ar 23947

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

1/16

Contribuyamos con el medio ambiente

Segn el Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climtico (IPCC), seis millones dehectreas de bosques primarios son deforestados cada ao. Esto equivale a la superficie de un

estadio de ftbol cada segundo.

El cambio climtico es un problema que nos afecta a todos, por lo que todos somosresponsables de actuar al respecto. ESAN, escuela de negocios lder en el Per, asume uncompromiso con el medio ambiente a travs de acciones concretas que contribuyan apreservar nuestro medio ambiente.

Parte de este compromiso es la distribucin de materiales de la semana internacional enformato digital. Con su apoyo, reducimos el consumo de ms de 160 millares de papel, ademsde tinta contaminante y folders plsticos.

Cada accin cuenta en el cuidado de nuestro medio ambiente. Es el nico que tenemos y poreso agradecemos su colaboracin. Ahora piense en cuntos estadios de ftbol fueron

deforestados en el tiempo que le tom leer esta declaracin.

-----------------------------------

Este material de lectura se reproduce para uso exclusivo de los alumnos de la Escuela deAdministracin de Negocios para Graduados ESAN y en concordancia con lo dispuesto por lalegislacin sobre derechos de autor:

LEY 13714

Art. 69: Pueden ser reproducidos y difundidos breves fragmentos de obras literarias, cientficasy artsticas, y aun la obra entera, si su breve extensin y naturaleza lo justifican; siempre que lareproduccin se haga con fines culturales y no comerciales, y que ella no entrae competenciadesleal para el autor en cuanto al aprovisionamiento pecuniario de la obra, debiendo indicarse,en todo caso, el nombre del autor, el ttulo de la obra y fuente de donde se hubiere tomado.

Roztocki, N. y Weistroffer, H.R. (2009). Research trends in information and

communications technology in developing, emerging and transition economies.Annals of

the Collegium of Economic Analysis, 20 pp. 113-127.

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

2/16Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1577270

Roczniki Kolegium Analiz EkonomicznychZeszyt 20/2009

NARCYZ ROZTOCKI

HEINZ ROLAND WEISTROFFER

Research Trends in Information

and Communications Technology in Developing,

Emerging and Transition Economies

AbstractInformation and communications technology (ICT) is the principal enabler for global con-

nectedness and the flattening of the global market place. Although ICT in emerging economiesis critical for local firms to maintain competitiveness and is a driving force for economic de-velopment, the mainstream information systems research remains focused on ICT issues re-lated to a small number of highly developed countries. In contrast, only relatively little re-search is being reported that specifically addresses the issues that arise from employing ICT in

developing, emerging and transition economies. In this paper, we try to identify the trends and

shortcomings in the current research by reviewing thirty papers in this topic area that havebeen published in recent proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems(AMCIS). Based on this review, existing gaps and new research opportunities are discussed.

Introduction

The World Bank classifies countries and territories into low income, lower middle

income, upper middle income, and high-income economies, based on gross national

income (GNI) per capita. All but the high-income economies (above $11,906 in 2008)

are considered developing economies (World Bank 2007). These developing econo-

mies, in 2006, represented about 84% of the world population, but less than 23%

of the world GNI (World Development Report 2008).

Developing economies, ranging from low income, through lower middle income,

to upper middle income, are a diverse group with some of them well on their way to

catching up with the highly developed world, but others making only very slow

progress. The subgroup of developing economies labeled as emerging market econo-

mies, a term generally attributed to van Agtmael (1984), consists of countries or re-

gions with low absolute, but fast growing, per capita income, and with administrations

that are sincerely dedicated to economic liberalization (Arnold and Quelch 1998).

Countries that previously had communist style, centrally planned economies, and have

recently moved or are in the process of moving to free market systems, are termed

transition (ortransitional) economies (Roztocki and Weistroffer 2008b). Most transi-

tion economies can also be classified as emerging economies.

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

3/16

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

4/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 115

different priorities and acted in a different way from what is typical in free market

economies. For example, making a profit was considered less important than satisfy-

ing basic consumer needs and providing employment for the populace. There was little

incentive to improve efficiency (Roztocki and Weistroffer 2008a; Roztocki and Weis-

troffer 2008b), and many enterprises were fully dependent on state allocation

of needed resources to maintain operations (Kornai 1986). This dependency on stateguidance and the neglect of market forces led to a managerial approach often characte-

rized by indecisiveness, as the executives of state owned operations carefully avoided

any decisions or actions that might be perceived negatively by the authorities (Aharoni

1981).

