acción climática en el nivel local. marta olazabal
TRANSCRIPT
Acción climática en el nivel local
Marta OlazabalInvestigadora postdoctoral
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
[email protected]@gmail.com Curso Postgrado sobre Cambio Climático. Madrid. 15 de junio-10 de Julio
Módulo de Acción Local (8 h). Sesión del 8-9 de julio (4 h.)
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“ Las ciudades concentran cultura, actividad económica y servicios. Es por ello que de forma creciente la población mundial es cada vez más urbanita. En consecuencia las ciudades son grandes consumidores de energía y por ello grandes generadores de emisiones de efecto invernadero. Por esta razón, las ciudades tienen un enorme potencial para pasar a la acción en cuanto a la mitigación del cambio climático. Paradójicamente, además, por concentrar la mayor parte de la población y muchas veces por localizarse en zonas de alto riesgo, las ciudades son también vulnerables a los impactos del cambio climático y es donde los procesos de adaptación deben empezar reflejarse. La participación y la implicación a todos los niveles en las estrategias de transformación es imprescindible, desde el nivel institucional hasta las iniciativas ciudadanas. La habilitación de procesos participativos para la implicación de todos los agentes en las soluciones climáticas será determinante para lograr ciudades más resilientes y con menor huella de carbono. En las ciudades emergen multitud de oportunidades para comenzar iniciativas climáticas, pero también muchas barreras como por ejemplo conciliar los distintos intereses ambientales, sociales y económicos, la financiación de las estrategias y acciones, la falta de competencias locales o la insuficiencia de recursos o conocimiento técnico para elaborar los planes de acción.“
3RESUMEN DEL MÓDULO DE ACCIÓN LOCAL
BLOQUE: Acción climática en el nivel local (8h)
• Marta Olazabal (4h) “Acción climática en el nivel local” (4h)
• Descarbonización del transporte urbano Francisco Segura (1h) • Enfoques participativos para la acción climática Federico Cardona (1h) • Caso estudio: BeWater , Se analizará un caso estudio de la
participación de la sociedad en la adaptación, desde la perspectiva del agua, al cambio global en la cuenca piloto del Tordera, en Cataluña Annelies Broekman (1h)
• Aves y clima: Ciencia ciudadana aplicada al estudio de la fenología de las aves Federico García (1h)
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Programa planificado
• Día 8 de Julio (3 horas):1.INTRODUCCIÓN: LAS CIUDADES COMO GENERADORES DE IMPACTOS Y
COMO ENTES VULNERABLES AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO2.LIDERAZGO DE LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA LOCAL: El papel de las regiones,
las redes de ciudades, las autoridades locales, el sector privado y las iniciativas ciudadanas
3.ESTADO DEL ARTE DE LA PLANIFICACIÓN ANTE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO4.ESTRATEGIAS URBANAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN5.DINÁMICA: Juego de la adaptación
• Día 9 de Julio (1 hora):– EJEMPLOS PRÁCTICOS: • MADRID: Juan Azcarate• BILBAO: Estibaliz Sanz Gogeascoa
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Preguntas para vosotros….
• ¿Qué se ha tratado sobre el nivel local (ciudades, comunidades…) hasta ahora en el curso?
• ¿Cuál es vuestra opinión sobre las oportunidades de acción en el nivel local?
• ¿Qué es lo que más os podría interesar que discutiéramos hoy?
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Introducción
• La complejidad del sistema urbano• Situación actual y proyecciones• Qué se entiende por una ciudad
resiliente al cambio climático
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1
La idea de las ciudades como generadoras de impactos…
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El metabolismo de las ciudades
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The bioregion
Impactos de la urbanización
10
Urbanization
Ecological Function Human FunctionThreshold
Adaptado de Alberti 2003
La influencia cultural y los estilos de vida
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La complejidad del sistema urbano
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infraestructuras
usuariosContexto político y cultural
Gestores y proveedores
Ecosistemas globales
RecursosCapital social
¿Donde esta el conocimiento?…
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Olazabal 2014. Tésis doctoral
• Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas
• 54 % residing in urban areas in 2014.
• In 1950, 30 % urban
• By 2050, 66 % projected to be urban.
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El mundo urbano hoy (2014)
15http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/CityDistribution/CityPopulation/CityPop.aspx
El mundo urbano mañana (2030)
16http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/CityDistribution/CityPopulation/CityPop.aspx
España
17
¿Qué está pasando?
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7 billion people in the planet
50% urban (in Europe 80%) (WUP, 2014)
15% ageing (more than 65) in industrialised countries
827.6 million in slums (UN, 2010)
Resource consumption is 10 times larger than 100 years ago
50% of the global services are concentrated in cities (Espon, 2010)
Cities account for between 71 % and 76 % of CO2 emissionsfrom global final energy use and between 67 – 76 % ofglobal energy use (Seto et al. 2014)
Picture: Randy Olson, National Geographic, January 2011
El poder económico de las ciudades
19McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities
20
McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities
21McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities
Impactos de un mundo más urbanita
Global Resource demand:(2030 scenario, IEA 2008; UN 2009)
• food 50%• water 30%• energy 73% 76% CO2 emissions by 2030
Worsen by global environmental projections:
• Peak oil (Newman 2009)
• Climatic change (IPCC 2014)
• Environmental degradation (UN-Habitat 2011)
22
23
La idea de las ciudades como ENTES VULNERABLES…
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CRISIS: CLIMATIC, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, RESOURCE SCARCITY….
