biological control of slug damage with zooparasite nematodes
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Autores: José CASTILLEJO, Javier IGLESIAS
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Facultad de Biología
España
* Investigación financiada por:
• la Unión Europea. Nº de Proyecto: FAIR5-PL97-3355.
Título: “Novel technologies for integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops”
• la Xunta de Galicia. Nº de Proyecto: PGIDT00AGR20001PR
Título: “Alternativas a los molusquicidas comerciales actuales”
CONTROL SOBRE EL CICLO
BIOLÓGICO DE LAS
BABOSAS
Climatology of the Mediterranean Galicia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
J F M A M J J A S O N D
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E (
ºC)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
RA
INF
AL
L (
mm
)
No ativity Activity
The Slugs’ Biological Cycle:
Climatology in the Atlantic Galicia
0
5
10
15
20
J F M A M J J A S O N D
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E (
ºC
)
0
50
100
150
200
RA
INF
AL
L (
mm
)
No ativity Activity
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Light
•Wind
•Shelter
BENEFITS
• Modelling
• Prediction
• Molluscicides
• Save Money
Search for
warm-
adapted strain
of slug-
parasitic
nematodes
Field experiments to
investigate the efficacy of
the nematode biocontrol
agent (Nemaslug®) - Lettuce
- Brussels sprout
- Cabbage
Laboratory and
field experiments
with low-chemical
against slugs
- Centrol H
- Metaldehyde
Controlling Slugs
Mechanical methods Ploughing plot margins
Cleaning shelter and weeds
Controlling Slug Eggs
Laboratory
and field test
with Suidae
and Bovidae
Manure: Different
concentrations and
origins
Laboratory test with
Microwaves.
Powers: 80, 150, 450, 750, 900 w
Times:
15”,30”,45”, 60”
Laboratory and field test with
Chemical compound with
horticultural application Certrol H ; Tordon 101 ; Lugsamag-N; Talent ; Lotril ; Dimilin ;
Metaldehyde ; Luqzinon 60 ; Linurex ; Ata-diuron ; Starane 20 ; Garlon Gs;
Esantrene ; Chas 48 ; Sanol-50 ; Dipsol-80 ; Arañol ; Amigo.
Laboratory test with
Plant Extracts Digitalis purpurea L., Eucalyptus globulus
Labill., Euphorbia helioscopia L.,
Foeniculum vulgare Miller., Laurus nobilis
L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rubia
peregrina L. and Ruta graveolens L
Deroceras reticulatum eggs
The soil and their dwellers
The Slugs Ecosystem
One unity interrelated
• Soil
• Vegetables
• Dwellers
• Weather
Balance
Equilibrium
Disturbing
• Plughing
•Chemical Compounds
Round Worms
Slugs
Snails
Earthworms
Springtails Coleoptera
Destrucción de huevos
de babosas
• Microondas
MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS
NEW EXPERIMENTS
• Power = 900 W
• Exposure time = 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 s
• Soil moisture = 20 % and 35% (ww)
• Eggs buried at 1 cm deep
• 10 eggs per replicate
• 4 replicates per treatment
• eggs were recovered after treatment
and incubated on paper in dishes
MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 10 100
Log dose in seconds
% m
ort
ality
35% soil moisture 20% soil moisture
0
20
40
60
80
100
Con
trol
5 s
10 s
20 s
40 s
80 s
% m
ort
ality
35% soil moisture
20% soil moisture
Mortality of eggs exposed to 900W
MW energy for different times
Dose-response relationships,
24 hours after treatments
20% soil moisture: LD50 7.5 s
35% soil moisture: LD50 15 s
MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS
900 W / 10 s
20 % soil moisture
900 W / 20 s
35 % soil moisture
MICROWAVE ENERGY AGAINST SLUGS’ EGGS
CONCLUSION • Practical application of MW energy for field control
of soil pests is usually subjected to criticism in the
literature becouse of high costs of energy and
equipment, and problems of safety for operating
personnel.
• MW treatments required for effective control of
slugs’ eggs are also lethal to beneficial
invertebrates like earthworms.
• Application of MW energy for control of slugs’
eggs is not feasible in the field.
Destrucción de huevos
de babosas
• Con sales minerales
Destrucción de huevos de
babosas
• Con extractos de plantas
PLANTS
PLANT EXTRACTS
ACTIVE PRODUCT
SYNTHETIC
PRODUCT
® PATENT COMERCIALIZATION
HOW and
WHEN to
apply it ?