Although information and communication technology (ICT) is used extensively in

developing, emerging, and transition economies, published research dealing with ICT

specifically in these "new" economies is clearly underrepresented in the mainstream

information systems literature. The bulk of published work still focuses on observa-

tions from developed countries.

Thus, the objective of this paper is three-fold. First, by discussing some differ-

ences in the use of ICT in developing, emerging and transition economies as compared

to mature, developed economies, we try to point out the importance of research on

ICT specifically focused on these less developed economies. Second, based on a sys-

tematic review of thirty papers published in the proceedings of the Americas Confe-

rence on Information Systems (AMCIS), we assess the current state of research in this

area, and the directions in which this research is advancing. Third, based on this as-

sessment and the identified research trends, we aim to uncover research gaps, which

may guide potential authors in their future research endeavors. Though we realize that

AMCIS is only one of many outlets for research in this topic area, we think that AM-

CIS proceedings may offer a fairly representative reflection of current research trends.

Much academic work is presented at conferences and published in proceedings beforeit reaches academic journals, and AMCIS seems to have the right balance between

inclusiveness and selectivity so that important new research directions are not prec-

luded, while at the same time distraction by trivial or insubstantial material is avoided.

Information and Communication Technology

in Developing Economies

Sustained economic development requires a well-developed infrastructure and

a substantial number of high-value-added industries. Thus in developing economies,

ICT is often regarded as an enabler and catalyst for successfully shifting away from

economic dependency on low-value-added industry sectors, such as agriculture andraw materials extraction. ICT as a communication and collaboration-enabling tool may

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

5/16

116 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

be used to compensate for the scarcity of other resources. However, many of the les-

sons and much of the experience from developed countries, and the business models

and strategic tools developed in that context, are of limited validity and offer inade-

quate applicability in developing economies.

As an example, measuring the progress of ICT implementation by looking at the

portion of the population owning computers with individual Internet access may bereasonable in developed economies, but this is generally not a good gauge in devel-

oping countries (Roztocki, Weistroffer, Monar and Nasirin 2007). Even though there

may be only moderate individual ownership of ICT, many people in developing econ-

omies have access to the Internet through workplace, family, neighbors, Internet cafes,

public libraries, educational institutions, etc.

By the same token, business models proven successful in developed economies

may not transfer readily to developing economies. Rather, new and innovative models,

attuned to the social and business environment in developing countries are needed. An

example of a successful business model in a developing economy has been phone

sharing. GrameenPhone in Bangladesh sold more than 100,000 mobile phones to so-

called phone ladies who provide airtime to members of the community for a modest

fee (Qureshi, Keen and Kamal 2007). This kind of sharing of technology, not likely to

be profitable in developed countries, provides some additional advantages, aside from

saving cost. As much of the population in rural areas of developing countries is un-

skilled in the use of modern technology, sharing such technology provides not only

access to the technology itself, but also user support for the technology.

The strategic objectives for ICT investments in developing economies are also

often different from objectives in developed countries. Rather than using technology

as a substitute for expensive human labor (Bingi, Leff, Shipchandler and Rao 2000), in

developing economies where labor costs are relatively low but capital is in short

supply, technology may be applied to compensate for an otherwise poor infrastructureand the associated disadvantages in the global market place. Moreover, in emerging

economies ICT is used to support the development of new products and services for

a rapidly growing customer base. In contrast, in developed, mature economies where

the economic growth is rather modest, ICT is primarily used for improvement of

existing products and services and to manage the existing customers more efficiently.

Overall, though the use of ICT in developed and in developing countries differs

substantially, ICT plays a critical role in business growth in developing economies.

