Type: Adverbial clause ofSubordinators Functioning as..

1) Time

Time AFTER: after - once since - when - whenever now (that) - as soon as immediately (that) directly (that) The moment/minute (that)

Time BEFORE: before by the time that till until

SAME Time: as when whenever as long as so long as while whilst now (that)

To inf: outcome of a situation (time+result) Final

Verbless: only introduced by: as soon as, once, till, until -- when , whenever, while, whilst + prep ph

Initial or Final Position

Most of them are Sentence Adjunct BUT unless, as long as, so long as are Predication Adjunct; BUT when (time+concession), now that (time+reason), no sooner than are Content Disjunct.

2) Place

Where (specific) wherever (non-specific)

Remember place+contrast: When a did this, b did that.

Archaic forms: whence (from where) whither (to where).

When Initial position is Sentence Adjunct, when Final position Predication Adjunct.

3) Direct Condition

Conditional clauses in general may have S-OP inversion without a subordinator if the operator is: WERE-SHOULD-HAD.As long as, provided (that), providing (that), so long as: mean if and only if, condition+exception: Content Disjunct.

Assuming that, given that, if, in case, in the event that, just so (that), on condition that, supposing that.

Unless: except if (a menos que).

Only if: a will not happen unless b happens.

In case: the meaning is different according to:BrE means: if it should happen that.AmE means: on condition that.

Non-finite: if, unless. Verbless: if, unless, with, without.Verbless and ed participle clauses with exp. Subj. Are introduced with with/without.Mainly Initial position and Sentence Adjunct.

4) Indirect ConditionCondition not related to the situation in the matrix clause.

In case: (si acaso)

Initial or Final position. Style Disjunct.

5) Concession

(Says the contrary of what one might expect).

Although, though, when, whereas, while, If can be replaced by AlthoughFormal style:Subordinator THOUGH, the predication or C.S. may be fronted.Subordinator AS, the predication or C.S. must be fronted.Subordinator THAT, the C.S. must be fronted.

Subordinator MUCH AS to talk about a strong feeling or desire.

Non-finite: although, though, while, whilst.Initial position as a tendency. Content Disjunct.

6) Condition and concessionFinite: even if, even though (if: when it means even if, even though).

6.1. Alternative (uno o el otro) conditional concessive clauses:Whether or (whether), it doesnt matter whether (initial), no matter whether

Verbless: with... or without... NP or (no) NP.

6.2. Universal ( Indicate a free choice from any number of conditions) conditional concessive clauses

-WH words combined with EVER. The subordinator (a rel pron or adv) has a function and must have initial position.

No matter+WH element.

Sentence Adjunct.

Initial or Final position Sentence Adjunct

Initial position

7) Contrast

Convey a contrast bet 2 situations and compares them when dissimilar to show differences.

Whereas, while, whilst

Initial as a tendency or Final position. Content Disjunct

8) Contingency(Siempre que)

Denote habitual contingency expressed in clauses of:Time: whenever, once.Place: wherever.Condition: if+past participle.

Non-finite: -ing or ed part.Verbless: once+adj. Adj ph

Initial position. Sentence Adjunct.

9) Exception

Except that, excepting that, except: solo que, si no fuera porque.

Except for the fact that, apart from the fact that.

Save that, but for (both formal): sub. Cl. take obligatory should.

Non-finite: to inf, -ing partBut for (a no ser porque, a menos que)

Final position. Content Disjunct.

10) Reason: a- Direct b- IndirectA- Direct reason:1. Because, because of +NPh.

2. Because, since.

3. For

4. Circumstances and consequence: premise in the sub, conclusion in the matrix. Used to say why a statement you just have said is true.

5. As: predication/C.S. may be optionally fronted.

6. In case: introduces a possibility against which a precaution is needed in advance, which is the reason why sth else is done. (Por si, caso que).

