out there. Its great portability
features and sleek interface make the player very easy-to-use, so even the inexperienced users can
master the program relatively fast. The wide supported format range will also meet the needs of
almost any user.
QuickTime is a media player that supports most common audio and video formats. It also comes
with a basic image viewer that supports most popular image formats. It offers a simple GUI with
basic buttons to play, seek, and adjust volume. It is a bit slow to open, but other than that it
performs well during audio and video playback. It works great with HD and Full-HD videos
4. VIDEO
DVDs, streaming video on the web, and films are engaging instructional tools. Everyone benefits
from dynamic visual displays and dialog. Well, not everyone. Viewers who are deaf miss all audio
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content that is not also presented in a visual form. Those who are blind can access only the visual
content that is also presented in spoken form. It is usually not difficult to make video and
multimedia products accessible to viewers with sensory impairments, but special considerations
should be made at the design phase to ensure complete access to everyone.
Including accessibility features when the product is being developed is much easier than providing
accommodations to viewers with sensory impairments once they need to access the media. Building
in accessibility features for all instructional products is in keeping with principles of universal
design.
To experience watching a multimedia product without the ability to hear, turn off the volume on
your television set or computer during a video presentation. Some programs, such as sporting
events, are fairly easy to follow by watching the visual display. Others, such as news programs,
make little sense without audio. To make this content accessible to those who are deaf, the program
developer could arrange for a sign language interpreter or text captioning to appear on the screen.
Captioning involves synchronizing text with audio content of a video presentation. It is more
common than sign language because not all individuals who are deaf know sign language, there is
no one standard version of sign language, and the intricate motions of sign language may be
difficult to display clearly, especially when scientific or other highly specialized language is used.
Millions of people worldwide experience enough hearing loss to affect their ability to watch a
television program at a standard volume level. Some people are born deaf or hard of hearing, some
experience a hearing loss from an accident or illness, and many gradually lose their ability to hear.
The elderly are the fastest growing group of individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Captions
on video products allow these people to fully access educational and recreational programs with
family, friends, and fellow students.
5. ANALOG
It is multimedia computer in which continuously variable physical quantities, such as electrical
potential, fluid pressure, or mechanical motion, are used to represent (analogously) the quantities in
the problem to be solved. The analog system is set up according to initial conditions and then
allowed to change freely. Answers to the problem are obtained by measuring the variables in the
analog model. Analog computers are especially well suited to simulating dynamic systems; such
simulations may be conducted in real time or at greatly accelerated rates, allowing experimentation
by performing many runs with different variables. They have been widely used in simulating the
operation of aircraft, nuclear power plants, and industrial chemical processes.
It represents data by measurable quantities, as voltages or, formerly, the rotation of gears, in order
to solve a problem, rather than by expressing the data as numbers.
An analog provides a better representation of the recorded information? Well, since computers
perform digital computations, they can only work with digital media. Therefore, all analog audio or
video media must be converted to digital to work on a computer. Once the information is digital,
computers can be used to edit the data and create effects that were never possible with analog
media. Digital media is non-linear, which means it can be edited or played back starting at any
point, which can be a huge timesaver compared to working with tape. Digital information also does
not "wear out" after repeated use like tapes or records do, which results in much better longevity for
digital media.
To summarize, a digital signal is an estimation of analog data. Digital recordings are made with
ones and zeros, while analog recordings are made with linear bumps and dips. While digital
information is not as exact as analog information, it can be used with other digital devices, such as
computers, making editing and reproduction of the information easier and faster. Because digital
media is more compatible and does not degrade over time, it has become the common choice for
today's audio and video formats.
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Question No.5:-
Write a note (in your own words) on the following:
Computer languages
Development of software
Answer:-
Computer languages
Around the world language is a source of communication among human beings. Similarly, in order
to communicate with computer user also needs to have a language, that should be understandable
by the computers. For the purpose different languages are developed for performing different types
of work on the computer.
Mainly there are two types of computer languages.
Low Level Computer Languages
These are machine codes or close to it. Computer cannot understand instruction given in high level
languages or in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of
machine languages i.e. the binary number 0 and 1. There are two types of low level computer
language.
Machine Language
The lowest and most elementary language and was the first type of programming language to be
developed. Mache language is basically the only language which computer can understand. In fact,
a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, its machine code, which is
represented inside the computer by a string of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stand for
the absence of an electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer is
capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understands machine language.