While local firms may use ICT to improve business effectiveness by compensating for

the shortage of other resources, international corporations expanding into developing

markets may use ICT to maintain effective links to their headquarters located in de-

veloped economies. In summary, it may be reasonably expected that the external busi-

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

6/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 117

ness environment in developing, emerging and transition economies substantially af-

fects ICT adoption and use, as depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 1. Differences in ICT Use

Figure 2. Environment Impact on ICT

The general importance of ICT to development and the inapplicability of many re-

search results and models obtained in developed economies for developing economies

means that there is tremendous opportunity for research dealing with ICT specifically

in developing economies. The flattening of the world (Friedman 2005) due to ICT

facilitated globalization also should call for increased academic attention to develop-

ing markets in the field of ICT research. So far, however, and in spite of Walsham and

Sahays (2006) conclusion that ICT research in developing countries has matured in

recent years, most mainstream ICT research still concentrates on applications in de-

veloped economies. Thus, relatively little ICT research directly related to developing

economies has been reported in the major information systems journals.

ICT

Use

Replace human labor

Improve

products/services

Compensate for lack ofinfrastructure

Develop new products/services

Developed

Economies

Developing

Economies

Laws and RegulationsGovernment ControlInfrastructureWorkforce CharacteristicsManagement StyleCustomer Characteristics

Economic Conditions

Business Environment Adoption and DiffusionStrategyPlanning and DesignImplementationServicesManagementSecurityEconomicsImpact on Organizationsand SocietySourcing

ICT Issues

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

7/16

118 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

Avgerou (2008) provides a fairly comprehensive review and interpretation of the

existing literature on ICT in developing countries, pointing out a distinctive research

agenda that has been formed in these studies. Avgerou points out that two focus areas

of the literature on ICT in developing countries are ICT as a strategic resource for ma-

croeconomic development and the contribution of ICT to improving social services

and institutions. Our objective here is not a comprehensive literature review nor todevelop any new theory, but rather we look specifically at the issues and recent trends

reported at the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), where for

several years now there have been tracks concentrating particularly on ICT in devel-

oping, emerging, and transition economies. In this paper we provide an overview of

past contributions presented at AMCIS, with the purpose of identifying current re-

search streams and trends, and uncovering gaps in the current research and opportuni-

ties for future research. Our assertion is that research trends evidenced at AMCIS are

likely indicative of the more general research trends.

Research Papers on Ict in Developing, Emerging

and Transition Economies at Amcis

Our overview is based on thirty papers presented in AMCIS mini-tracks focusing

on ICT in developing and emerging economies in the years 2004-2009, as listed in

Table 1.

Table 1. List of the papers reviewed

Author(s) Focus of Investigation Country Source of Data

(Bagchi, Putnam and

Tang 2004)

ICT investments across countries with

differences in ICT infrastructure levels

multiple (49

countries)

World Bank WDI

database

(Ding 2004)

international joint venture formation

in companies from developedand emerging economies China case studies

(Roztocki, Pick andNavarrete 2004)

ICT Investments in developingcountries (mini-track introduction)

not specified not applicable

(Roztocki andWeistroffer 2004b)

using activity based costing for

evaluating ICT investments inemerging economies

not specified not applicable

(Roztocki andWeistroffer 2005)

framework for evaluating ICTinvestments in emerging economies

not specified not applicable

(Wenger, Dhillon and

Caldeira 2005)

ERP implementation and its effect on

shift of powerPortugal case studies

(Brown and

Gunawardena 2006)educational-based ICT projects

Laos, SriLanka,

Vietnam

case studies

(Chevers and Duggan

2006)

software process maturity and

discipline Jamaica limited survey

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

8/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 119

(Johnston, Mugandaand Theys 2006)

chief information officers South Africa survey

(Laosethakul, Oswald

and Boulton 2006)

critical success factors for e-

commerceThailand case studies

(Nasirin, Morar, Birks,Zainuddin, Choo and

Wafa 2006)

outsourcing Malaysia survey

(Negash 2006) investments in telecommunicationmultiple (87

countries)

WorldTelecommunicationIndicator database

(Rupino da Cunha and

Videira 2006)

using balanced scorecard for

evaluating ICT investments inemerging economies

Portugal case studies

(Soja 2006)ICT implementation in emerging

economiesPoland survey

(Suri and Hara 2006)community information capacity

building through ICTIndia case studies

(Bharati 2007) software services/industries Indiaonline directoriesand websites

(Gunawardena and

Brown 2007)

educational-based ICT projects

Laos, Sri

Lanka,

Vietnam

case studies

(Niwe, Mbarika,

Samake andNiyitegeka 2007)

global diffusion on the Internet Uganda case studies

(Roztocki et al. 2007)research on and in developing andemerging economies (mini-track

introduction)

not specified not applicable

(Soper 2007)ICT impacts on democracy,corruption, and E-government

acceptance

multiple (50countries)

