^biodiversidad, paisaje y control biológico de plagas en viñedo...

Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaRafael Laborda Cenjorhttp://cropprotection.es/start/rlaborda@eaf.upv.es

“Biodiversidad, paisaje y control biológico de plagas en viñedo”

“Biodiversity, landscape and biological control of pests in vineyards”

“Conventional” “Sustainable”

Pesticides use

Ecosystem simple complex

Biodiversity

Tendency towards stability

Biological resources use

Size of fieldsmonoculture

inputs

diversity

4

BiomoscatellPoble Nou de Benitatxell

SoilBeneficialsPlants

Diversity

FunctionCoverage Composition

Plant Diversity

Which species?

How are they distributed?

what is their role?% soil cover

ConventionalOrganicLandscape Landscape border

PlantDiversity

60 %

5 %

99 %

> 50 %

> 50 %

< 50 %

0%

> 50 %

< 50 %

0%> 50

%

< 50 %

0%

> 50 %

> 50 % < 50

%

0% > 50 %

< 50 %

0%

> 50 %

< 50 %

0%

april

mayConventionalOrganicLandscape Landscape border

Anacardiaceae Ericaceae Liliaceae

Pistacia lentiscus Erica multiflora Asparagus acutifolius

Araceae Euphorbiaceae Muscari neglectum

Arisarum vulgare Euphorbia helioscopia Malvaceae

Cactaceae Euphorbia segetalis Lavatera cretica

Opuntia ficus-maxima Mercurialis annua Oxalidaceae

Caryophyllaceae Mercurialis tomentosa Oxalis pes-caprae

Silene colorata Gentianaceae Papaveraceae

Compositae (Asteraceae) Blackstonia perfoliata Fumaria officinalis

Calendula arvensis Geraniaceae Papaver rhoeas

Chrysanthemum coronarium Erodium malacoides Pinaceae

Conyza bonariensis Gramineae Pinus halepensis

Galactitis tomentosa Avena fatua Plantaginaceae

Helichysum stoechas Gramineae (Poaceae) Plantago albicans

Leucanthemum paludosum Brachypodium retusum Primulaceae

Phagnalon saxatile Bromus madritensis Anagallis arvensis

Picris echioides Hyparrhenia hirta Rhamnaceae

Sonchus oleraceus Leguminosae Rhamnus alaternus

Sonchus tenerrimus Anthyllis cytisoides Rubicaceae

Convolvulaceae Ceratonia siliqua Rubia peregrina

Convolvulus althaeoides Lotus ornithopodioides Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)

Crassulaceae Medicago minima Foheniculum vulgare

Sedum sediforme Ulex parviflorus Valerianaceae

Cruciferae (Brasicaceae) Vicia pseudocracca Centranthus ruber

Diplotaxis erucoides Vicia sativa

48 plant species

stability

???

stability

???

SpaceRefuge

Reproduction

FoodPollenNectar

Other insects

AttractRefugeFood

Plant Diversity

Beneficial species associated to plants

EN FB MR AB MY JN JL AG SP OC NV DC

Anagallis arvensis

Anthyllis cytisoides

Arisarum vulgare

Asparagus acutifolius

Avena fatua

Blackstonia perfoliata

Brachypodium retusum

Bromus madritensis

Calendula arvensis

Centranthus ruber

Ceratonia siliqua

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Convolvulus althaeoides

Conyza bonariensis

Diplotaxis erucoides

Erica multiflora

Erodium malacoides

Euphorbia helioscopia

Euphorbia segetalis

Foheniculum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis

Galactitis tomentosa

Helichysum staechas

Hyparrhenia hirta

Lavatera cretica

Leucanthemum paludosum

Lotus ornithopodioides

Medicago minima

Mercurialis annua

Mercurialis tomentosa

Muscari neglectum

Opuntia ficus-maxima

Oxalis pes-caprae

Papaver rhoeas

Picris echioides

Phagnalon saxatile

Pinus halepensis

Pistacia lentiscus

Plantago albicans

Rhamnus alaternus

Rubia peregrina

Sedum sediforme

Silene colorata

Sonchus oleraceus

Sonchus tenerrimus

Ulex parviflorus

Vicia pseudocracca

Vicia sativa

Blossom period

Beneficials

ConventionalOrganicLandscape Border Landscape

4

1

3

2

1. Conventional2. Organic3. Landscape Border4. Landscape

BiologicalControl

DiversityAbundance

50 4772

59 8081

4650

7819

88

59

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Invierno Primavera Verano

Convencional

Ecológico

Borde paisaje

Paisaje

Abundance

Winter Spring Summer

Nu

mb

er

of

inse

cts/

trap

landscape

organic

conventional

border landscape

72 beneficial species

Familia Género/especie Nº SuperFam/Fam Género/especie Nº SuperFam/Fam Género/especie Nº

Aphelinidae Eretmocerus spp. 3 Mymaridae Alaptus spp. 165 Coccinellidae Stethorus punctillum 6

