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Smart Grid Pilot Projects Volt VAR Optimization 1

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Volt VAR Optimization Smart Grid Pilot at PG&E EPRI / Sandia PV Systems Symposium Rustom Dessai, PE – PG&E Emerging Grid Technologies

May 10, 2016

Smart Grid Pilot Projects Volt VAR Optimization 2

PG&E Smart Grid VVO Background

Objective - evaluate VVO’s ability to: 1. Enhance grid monitoring & control 2. Grid efficiencies and Conservation Voltage Reduction 3. Accommodate growing distributed generation

Scope – Lab Test (Phase 1) then Field Trial (Phase 2) on 14 feeders • Pilot two competing vendors

• Extensive testing completed at PG&E ATS Facility

• Varying DG penetration (ranging from 2% – 35%: nameplate / peak)

Preliminary* results to date from 12 feeders: • Summer 2015: 0.1% energy savings • Fall 2015: 2.2% energy savings • Cumulative Energy Reduction: 1.5%

• Cumulative Average CVRf: 0.9

* Results will be refined through course of pilot as new data and analysis methods are introduced

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VVO Technology Overview

• VVO incorporates sensing, communications and computing to more tightly control voltage delivered to customers

• Reducing voltage drives energy efficiency through Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) – reducing delivered voltage reduces energy consumption without sacrificing device/appliance performance & customer satisfaction

• Has the promise to deliver: • 1-2% reduction in energy demand and consumption • Improved voltage control on circuits with high DG penetration

120V

126V

114V

Line Capacitor Line Regulator Substation LTC Customer Load

Distributed Generation

Original Voltage

Voltage with VVO

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Vendor Selection for the VVO Pilot PG&E’s Key Requirements for VVO • Must function with a balanced model (rather than unbalanced w/ phasing) • Must minimize initial configuration and maintenance, preferably by leveraging an

existing network model (preferably GIS or DMS) maintaining an additional network model and manual configuration/maintenance processes are a last resort

• Must support increased distributed generation penetration • Must utilize or integrate with existing operator interfaces (either DMS, SCADA or PI)

Strategies to Guide VVO Vendor Selection • Leverage existing assets • Maximize customer benefits • Manage future grid complexity

• Provide path to DMS/EMS integration • Minimize Total Cost of Ownership

PG&E Pilot VVO Vendors1 Selected through RFP, Benchmarking, and Demos • Measurement based systems – not requiring unbalanced models

• Different strategies: Secondary (AMI) vs Primary / Set point vs tap control • Perceived ability to handle increasing grid complexity relative to field • Existing installations at other utilities

(1) PG&E will reassess the marketplace when choosing a vendor for a wide-scale deployment of VVO

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PG&E DTY Testing Facility

UIQ System

Distribution Test Yard

Meter Simulator AMI Head End

Test VVO SCADA

Network Model

Meter Farm

PG&E utilized the distribution test yard (DTY) to simulate circuit responses to VVO operation, allowing evaluation of vendor solution performance prior to field deployment.

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DG Penetration Increases on VVO Circuits: 2013 - 2016

• Original VVO feeder selection analysis done near end of 2013 • Observed significant increases in DG penetration on VVO feeders in short span (<3

years) of pilot

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

A-1101 A-1102 A-1103 P-2101 P-2102 P-2103 B-1114 B-1115 B-1116 W-2104 W-2105 W-2106 D-1102 D-1104

VVO Feeder DG Penetration Increases

DG / Peak Load 2013 DG / Peak Load 2016

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Reverse power seen at feeder and regulators

Feeder Head Regulator

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Reverse Power VVO Vendor Strategy Progression through Pilot

No strategy Disable VVO

Ride-through reverse power for

co-gen regs, disable otherwise

Vendors not allowed out of test phase

Caused certain systems to trip

regularly around midday

Works well for PG&E’s VVO circuits,

no issues so far

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VVO’s Effect on Woodward 2106 (has high DG Penetration > 25% of load) No issues with 2 On days, some issues with 3 Off days

VVO On

VVO Off

VVO On

VVO Off

VVO Off

• VVO team will continue studying VVO’s impact on voltage in presence of PV • Currently testing one VVO vendor’s strategy to use irradiance forecast to hedge

voltage against PV variability

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• Found existing voltage unbalance on feeders during summer severely limited VVO functionality