World Bank WDIdatabase

(Thompson and Brown2007)

diffusion of ICT and national ICTstrategy

Jamaica case studies

(Al-Jabri 2008) end user adoption of ERP systems Saudi Arabia survey

(Prasad and Heales

2008)

ICT and business value in a global

economy Fiji survey

(Soja 2008)enterprise system implementation in

emerging economiesPoland survey

(Whitaker, Melville,

Plice and Dedrick2008)

Internet business practices / use of

Internet for competitive advantage

multiple (10

countries)

survey and case

studies

(Ghosh 2009) diffusion of ICT and digital divide not specified survey

(Kamal and Qureshi2009)

classification of countries based ontheir ICT capacity, skills and growthrates

multiple (182countries)

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion (ITU)

(Moreno Jr. andGomes 2009)

adoption of an open source WebServices development platform

Brazil action-research

(Soja 2009)motivations for enterprise system

adoptionPoland survey

(Talwar and Back2009)

differences in implementing ERP India case studies

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

9/16

120 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

Seven of the papers focus on economics of ICT, one of the categories listed in

Figure 2. Bagchi et al. (2004) compared ICT investment growth between countries at

varying levels of ICT maturity using World Bank data. Ding (2004) looked at joint

venture formation of companies from China, a transition economy, and from devel-

oped countries. Roztocki and Weistroffer (2004b) proposed using activity-based cost-

ing for evaluating ICT investments in emerging economies. This work was expandedin a later paper Roztocki and Weistroffer (2005) that added fuzzy logic and multi-

criteria decision making to the proposed framework. Rupino da Cunha and Videira

(2006) examined the implementation and use of balanced scorecard for ICT

investment evaluation in a Portuguese company. And Negash (2006) researched

investments in telecommunications using the World Telecommunication Indicator

database. Yet another study in the economics of ICT category looked at the effect of

ICT and business value in Fiji (Prasad and Heales 2008).

Seven papers are in the ICT adoption and diffusion category from Figure 2, in-

cluding software process maturity and diffusion of ICT in Jamaica (Chevers and Dug-

gan 2006; Thompson and Brown 2007), global diffusion on the Internet in Uganda

(Niwe et al. 2007), and critical success factors for e-commerce diffusion in Thailand

(Laosethakul et al. 2006). One study investigated ICT adoption in the context of the

digital divide (Ghosh 2009). Using action research at a small Brazilian software com-

pany, one paper (Moreno and Gomes 2009) examined critical success factors for

adoption of an open-source Web services development platform. Another paper (Soja

2009) looked at motivations for enterprise system adoptions in Poland.

Six papers deal with ICT implementations in emerging economies, another cate-

gory listed in Figure 2. Two studies (Soja 2006; Soja 2008), using a survey of ICT

practitioners, looked at key challenges in enterprise system implementation in Poland,

and a study by Al-Jabri (2008) examined the effects of end-user perceptions and ex-

pectations on enterprise resource planning (ERP) system adoption in Saudi Arabia.One study compared ERP implementations in India and in Western Europe (Talwar

and Back 2009). Still other papers looked at educational-based ICT projects in east

Asia (Brown and Gunawardena 2006; Gunawardena and Brown 2007), with the objec-

tive of identifying key factors necessary for a successful technology implementation

project management in emerging economies.

Two studies can be categorized as ICT impact on organizations and society. One

study (Wenger et al. 2005) investigated the shift in power as a consequence of ERP

implementation in a medium-size, privately owned real estate management firm in

Portugal. Another study in this category Soper (2007) researched ICT impacts on de-

mocracy, corruption, and E-government acceptance.

One study looked at community information capacity building through ICT in In-dia (Suri and Hara 2006) and proposed a framework for designing and deploying ICT

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

10/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 121

in developing countries. Thus this paper could be assigned to the ICT planning and

design category.

A study in the ICT management category, looking at issues concerning chief in-

formation officers (CIOs) in South Africa (Johnston et al. 2006), reported that some of

the biggest concerns of CIOs in South Africa are related to security and control.