Aphytis hispanicus 6 Anagrus atomus 91 Rhyzobius lophantae 6

Aphytis spp. 137 Gonatocerus spp. 136 Rodolia cardinalis 12

Cales noacki 31 Polinema spp. 14 Psyllobora 22 ptos 4

Cales spp. 3 Anaphes spp. 16 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata 1

Encarsia perniciosi 2 Camptoptera spp. 74 Scymnus spp. 64

Encarsia lutea 1 Stethynium triclavatum 937 Clitostethus arcuatus 1

Encarsia spp. 216 Mymar spp. 4 Otros coccinelidos 130

Marieta picta 1 Otros mimaridos 350 Platynaspis luteorubra 2

Aphelinus spp. 54 Pteromalidae Pachyneuron spp. 10 Chrysopidae Chrysopidae 23

Otros afelínidos 124 Otros Pteromálidos 417 Coniopterygidae Otros coniopterígidos 1

Encyrtidae Anagyrus spp. 514 Trichogrammatidae Trichogrammatidae 113 Estafilinido Estafilinido 50

Comperiella spp 5 Braconido Lysiphlebus spp. 8 sirfidos sirfidos 5

Encyrtus aurantii 13 Diareitiella sp. 1 Cecidomido Cecidomido 328

Metaphycus spp. 157 Otros bracónidos 120 Platypalpus spp. Platypalpus spp. 279

Metaphycus flavus 4 Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea 72 Arachnida Arachnida 398

Metaphycus helvolus 18 Ceraphronidae Ceraphronidae 339 Antocóridos Antocóridos 11

Otros encirtidos 486 Megaspilidae Megaspilidae 76 Miridos Miridos 7

Syrphophagus aphidivorus 167 Cynipido Cynipido 49

Microteris nietneri 1 Hymenoptera Hymenoptera 952

Cryptanusia 4 Otros Calcidoidea Otros Calcidoidea 316

Eulophydae Baryscapus gr. evonymellae 7 Platigastridae Platigastridae 318

Ceranisus lepidotus 36

Cirrospilus spp. 15

Ceranisus menes 620

Ceranisus spp. 1

Parasitoides Depredadores

Diversity

winter> 50

17 16 13 7

17 20 18 18summer

spring18 20 16 17

Organic ConventionalBorder landscapeLandscape

BiologicalControl

tiempo

po

bla

ció

n

time

po

pu

lati

on

Beneficial action of parasites, pathogens, and predators in managing pests and their damage.

natural enemies, beneficials …..pests

Aphids

y = -0,001x2 + 0,0813xR² = 0,6139

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2

0 10 20 30 40

Bra

con

idae

Aphids

BiologicalControl

organic

conventional

Aphids border

organic

Thysanoptera (Thrips)

y = 0,2928x2 + 0,0292xR² = 0,7198

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

0 0,5 1 1,5 2

Cer

an

isu

s m

enes

Thrips

BiologicalControl

Thysanoptera(Thrips)

conventional

border

organic

y = 0,0827x2 + 0,2609xR² = 0,7056

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5Stet

hyn

ium

tri

clav

atu

m

Leafhoppers

Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

BiologicalControl

Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

conventional

border

organic

The soil, the mysterious world

¿?Very

studied

The soil food web

ALCOHOL

GLICERINE

WATER

1

2

3

45

21/2/12Zona 1

3 – 4 d

Collembola

Decomposers

Acari: Gamasida

Predators

Acari : Oribatida

Acari : Oribatida35 beneficial

species

Prof. Anna Seniczak Dpt. of Ecology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland Acari: Gamasida

32 beneficial species

Diversity

48 6772

= 187 spp

Beneficials Parasitoids PredatorsN

um

be

ro

f in

sect

s/tr

ap

Beneficials Parasitoids PredatorsN

um

be

ro

f sp

eci

es

LAN

DSC

AP

E

MonocultureHigh input

Diversified Low input

Complexheterogeneous

Simplehomogeneous

MANAGEMENT

PESTICIDEROUTINE

Heavy relianceon pesticides

Little emphasIs

on theecosystem

Broad-spectrumchemicalpesticides

Biologicalagents,

biopesticides

Therapy

Change towards soft intervention

Ecosystem

herbivorescrops

carnivores

Associatedplants

soilbeneficials

soilbeneficials

carnivores

Associatedplants

herbivores

Shift from reductionist approach to emphasis onunderstanding multitrophic interactions and use of

inherent strenghts

Therapyas backups

Strong knowledgeand emphasis on

EcosystemStrenghts

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

unstable stable A total system approach to sustainable pest managementW. J. Lewis*†, J. C. van Lenteren‡, Sharad C. Phatak§, and J. H. Tumlinson, III¶

Juanjo

Pepe Bolufer

Pepe Vidal

Enric

Julia

Pili

Jordi

Eugenia

Olga

Bisetto

RaulAnna

Adrian

Salva

Andreu