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Page 1: AijAuJI? jujUJI - Internet Archive · 2019. 6. 19. · iykUJI _ pjaau-9J,&, 28J, 7399 fSj 4*hi 002-02-25075917:

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The Balance of Power: History & Theory

By: Michael Sheehan

Copyright © 1996 by Michael Sheehan

Arabic Translation © 2015, National Center for Translation

Authorized translation from the English language edition published

by Routledge, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group

All Rights Reserved

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Bibliography and further reading

Albrecht-Carrie, R. (ed.) (1968) The Concert of Europe 1815-1914 (Harpers, New York).

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Alexandroff, A., Rosecrance, R. and Stein, A. (1977) ‘History, Quantita¬ tive Analysis and the Balance of Power*, Journal of Conflict Resolution, VoL 33, pp. 35-56.

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