Further topics investigated include outsourcing in Malaysia (Nasirin et al. 2006),in the ICT sourcing category, software services in India (Bharati 2007), in the ICT

services category, and Internet business practices across multiple developing countries

(Whitaker et al. 2008), in the ICT strategy category. One paper classified a set of 182

countries according to ICT capacity, skills, and growth rates (Kamal and Qureshi

2009). The two remaining papers were introductions and overviews of other papers,

presented in the respective mini-tracks.

Findings and Implications

The analysis of the reviewed papers confirms several previously reported obser-

vations, while revealing some additional particulars that call for further attention. Forexample, the specific topics of investigation, the most frequently used research metho-

dologies, and the most common sources of data indicate that there may be a lack of

support for research requiring more expensive resources (Roztocki et al. 2004). Case

studies, which may be more cost efficient than other approaches, particularly if they

accompany paid consulting work, seem to be the most prevalent research methods by

researchers in developing, emerging, and transition economies (Roztocki et al. 2007).

However, the use of surveys appears to be on the rise, perhaps indicating an increase

in research funding.

Moreover, our analysis indicates that the research is broadly dispersed with re-

spect to research topics as well as the contexts in which they have been studied. How-

ever, twenty of the 28 papers (not including the overview papers), i.e. about 70%, fo-

cus on only three topic areas: ICT adoption and diffusion, ICT implementation, and

economics of ICT. Perhaps these areas are considered by IS researchers to be particu-

larly sensitive to the specific business and regulatory environment in developing and

emerging economies. Also, these may be the areas of most urgent relevancy to practi-

tioners when playing catch-up with developed markets.

In addition, in many emerging economies, capital is scarce, and consequently

these economies are dependent on foreign investments. Often, bank loans in local cur-

rencies are subject to high interest rates, while loans in major foreign currencies, such

as Dollars or Euros, are risky because of unpredictable exchange rates. For these rea-

sons, large investments in ICT may present a challenge for many local companies.Thus, one of the major characteristics of typical developing countries, thin capital

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

11/16

122 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

markets and shortage of capital, seems to be mirrored in the topics of investigations

published at AMCIS.

Above and beyond the research issues that may be related to the shortage of capi-

tal, two other characteristics of typical developing countries, weak infrastructures and

a shortage of skilled labor, are recurrently discussed in the examined papers.

In contrast, several topic areas seem to not be very investigated, indicating muchpotential for future research. For example, there seems to be little research on ICT

strategy in developing economies, or how ICT may be leveraged to gain competitive

advantage in global markets. Only one paper in our sample (Whitaker et al. 2008) ex-

amined this aspect. Also concerns of ICT security unique to developing economies

appear to be under-examined, with only one paper in our sample dealing with this is-

sue (Johnston et al. 2006). This paper indicates increasing awareness of ICT security

needs in South Africa, an emerging economy. As ICT use matures in developing and

emerging economies, these areas are likely to increase in importance.

Specifically in emerging economies, the role of the middle class would seem an

important topic that is missing in the examined papers. Members of an emerging mid-

dle class, as they try to catch up with the lifestyles common in developed countries,

are often champions for modern ICT implementations. Regarding specifically ICT in

transition economies, three papers investigated enterprise system implementation in

Poland (Soja 2006; Soja 2008; Soja 2009), one paper looked at joint venture formation

in Chinese companies (Ding 2004), and four others included some of the transition

economies in multiple country contexts (Bagchi et al. 2004; Kamal and Qureshi 2009;

Negash 2006; Soper 2007). But research dealing directly with the unique problems

that accompany ICT implementation in transition economies seems to be sparse and

fragmented.

Moreover, many of the papers in our sample seem to stand in isolation, and are not

well integrated with the existing literature, and most papers reference primarily main-stream research conducted in developed economies. When examining the references

sections, surprisingly few citations were about ICT use reported from the country or

region of interest. Accordingly, it is not always articulated in the papers how the ex-

ternal business and regulatory environment in developing, emerging and transitional

economies affects various ICT issues, as depicted in Figure 2. Furthermore, many au-

thors have difficulties to identify and articulate how their results contrast published

results reported from developed economies, and to provide reasonable explanations for

such discrepancies. Often, too much space is dedicated to reporting facts, which may

be obtained from other sources, and accordingly less space committed to research

synthesis and the systematic development of generalizable knowledge. More focus

should be directed to identifying and better understanding the specific impediments

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

12/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 123

present in developing, emerging, and transition economies to effective ICT use, and

ways to overcome these.