The set of binary codes which can be recognize by the computer is known as the machine code
instruction set. A machine language instruction consists of an operation code one or more operands.
The operation code specifies that operation that is to be performed e.g. read, record etc. the
operands identify the quantities to be operated on e.g. the numbers to be added or the locations
where data are stored. But, it is almost impossible to write programs directly in machine code. For
this reason, programs are normally written in assembly or high level languages and then are
translated in the machine language by different translators.
Advantages
It makes fast and efficient use of the computer
It requires no translator to translate the code i.e. directly understood by the computer.
Disadvantages
All operation codes have to be remembered
All memory addresses have to be remembered
It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written in the machine language
These languages are machine dependent i.e. a particular machine language can be used on only one
type of computer.
Assembly Languages
It was developed to overcome some of the many inconveniences of machine language. This is
another low level but a very important language in which operation codes and operands are given in
the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and 1’s. These alphanumeric symbols will be
known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combinations e.g. ADD for
addition, SUB for subtraction, START LABEL etc. because of this feature it is also known as
“Symbolic Programming Language”. This language is very difficult and needs a lot of practice to
master it because very small English support is given. This symbolic language helps in compiler
orientations. The instructions of the assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by
language translator to be executed by the computer
Advantages
It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language
It is easy to locate and correct errors
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It is modified easily
Disadvantages
Like machine language it is also machine dependent
Since it is machine dependent, there programmer should have the knowledge of he
hardware also
Development of software
Software development is a process by which standalone or individual software is created using a
specific programming language. It involves writing a series of interrelated programming code,
which provides the functionality of the developed software.
Software development may also be called application development and software design
Software development is an iterative logical process that aims to create a computer coded or
programmed software to address a unique business or personal objective, goal or process. Software
development is generally a planned initiative that consists of various steps or stages that result in
the creation of operational software.
Software development is primarily achieved through computer programming, which is carried out
by a software programmer and includes processes such as initial research, data flow design, process
flow design, flow charts, technical documentation, software testing, debugging and other software
architecture techniques. This is known as the software development life cycle (SDLC)
A software development process or life cycle is a structure imposed on the development of a
software product. There are several models for such processes, each describing approaches to a
variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process.
Processes
More and more software development organizations implement process methodologies.
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is one of the leading models. Independent assessments can
be used to grade organizations on how well they create software according to how they define and
execute their processes.
There are dozens of others, with other popular ones being ISO 9000, ISO 15504, and Six Sigma.
Process Activities/Steps
Software Engineering processes are composed of many activities, notably the following:
Requirements Analysis
Extracting the requirements of a desired software product is the first task in creating it. While
customers probably believe they know what the software is to do, it may require skill and
experience in software engineering to recognize incomplete, ambiguous or contradictory
requirements.
Specification
Specification is the task of precisely describing the software to be written, in a mathematically
rigorous way. In practice, most successful specifications are written to understand and fine-
tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems
are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most
important for external interfaces that must remain stable.
Software architecture
The architecture of a software system refers to an abstract representation of that system.
Architecture is concerned with making sure the software system will meet the requirements of
the product, as well as ensuring that future requirements can be addressed.
Implementation
Reducing a design to code may be the most obvious part of the software engineering job, but it
is not necessarily the largest portion.
Testing
Testing of parts of software, especially where code by two different engineers must work
together, falls to the software engineer.
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Documentation
An important task is documenting the internal design of software for the purpose of future
maintenance and enhancement.
Training and Support
A large percentage of software projects fail because the developers fail to realize that it doesn't
matter how much time and planning a development team puts into creating software if nobody
in an organization ends up using it. People are occasionally resistant to change and avoid
venturing into an unfamiliar area, so as a part of the deployment phase, its very important to
have training classes for the most enthusiastic software users (build excitement and
confidence), shifting the training towards the neutral users intermixed with the avid
supporters, and finally incorporate the rest of the organization into adopting the new software.
Users will have lots of questions and software problems which leads to the next phase of
software.
Maintenance
Maintaining and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered problems or new
requirements can take far more time than the initial development of the software. Not only
may it be necessary to add code that does not fit the original design but just determining how
software works at some point after it is completed may require significant effort by a software
engineer. About 60% of all software engineering work is maintenance, but this statistic can be
misleading. A small part of that is fixing bugs. Most maintenance is extending systems to do
new things, which in many ways can be considered new work.
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