• Analysis of frequent AMI voltage readings can help weed out feeders that may have existing issues with voltage or voltage unbalance

• As part of the VVO pilot, PG&E enabled 15 min / hourly voltage reads on 1 million meters to analyze how this data may inform VVO feeder selection

Lessons Learned: Feeder Screening

Aug 25 Aug 26 Aug 27 Aug 28

VVO On

VVO Disables

VVO On

VVO Disables

126 120 114

Sept 29 Sept 30 Oct 1 Oct 2

126

120

114

VVO Off

VVO On

VVO Off

VVO On

Sum

mer

201

5 Fa

ll 20

15

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Lessons Learned: Value from Proactive Issue Identification and Resolution • Configured Tableau and PI screens as tools to monitor AMI voltages and SCADA

data to identify issues proactively and find resolutions • Almost all issues related to secondary problems, but also used to adjust existing

settings on field equipment, and to confirm VVO settings

T-man replaces service drop to customer and resolves problem before customer notices issue

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Exploring value of Smart Inverters for VVO

Modeling (complete)

• How can VVO control of Smart Inverters improve VVO performance?

• What value could VVO extract from “VARs at night”?

Lab Testing (in progress)

• What “VVO friendly” power factor and Volt-Var settings deliver safe “no fight” conditions in the field

Field Trial (later in 2016)

• Collaborate with 3rd party installers to have Smart Inverters installed in Q2 2016, adjust power factor and Volt-Var settings to improve VVO benefits

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Large DG

Dinuba Sub

Complex with concentrated DG • > 100 circuit miles • 5 line voltage regulators • 23% DG penetration1

• Three large DGs: 2 x 1 MW, 1 x 0.7 MW VVO Go Live in Jan 2016 drove interest in predicting performance

(1) Measured as DG capacity / feeder peak load. At time study began, additional DG connection has raised penetration to 34% as of January 2016

Dinuba

Dinuba 1104 studied due to challenging voltage control conditions

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Case 2: Traditional VVO Case 3: VVO plus SI P.F. control

Charts below show comparison of VVO savings metrics Case 1 (No VVO) at varying DG penetration levels

VVO control of SI can deliver line loss reduction at low DG penetration, and energy delivery savings at higher penetrations

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

23% 47% 70% 94%DG Penetration

Daytime (8 am – 6 pm)

VARs at Night

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

23% 45% 68% 91%

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

23% 47% 70% 94%0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

23% 45% 68% 91%

Energy Delivery Savings*

Line Loss Reduction*

*Results should be deemed as a general guideline regarding potential VVO benefits. It is recommended that further analyses be conducted for a larger sample of feeders with varying topologies, voltage levels, customer densities, customer types, etc.

NOTE: Larger % savings does not necessarily correlate to larger magnitude of energy delivered savings because overall energy delivered decreases in magnitude as penetration increases.

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DG as Part of VVO – Technical Analysis Results

Case 1: No VVO, PV-DG operates at unity power factor

Case 2: VVO controls LTC, Regs, and Caps, PV-DG operates at unity power factor

Case 3: VVO controls LTC, Regs, Caps, and DG smart inverter power factor (0.95 lead, unity, or 0.95 lag)

*Results should be deemed as a general guideline regarding potential VVO benefits. It is recommended that further analyses be conducted for a larger sample of feeders with varying topologies, voltage levels, customer densities, customer types, etc.

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VVO Pilot Smart Inverter Field Trial

• Adjust Smart Inverter P.F. and Volt-VAR settings to evaluate impact to VVO performance

Follow technology and regulatory development to automate use of Smart Inverters

• DERMS EPIC Technology Demonstration in late 2016

• Follow ADMS / VVO / DERMS technology developments

• California Distributed Resources Plan – locational value of Smart Inverters?

GRID of THINGS

Next Steps for SI

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Post-Pilot Deployment

• 2017-2019 GRC proposed $84M deployment on 228 feeders (7% of PG&E’s system)

• Presently forecasting a benefit-cost ratio of 1.2 – 2.0, and will be updating forecast in May

• Plan dependent on PG&E’s SCADA and DMS plans – Deployment of VVO would be tightly integrated with DMS enabling automated configurations and reconfigurations

• PG&E is not tied to piloted vendors, and will reassess the VVO vendor market place for deployment vendor

Smart Grid Pilot Projects Volt VAR Optimization 18

Questions?

Questions?