Limitations and Final Remarks

In this paper, we present an assessment of research trends in ICT in developing,emerging, and transition economies, based on a systematic review of thirty papers

published in AMCIS proceedings. Although the number of papers reviewed is rela-

tively small and thus presents some limitation on the validity of the conclusions

drawn, our study provides some, if imperfect, indication of what is being done and

where future research should be directed. Thus we believe that our paper makes an

important contribution in providing a foundation and ideas for future projects and the-

reby helping interested researchers focus their attention to areas particularly in need of

investigation.

Bibliography

[1]Aharoni, Y.Performance Evaluation of State-Owned Enterprises: A ProcessPerspective,"Management Science", vol. 27, no. 11, 1981, pp. 1340-1347.

[2]Al-Jabri, I.End User Adoption of ERP Systems: Investigation of FourBeliefs,"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, Toronto, Canada, August 2008", 2008.

[3]Arnold, D.J., and Quelch, J.A.New Strategies in Emerging Markets,"SloanManagement Review", vol. 40, no. 1, 1998, pp. 7-20.

[4]Avgerou, C.Information Systems in Developing Countries: A Critical ResearchReview,"Journal of Information Technology ", vol. 23, no., 2008, pp. 133-146.

[5]Bagchi, K., Putnam, K., and Tang, Z. Global IT Expenditure Growth: AnEmpirical Investigation Across Nations,"Proceedings of the Tenth AmericasConference on Information Systems, New York, New York, August 2004", 2004,

pp. 655-663.

[6]Bharati, P.Reaching New Heights and Seeing New Realities: A Study of SoftwareServices in an Emerging Economy,"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Americas

Conference on Information Systems, Keystone, Colorado, August 9-12, 2007",

2007.

[7]Bingi, P., Leff, L.G., Shipchandler, Z.E., and Rao, S. Critical IT ImplementationIssues in Developed and Developing Countries,"Information Strategy:

The Executive's Journal", vol. 16, no. 2, 2000, pp. 25-34.

[8]Brown, D.H., and Gunawardena, C.IS Initiatives in the Vocational & TechnicalEducation Sector of Developing Asian Countries: A Systems Approach to the

Management of Project Intervention Processes,"Proceedings of the Twelfth

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

13/16

124 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

Americas Conference on Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August

2006", 2006, pp. 3560-3572.

[9]Chevers, D., and Duggan, E.W.Assessing Software Process Maturity andDiscipline in the English-Speaking Caribbean,"Proceedings of the Twelfth

Americas Conference on Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August

2006", 2006, pp. 3573-3578.[10]Ding, J. The Role of ES Implementation in IJV Development: Exploring the

Relationship,"Proceedings of the Tenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, New York, New York, August 2004", 2004, pp. 646-654.

[11]Filatotchev, I., Buck, T., and Zhukov, V.Downsizing in Privatized Firms inRussia, Ukraine, and Belarus,"Academy of Management Journal", vol. 43, no. 3,

2000, pp. 286-304.

[12]Friedman, T.L. The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first CenturyFarrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

[13]Ghosh, B.Adressing the Information Systems Mindshare Divide in DevelopingCountries,"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, San Francisco, August 2009", 2009.

[14]Gunawardena, C., and Brown, D. Managing Project-Based IS Initiatives in theVocational and Technical Education Sector of Developing Asian Countries:

A Soft Systems Approach to Identifying the Role of Information and Information

Systems,"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, Keystone, Colorado, August 9-12, 2007", 2007.

[15]Hoskisson, R.E., Eden, L., Lau, C.M., and Wright, M. Strategy in EmergingEconomies,"Academy of Management Journal", vol. 43, no. 3, 2000, pp. 249-

267.

[16]Johnston, K., Muganda, N., and Theys, K.Key Issues for Chief InformationOfficers in South Africa,"Proceedings of the Twelfth Americas Conference onInformation Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August 2006", 2006, pp. 3530-3537.

