aqua sp..presentation
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TITLE :
AQUACULTURE SPECIES (2)
TENAGA PENGAJAR : CIK HIDAYAH BT MUHAMMAD TAUFIK
NAMA AHLI KUMPULAN:
NORSHAZIRA BT AZIZ (D034608)
NORFATIN BT KAMA (D034635)
ZURAINI BT AHMAD (D034672)NOR DALILA BT MOHD (D034697)
NUR FADZILAH BT ZAKARIA (D034702)
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introduction
Machrobrachium sp is all about prawn species
which have scientific classification of kingdom
that is animalia and phylum of Anthropoda. Its
subphylum is crustacean and categorized in
Decapoda order and in Malacostraca class.
Machrobrachium sp in family of Palaemonidae
and genus of Machrobrachium.
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Selected Machrobrachium sp
1. Macrobrachium Lanchesteri
2. Machrobrachium malcolmsonii
3. Macrobrachium ohione4. Macrobrachium rosenbergii
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Macrobrachium lanchesteri
Scientific name:Macrobrachium lanchesteri
Common name: Glass prawn/rice prawn
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Palaemonidae
Genus: Macrobrachium
Species:lanchesteri
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BIOLOGYGENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
In the Malaysian areaovigerous females of
Macrobrachium lanchesteri
may have an overall length
of only 33 mm
The largest, a male, had an
overall length of 62 mm
is a relatively small species
A good swimmer, it is lessstrictly a bottom dweller than
are many palaemonids.
It has a light and somewhat
compressed build and arelatively large abdomen and
lives in fresh waters throughout
its life cycle.
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It is not
cannibalistic, at
least under
normal
conditions, and
appears to be
vegetarian.
FEEDING HABITAQUACULTURE SYSTEM
NORMALLY USED
can flourish and
breed under pond
conditions.
It is eurytopic withrespect to most
environmental factors
and seems to be well
adapted to the soft
waters found in mostparts of Malaysia
.
eurytopic :Able to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions
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relatively small species but one
which may make a considerablecontribution to the biomass of thehabitat in which it lives since it
normally occurs in large numbers
compressed build and a relativelylarge abdomen and lives in freshwaters
It has a lightA good swimmer, it is less strictly a
bottom dweller than are manypalaemonids
Interesting facts
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CHALLENGES FACING BY AQUACULTURIST IN PRODUCING
Machrobrachium lanchesteri
It is noted that indigenous local fishery for wild stock ofpalaemonids has been in existence in many countries in the world.
At the beginning, fishing was lucrative and there was adequatesupply in the country where they exist but at present due toincreased exploitation and better means of catching natural stocks
are greatly reduced. This condition is aggravated by radical man-made changes in the
environment such as pollution from population centers or fromnewly established industries.
Likewise the building of multi-purpose dams in river systems havechanged the ecology of those systems to the detriment of existingprawn species.
Mine pollution and silting has also greatly reduced prawnpopulations. The trend toward rapid and gradual reduction ofprawn fisheries from natural waters appear inevitable.
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Machrobrachium malcolmsonii
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the English name is monsoon river-prawn
maximum size of males and females are 230 to 243 and200 mm.
to regularly cast their exoskeleton or shell in order togrow.
four distinct phases in the life cycle :
i. Eggs
ii. Larvae
iii. Postlarvae
iv. Adult require estuarine conditions or brackish water
during the initial larval stages.
BIOLOGY
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Mature male prawns larger than females
male head (cephalothorax) is larger than the female
but the latter has a wider abdomen.
the male the genital pores are between the bases ofthe fifth periopods while those of the female are at
the base of the third periopods.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS..
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Egg mass is orange-coloured in the early
stages and as the eggs become eyed, it
becomes grey-black.
Colour change occurs as the embryos utilizetheir food reserves.
Prawn eggs of this species are slightly
elliptical
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The bodies of freshwater prawns are divided into
twenty segments known as somites.
14 segments in the head, fused together,invisibleunder a large dorsal and lateral shield(carapace)
The carapace is hard and smooth
11-14 teeth on the top and 8-10 underneath.
antennae are the most important sites of sensory
perception
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is an omnivore or detritivore,
its gut content containing mud and debris, dipteranslarvae and cladocerans.
omnivorous bottom dwelling prawn and naturally feedson decomposing plants and animals, small worms,insects and their larvae.
cannibalistic in nature and may consume freshly moultedconspecifics in pond environments
FEEDING HABIT
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high protein diets of 50% plant origin and 50%
animal origin are required
Juveniles are fed with formulated starter diet
containing higher protein and lipid in crumble form
Natural spawning or artificial fertilization :
Mating : after a male protects a newly moulted
female from aggression by other individuals in the
tank
adult matures and breeds in rivers and lakes,
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Aquaculture system that are normally used :
M. malcolmsoniimonoculture can be categorized into
extensive, semi intensiveand intensive culture systems
Extensive :
carried out in large ponds and water impoundmentssuch as
reservoirs, irrigation ponds and rice fields water quality, prawn growth and health isgenerally not
monitored
Prawn production is limited toabout 200-400 kg/ha/year
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Semi-extensive:
pondsare made free from predators and competitors
Juveniles arestocked at 30,000-40,000/ha.
Water quality, prawn healthand growth rate are
monitored
Intensive:
culture can be done in smallearthen or concrete
ponds about 0.05- 0.2 ha.