7. In that: reason+point of view.

8. That: the matrix is normally a neg exclamation or a rhetorical quest. C.S. obligatory fronted.

9. While: time+reason.

Non-finite: -ing part & to infinitive.If only: (aunque ms no sea para) to introduce that what you think is a fairly good reason for doing sth. It means roughly: even if the only reason is.

Verbless: subordinate introduced by WITH to mention only one circumstance or WHAT WITH (Entre una cosa y la otra) to mention one or more circumstances of an unspecified set.

B- Indirect reason:The reason not related to the situation in the matrix, but a motivation for the implicit speech act of the utterance to explain how is that you come to know sth.

As, as long asBecause, ForSince

Final position. Predication Adjunct.

Initial position. Cont Disjunct/Sent Adjunct

Final position. Content Disjunct.

Content Disjunct.

Final position. Predication Adjunct.

Predication Adjunct.

Content Disjunct.

Content Disjunct.

Content Disjunct.

Initial position.Final position.Initial or Final position.

11) Circumstance(Reason given in certain circumstances, in certain occasions; not at any time. El hablante le da matiz de circunstancia, una situacin determinada).

Express reason + fulfilled condition (contains a premise in the sub cl. and a conclusion drawn for it in the matrix.

As, as long as, seeing that (formal informal usage).

Since introducing a particular situation.

Inasmuch (formal): por cuanto. (In the degree that, in view of the fact that). Used to introduce a clause in which you mention sth relevant to the truth of the preceding or following statement, e.g. sth that gives a reason for it.

Now that: (ahora que) reason+temporal meaning. May be used to indicate simultaneity.

Content Disjunct.

Content Disjunct.

Content Disjunct. Initial and Final position.

Content Disjunct.

12) Purpose

The result is yet to be achieved. Therefore they generally take a modal.

Finite: These clauses introduce a negative purpose and therefore take non-assertive form (para que no).

For fear that, in case, in order that... not, lest.

She turned her face, lest he should see her tears.

If+ be (going) to: If I am to be there on time, Id better leave at once.

In order that

So (that): Go quietly so no one can hear you.

That: He eats that he may live. (Come para vivir.)

Non-finite:To infinitive - with subordinators: in order (not), so as (not) -without subordinatorsBoth can have their expressed subject of the to inf introduced by FOR.

Final position. Sentence Adjunct.

13) Result

Factual. The result is achieved.

Finite: So thatSo (formal)Such that: result+manner (de modo tal que)ThatUntil: result+time

Non-finite: -ing participle (and). He died, leaving 3 fatherless children. Content Disjunct.

14) Manner - Similarity

When the verb is dynamic theres a blend with manner.

Finite: As: in a way that is similar to the way that.The sub can be intensified by just & exactly. When the clause is in Final or Mid position, there is S-Op Inversion. He was a lawyer, as were several of his brothers.

As... so+matrix in literary style. The Cl. can express an analogy.

How: Do it how I tell you.

Like: inf AmE.

In (the-any) way (that): free syntactic constructions. (In such a way that).

Non-finite: -ed part introduced by As. -ing part.

Verbless: He sauntered down the lane, (with) his hands in his pockets.

Initial or Final position.Predication Adjunct.Sentence Adjunct.

Can be obligatory Predication Adjunct: It was just as I imagined it would be.

Makes it obligatory.

15) Comparison

Finite: As if, as thoughLike (inf. AmE)

If the comparison is factual, the verbs in the comparison follow the normal rules of temporal reference and are indicative. (Cuando el tiempo se mantiene son factual: pr+pr, past+past).

If the comp is hypothetical (lack of reality) a subjunctive or hypothetical past may be used as an alternative. (pr+past, el tiempo cambia).

Non-finite: to-inf., -ing part, -ed part As if, As though

Verbless: As if, As though.She shivered as though with cold.

Final position. Predication Adjunct.

16) Proportion

Cl. involves a kind of comparison: proportionality or equivalence of a tendency or degree bet 2 situations.

Finite: As...so (matrix cl.) formalThe+comp... the+comp. The sub is the 1st one.The more she thought about it, the worse she felt.