[17]Kamal, M., and Qureshi, S. Classification of Countries Based on ICTInfrastructure, Skills and Growth: The Role of ICT Capacity in Emerging

Economies,"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, San Francisco, August 2009", 2009.

[18]Kornai, J. The Soft Budget Constraint,"Kyklos", vol. 39, no. 1, 1986, pp. 3-30.[19]Laosethakul, K., Oswald, S., and Boulton, W. Critical Success Factors for

E-Commerce in Thailand: A Multiple Case Study Analysis,"Proceedings of the

Twelfth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico,

August 2006", 2006, pp. 3511-3521.

[20]Moreno Jr., V., and Gomes, J.Benefits and Success Factors of Web ServicesAdoption: An Exploratory Action-research Project in a Brazilian Small Software

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

14/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 125

House,"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, San Francisco, August 2009", 2009.

[21]Nasirin, S., Morar, S., Birks, D.F., Zainuddin, Y., Choo, A.T., and Wafa, S.A.Successful IT Outsourcing Engagement: Lessons from Malaysia,"Proceedings

of the Twelfth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico,

August 2006", 2006, pp. 3113-3124.[22]Negash, S.Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Investment in

Economically Developing Countries,"Proceedings of the Twelfth Americas

Conference on Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August 2006", 2006,

pp. 375-382.

[23]Niwe, M., Mbarika, V., Samake, K., and Niyitegeka, M. Global Diffusionof the Internet: The Case of Uganda,"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Americas

Conference on Information Systems, Keystone, Colorado, August 9-12, 2007",

2007.

[24]Prasad, A., and Heales, J.Information Technology and Business Value in aGlobal Economy: Do Information Technology Investments Pay Off in Developing

Economy?,"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, Toronto, Canada, August 2008", 2008.

[25]Qureshi, S., Keen, P., and Kamal, M.Knowledge Networking for Development:Building Bridges across the Digital Divide,"Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii

International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii, January 2007",

2007, p. 226c.

[26]Roztocki, N., Pick, J., and Navarrete, C.IT Investments in Developing Countries:Mini-Track Introduction,"Proceedings of the Tenth Americas Conference on

Information Systems, New York, New York, August 2004", 2004, pp. 664-665.

[27]Roztocki, N., and Weistroffer, H.R.Evaluating Information TechnologyInvestments in Emerging Economies Using Activity-Based Costing,"ElectronicJournal of Information Systems in Developing Countries", vol. 19, no. 2, 2004a,

pp. 1-6.

[28]Roztocki, N., and Weistroffer, H.R. Using Activity-Based Costing for EvaluatingInformation Technology Related Investments in Emerging Economies: A

Framework,"Proceedings of the Tenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, New York, New York, August 2004", 2004b, pp. 642-645.

[29]Roztocki, N., and Weistroffer, H.R.A Framework for IT Investment Evaluationin Emerging Economies,"Proceedings of the Eleventh Americas Conference on

Information Systems, Omaha, Nebraska, August 2005", 2005, pp. 742-748.

[30]Roztocki, N., and Weistroffer, H.R.Information Technology in TransitionEconomies,"Journal of Global Information Technology Management", vol. 11,no. 4, 2008a, pp. 2-9.

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

15/16

126 Narcyz Roztocki, Heinz Roland Weistroffer

[31]Roztocki, N., and Weistroffer, H.R.Information Technology Investments inEmerging Economies,"Information Technology for Development", vol. 14, no. 1,

2008b, pp. 1-10.

[32]Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., Monar, S., and Nasirin, S.IS/IT in Developingand Emerging Economies,"Thirteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, Keystone, Colorado, August 2007", 2007.[33]Rupino da Cunha, P., and Videira, A.Easy Up-front IT Investment Appraisal

Using the Balanced Scorecard: Example with a Portuguese

Organization,"Proceedings of the Twelfth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August 2006", 2006, pp. 464-469.

[34]Soja, P.Difficulties in Enterprise Systems Implementation: Lessons Learned fromProjects in Poland,"Proceedings of the Twelfth Americas Conference on

Information Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, August 2006", 2006, pp. 445-454.

[35]Soja, P.Barriers to Enterprise System Implementation Success: Learning fromPractitioners in Poland,"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Americas Conference

on Information Systems, Toronto, Canada, August 2008", 2008.