Prawn juveniles arestocked at more than 40,000/ha
under controlled conditions in predator free ponds.continuous aeration is provided.
Prawns are fed with nutritionally complete diet
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Macrobrachium
ohione
Scientific name:
Macrobrachium ohione
English Name:
Ohio Shrimp,
Ohio River Shrimp
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Palaemonidae
Genus: Macrobrachium
Species: M. ohione
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GENERAL
ANATOMY
having the first two pairs of legs
chelate,
the second pair larger than
first, and
the carpus of the second
leg not subdivided.
having a hepatic spine present
and second pereopods enlargedand greatly elongated.
The rostrum is curved, has up to
13 teeth but has a toothless
daggerlike tip.
may grow up to 10 cm (4 inches)long.
The color - pale gray flecked with
small blue spots.
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probably only recently
evolved migratory behavior
into fresh water.
Biological characteristics
indicative of it relatively
recent adaptation include: high hemolymph osmoionic
concentrations,
tolerance of high salinities,
dependence on saline waterfor larval development with
many larval stages and
migratory
behavior.
Ohio shrimp apparently prefer low velocity
water
(Conaway and Hrabik 1997)
open side channels, a preferred habitat of Ohio
shrimp, have flow during normal river elevations
(Barko and Herzog 2003).
Ohio shrimp prefer borders of the main channel,especially when the borders are flooded and
plant and animal material are available for
foraging
(Truesdale and Mermilliod 1979).
Ohio Shrimp have been reported to have greater
abundance in areas with suspended particulatematter, which may be a predator avoidance
response. Ohio shrimp occupy low visibility
physical habitats that are also occupied by
predatory fishes, such as flathead catfish, a
species that is not native to South Carolina
(Barko and Herzog 2003).
HABITAT BIOLOGY
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Macrobrachium rosenbergii
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Palaemonidae
Genus: Macrobrachium
Species: M. rosenbergii
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General characteristic
also known as the giant river prawn, the giant
freshwater prawn, the Malaysian prawn.
important for its value as a food source
This species lives in tropical freshwater
environments influenced by adjacent brackish
water areas which has more salinity than fresh
water, but not as much as seawater.
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Biology
Males can reach a body size of 32 cm, while
females grow to 25 cm
Body usually greenish to brownish grey, but
sometimes more bluish, darker in larger
specimens
There are three distinct male morphotypes
exist which are small male (SM), orange claw
males (OC), and blue claw males (BC).
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The normal male developmental pathway isSM OC BC (BC dominate OC, OC
dominate SM)
The first stage is the small male (SM), thathas short, nearly translucent claws
Second stage have large orange claws ontheir second chelipeds, which may have alength of 0.8 to 1.4 their body size
Third stage have blue claws, and their secondchelipeds may become twice as long as theirbody
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Feeding habit
The larvae are carnivorous and in culture theyare fed on live, newly hatched brine shrimp
Juvenile and adult prawns are omnivorous,
and feed on a wide variety of food items suchas aquatic worms, insects and their larvae,
small molluscs and crustaceans, flesh and offal
of fish and other animals, grains, nuts, seeds,
fruits, algae, tender leaves and stems of
aquatic plants
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They prefer animal sources of food, and
sometimes may even be cannibalistic. They
also consume their shells which have beenshed off as a result of mouldting
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Natural spawning or artificial
fertilization
In mating, the male deposits spermatophores onthe underside of the female's thorax, betweenthe walking legs
The female then extrudes eggs, which passthrough the spermatophores. The female carriesthe fertilized eggs with her until they hatch.
Gravid females migrate downstream intoestuaries, where eggs hatch as free-swimming
larvae in brackish water. From these, eggs hatchto zoeae which is the first larval stage ofcrustaceans
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They go through several larval stages before
metamorphosing into post-larvae and have all
the characteristics of adults
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The aquaculture system normally use
to culture the species
tanks, irrigation ditches, cages, pens, reservoirs,and natural waters.
Common : earthen ponds
produces prawn larvae for growing out in pondsand for sale to other prawn grow-out enterprises
The hatchery consists of a building, where prawnlarvae are hatched and reared in tanks of waterwhich are set up to imitate the environment ofthe prawn larvae in the wild, together withoutdoor ponds or tanks where prawns forbreeding are grown out and maintained.
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The hatchery is usually designed to suit the
specific site and the techniques which will beemployed by the operators, and design will
also depend on availability of freshwater and
seawater, financial input, climate and PLproduction requirements
The hatchery building is usually associated
with the nursery tanks and grow-out ponds interms of water supply and other
requirements.
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Interesting facts or research related to
your species
Freshwater prawns tend to go "mushy" if not
handled and processed correctly.
prevent prawns from becoming crushed
during harvesting
if they are not going to be sold live, they
should be killed in a mixture of water and ice
at 0 C immediately (at the pond bank), and
washed in chlorinated tap water
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Challenges facing by the aquaculturist
in producing the species.
Disease
- the species most seriously affected
- because of poor intake water treatment,
poor husbandry, overcrowding, poorsanitation, and non-existent or inadequatequarantine procedures.
- black gill disease, black spot disease, rottentail disease, parasitic disease (Ciliata species)and milky-whitebody (muscle) disease.
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Production system
Production cycle of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
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