Non-finite: The+comp... the+comp. The sub is the 1st one.The less said about that, the happier I will be.Verbless: The+comp... the+comp. The sub is the 1st one.The simpler the business, the better off you are.

Initial or Final position.Sentence Adjunct.

17) Extent or degree

Inasmuch as: formal,(en tanto y en cuanto hasta donde).Insofar asInsofar that: formal, rare.These subord are used to introduce a clause in which you mention sth that is relevant to the truth of the preceding or following statement, for example sth that gives extent.

Only to the extent that.

Initial or Final position.Sentence Adjunct.

18) Preference

The matrix expresses the preference.The sub expresses the rejected alternative.

Non-finite: The y are usually non-finite bare inf. With or without expressed subject.

Rather than + bare infinitive.Sooner than

A preposition meaning instead of.

Finite: rare and formal, with obligatory should.

Rather than she should feel lonely, her friends arranged to take her with them on the trip.

Before: They would starve before they would surrender unconditionally.

Initial or Final position.Sentence Adjunct.

COMMENT CLAUSES

Can be Initial or Final position.Types: A- Like the matrix of the main clause: contains a transitive verb or adjective which elsewhere is followed by a that-clause as complementation.He never actually took the money, I believe. I believe that he... (Comment cl. + that-cl.)

B- Introduced by As: like an adv finite cl.I am a good writer, as you know.

C- Introduced by What: like a nom-rel cl.Whats more, weve lost all our belongings.What is even more remarkable, ...

D- Like a to-infinitive Cl.: I dont know what to do, to be honest.

E- Like an ing-part Cl.: Putting it at its lowest terms, it has little market value.

F- Like an ed part. Cl.: Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning.

Style Disjunct.

Style Disjunct.

Conjunct.

Style Disjunct.

Style Disjunct.

Style Disjunct.

SENTENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES

They modify the whole clause, and are like a comment of the matrix in which the writer/speaker shows an opinion but still refers to what it is said in the matrix. ALWAYS introduced by a WH pronoun/adverb (element).

Content Disjunct.

ADJECTIVE VERBLESS CLAUSES

The Cl. refers to an attribute of the subject. (Clauses realised by adjective phrases). The clause is mobile. (I-M-E position). Its implied subj. is the subj. of the matrix, unless the clause contains additional clause constituents, and therefore the clause can be related to a NPh other than the subj.

Attribute of the subjectAnxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. implied subject

She glanced with disgust at the cat, now quiet in her daughters lap. implied subject Attribute of the object

The implied subj. can be the whole of the matrix clause.Strange, it was she who initiated divorce proceedings.

Modifier of the subject of the matrix.

COMPARATIVE CLAUSES

Las Comparative Clauses tienen que ser FINITE para que sean clauses, sino son prepositional phrase.

A proposition expressed in the matrix is compared with a proposition expressed in the subordinate.Comparative Element: COMP element: the clause element that specifies the standard of comparison and is the hinge (nexo) bet the matrix and the Comparative Clause.

Basis of comparison expressed in the Comparative Cl.

The Comparative Cl. is the complement to the Comparative element.

Comparative Clauses of:a- Equivalence: as... as ... Not so/as... as ...

b- Of Non-equivalence: To a higher degree: more / -er... than ... To a lower degree: less/ -er... than ...

c- Of Sufficiency: enough... to infinitive

d- Of Excess: too... to infinitive

COMPARATIVE CLAUSES OF DEGREE AND RESULT

Introduce constructions that combine the notion of sufficiency or excess with that of result. They express a high degree in the matrix and the subordinate clause conveys a notion of result.Degree in the matrix, result in the subordinate.

SO: adverb premodifier of an adverb or adjective.SUCH: predeterminer.

SUCH + a + noun... that ... SO + adj./verb... that ...

Non-finite:SUCH + (as) to-infinitive SO

He was such a fool to doubt you.

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