AGAINST EGGS
AGAINST ADULTS
Preparing the extracts for testing:
Plants were collected and identified
Different parts of the plants were separated:
Rhizomes Leaves Fruits
After dry, were powdered with a domestic coffee grinder
They were stored in bottles
Seeds Flowers Roots
Preliminary tests
Water extracts
Acetone/water extracts (7:3)
Testing the plants:
5 doses of the extract and one control. The doses were arranged in a ten-fold geometric series
3 replicates per dose
3 to 5 eggs per replicate
1 ml of extract was applied to each dish
After dry were remoistened with 1 ml of water
Ruta graveolens L.
Common name:
Rue (Ruda)
Constituents:
furocouamarines, rutin,
volatile oils, alkaloids,
coumarines.
Ruta’s dry leaves
water extracts
Mortality over time
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20
Time in days
% m
ort
ali
ty
80000 ppm 40000 ppm 20000 ppm
Water extract Ruta’s dry laeves. Mortality over time
Aplication of Agrochemical
Compounds in Control of Slugs
Damage
Autores: José CASTILLEJO, Javier IGLESIAS,
University of Santiago de Compostela
Faculty of Biology
Spain
* Investigación financiada por:
• la Unión Europea. Nº de Proyecto: FAIR5-PL97-3355.
Título: “Novel technologies for integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops”
• la Xunta de Galicia. Nº de Proyecto: PGIDT00AGR20001PR
Título: “Alternativas a los molusquicidas comerciales actuales”
Chamber control
Laboratory chamber
Plastic Containers
Cluster in Petri Dishes
Egg Selection
Binocular
Selection process
Effect of Chemical Compound
Product
Alive
Dead Dead
Selection
Standard Soil
Agrochemical Compounds Filter Paper
Other material
artificial soil (OECD Guidelines for the
testing of chemicals, 1998)
Filter paper
1 ml of product(mg/cm2)
Dry off
1 ml of Destilled water
D. reticulatum eggs
Dead 1
Alive 0
Hatch
+ Activity / tested in standard soil
– Activity / no tested in standard soil
CHARACTERISTICS:
Comercial name Certrol H
Composition Ioxynil 12% ; MECOPROP 36% .
Manufacture Comercial Quimica MASSO S.A
Activity Herbicide
Certrol H
0,0075
7,5
0,75
0,075
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time in days
Do
se m
g/c
m2(l
og
scale
)
Filter paper Standard-soil
Fig 1 Time and dose relatioship for wich 100% mortality was obtained.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Common name: Ioxynil
Composition Tech. grade is 95% pure.
M.f. C7H3I2NO
Manufactures CFPI; Makhteshim-Agan; Rhone-Poulenc; Sanachem.
Activity Herbicide
Lotril (Ioxynil)
3,14
0,314
0,0314
0,00314
0,0003140,0001
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time in days
Do
se m
g/c
m2 (l
og
sca
le)
Filter paper
Fig. 8 Time and dose relatioship for wich 100% mortality was obtained.
Compounds tested
1. Pig slurry 2. Cow slurry
3. Iron (Fe-EDDHA)
4. Pongamia pinnata extract (Bactosan) 5. Saponin (plant glycosides) 6. Carvone (etheric oils derived from caraway seeds) 7. Azadirachtin (a.i. of neem oil)1
8. Thiocyclam hidrogen oxalate (insecticide) 9. Imidacloprid (insecticide)2
10. Teflubenzuron (insecticide)2
11. Tiflubenzuron (insecticide) 12. Ioxynil (herbicide) 13. Bromoxynil (herbicide) 14. Bromoxynil+pyridate (herbicide) 15. Methiocarb (molluscicide) 16. Metaldehyde (molluscicide)
1.- Large tree of India, Azadirachta indica, all parts of which are useful to
man: the leaves act as a natural pesticide, the fruit and seeds yield a
medicinal oil, the bark is used to make a tonic, and the trunk exudes a
gum
2.- Without effect on soil at the doses tested
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
LD50 calculated by probit analysis five doses + one untreated control
five replicas per dose
five eggs per replica
results: slurry
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Exposure in days
LD
50 in
mg
cm
-2
pig-slurry
caw-slurry
a.i.=active ingredient
LD50 in kg a.i. ha-1
Exposure in days
caw
slurry
pig
slurry
1
2 22900
3
4
5 15800
6
7
8 15800
a.i.=active ingredient
When apply the slug
eggs killer on field?
After harvest
Between two ploughing
Repeat the treatment before
sowing
Other Molluscicide will be
necessary to apply as the
vegetables are growing
What we manage with that?
• Destroy the slug eggs
• Kill the remaining slugs
• Crops free of land snails
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