[36]Soja, P. Motivation for Enterprise System Adoption: Insights from Practitionersin Poland,"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information

Systems, San Francisco, August 2009", 2009.

[37]Soper, D.ICT Investment Impacts on Future Levels of Democracy, Corruption,and E-Government Acceptance in Emerging Countries,"Proceedings of the

Thirteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Keystone, Colorado,

August 9-12, 2007", 2007.

[38]Suri, V.R., and Hara, N. Community Information Capacity Building throughInformation Systems - A Conceptual Framework Based on Case Studies from

India,"Proceedings of the Twelfth Americas Conference on Information Systems,

Acapulco, Mexico, August 2006", 2006, pp. 482-492.[39]Talwar, M., and Back, A.Differences in ERP Implementations in India &

Western Europe,"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on

Information Systems, San Francisco, August 2009", 2009.

[40]Thompson, S., and Brown, D.Jamaica: Implementing the National ICT Strategythrough Policy and Initiatives,"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Americas

Conference on Information Systems, Keystone, Colorado, August 9-12, 2007",

2007.

[41]van Agtmael, A.W.Emerging Securities Markets: Investment BankingOpportunities in the Developing WorldLondon: Euromoney Publications, 1984.

[42]Verhoeven, W.-J., Dessens, J., and Jansen, W. Market Transition or PathDependency?: Changing Effects of Income Determinants in the Czech Republic,

7/28/2019 Ar 23947

16/16

Research Trends in Information and Communications Technology 127

Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia, 19912002,"Research in Social

Stratification and Mobility", vol. 26, no. 2, 2008, pp. 141-159.

[43]Walsham, G., and Sahay, S.Research on Information Systems in DevelopingCountries: Current Landscape and Future Prospects,"Information Technology

for Development", vol. 12, no. 1, 2006, pp. 7-24.

[44]Wenger, M.R., Dhillon, G., and Caldeira, M.ERP Implementation in Portugal:Interpreting Dimensions of Power,"Proceedings of the Eleventh Americas

Conference on Information Systems, Omaha, Nebraska, August 2005", 2005,

pp. 749-756.

[45]Whitaker, J., Melville, N., Plice, R., and Dedrick, J.Internet Business PracticesAcross the Globe: Lessons from Emerging Economies,"Proceedings of the

Fourteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Toronto, Canada,

August 2008", 2008.

[46]World Bank "Country Classification," World Bank, 2007.[47]World Development Report, 2008.

* * *

Trendy badawcze w technologii informacyjnej i komunikacyjnej

w gospodarkach rozwijajcych si, wschodzcych oraz w okresie transformacji

Streszczenie

Technologia informacyjna i komunikacyjna (Information and communications technology:ICT) jest jednym z gwnych czynnikw umoliwiajcych wspprac midzynarodow orazwzrost konkurencyjnoci na wiatowych rynkach. Pomimo e w gospodarkach wschodzcychICT jest dla przedsibiorstw bardzo wanym zasobem wykorzystywanym w celu zwikszaniakonkurencyjnoci oraz stanowi wan si napdzajc rozwj ekonomiczny, to jednak gwnynurt bada w dziedzinie systemw informacyjnych koncentruje si na zagadnieniach dotycz-

cych ICT w nielicznej grupie krajw wysokorozwinitych. Natomiast niewiele bada nauko-

wych powicono tematyce zastosowania ICT w gospodarkach rozwijajcych si, wschodz-cych oraz znajdujcych si w okresie transformacji. W artykule dokonano prby identyfikacjitrendw i niedostatkw w tej grupie bada na podstawie przegldu trzydziestu artykuw opu-blikowanych w ostatnich latach w materiaach konferencji naukowej Americas Conference onInformation Systems (AMCIS). Na podstawie dokonanego przegldu literatury artyku omawiaistniejce w badaniach luki tematyczne oraz wynikajce z tego moliwoci nowych kierunkw

bada naukowych.

Keywords: Developing countries, emerging economies, transitional economies, research

trends, information and communications technology.

Authors:

Narcyz Roztocki, State University of New York at New Paltz,

e-mail: roztockn@newpaltz.edu

Heinz Roland Weistroffer, Virginia Commonwealth University,

e-mail: hrweistr@vcu.edu