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26
UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.
27UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.
28UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.
Urban projections
29
¿Serán las ciudades capaces de hacer frente a estos retos con la práctica actual
en gestión y planificación urbana o si mantenemos nuestro estilo de vida?
30Olazabal 2014. Thesis dissertation
Employment generation in
cities, Services centralization
Rural urban migration
50% of the population is living in cities
Cities occupy just 2 % of the Earth’s land,
but concentrate ~50% of the
services
Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies,
sewage, the living environment, land and biodiversity.
Ecosystem services degradation,
resource exhaustion, health problems, rise of the cost of living
Poverty, social
exclusion, socio-
economic inequalities
CITIES COMPLEXITY
Complejidad en la dinámica de lasciudades y su
entorno
A simplified DPSIR* approach to cities* Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response analysis
Drivers
Pressures
State
Impact
Responses
Drivers
Drivers
Conceptos de modaResiliencia y Transformación: Transiciones urbanas
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¿Qué es la resiliencia urbana?
32
Chelleri et al. 2015
¿Qué es la resiliencia urbana? (II)
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Es crucial distinguir:
• Retornar al estado inicial
• Mantener la habilidad de volver al estado inicial
resiliencia
resistencia
VS.
Ingredientes básicos de la resiliencia urbana
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Capacidad de aprendizaje
1. GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO
2. PROCESOS DE PARTICIPACIÓN E INTEGRACIÓN DE AGENTES
MultifuncionalCapacidad para la reorganización
Capacidad identificar las oportunidades
Transferibilidad
Redundancia
Conectividad
Flexibilidad
Capacidad para gestionar la
incertidumbre
Características de la gestión
Características del sistema
Herramientas
Gestión urbana basada en la resiliencia
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Vision of the new Albano Resilient Campus. Stocholm Resilience Centre
El reto de las ciudades es implementar procesos y tecnologías que faciliten:
ADAPTACIÓN TRANSFORMACIÓN
Ante cambios como…. Escasez de recursos Desastres naturales Envejecimiento de la población Crisis económicas ….
Para ello se debe promover: Tecnologías adaptables y flexibles Gestión basada en la auto-organización y el aprendizaje
¿Qué es una ciudad resilience al cambio climático - climate resilient city?
• A city able to face climate change by preventing, recovering and adapting through:– social learning and – technology development– Natural and semi-natural areas
conservation© Marta Olazabal
Bottom photo sources: (1) http://www.flickr.com/photos/mogello/3322876987/ (2) http://www.flickr.com/photos/ugacommunications/6287226274/ (3) http://www.flickr.com/photos/lhoon/130737118/
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Photo Sources: (1) http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_virginia/7797524340/ (2) http://www.flickr.com/photos/zrimshots/2323190486/lightbox/ (3) http://www.flickr.com/photos/perambara/5353880406/ (4) http://www.flickr.com/photos/steveharris/2796792781/ (5) http://www.flickr.com/photos/thegaffneys/2989623282/ (6) http://www.flickr.com/photos/sossaheluk/4773719253/
¿Qué es una transición urbana?
• A transition is a process of continuous adjustments which lead to a transformation in the city functioning model• There are many actors• Transitions can be leaded by
institutions or by social movements • There are many instruments to
seed transitions• A transition requires intention,
investment and participation
Source: http://www.transitionnetwork.org/
Photo source: http://www.solarregion.freiburg.de/solarregion/freiburg_solar_city.php
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Time scale
Sust
aina
bilit
y
Tran
sfor
mab
ility
Perceived urban crisis
Path 1
Path 2b
Path 3
Learning process, proactive attitude, innovation
Creativity, innovation, social change, technology-based process
Urban lock-in, no significant behavioural change in society nor in governance
Optimization of resources. Short term planning
Short term planning, unsustainable patterns, triumph of economic interests.
Path 2a
PATH 1: Easy and natural process to Low carbon, sustainable and resilient city based on long term planning supported by a participative learning process
PATH 2a: Low carbon, sustainable and resilient city achieved through a longer process with high costs for human welfare, environment and economic development. T = Time difference with Path 1
PATH 2b: Medium sustainability and small adaptations enough to maintain the environmental quality. No stimulation for real transition. No change in lifestyles and steady-state urban model.
PATH 3: policy making based on short term planning. Scepticism aboutresources crisis, hazards risk or new environmental conditions. No acceptance of the need of change. Unsustainable habits maintained. Development characterised by continuous crisis, incremental environmental degradation, inequity and poverty.
NOW?
T
Re-organization
Olazabal M. 2014. Thesis dissertation
Liderazgo de la acción climática local
• Ingredientes del cambio• Diferentes iniciativas (internacionales,
nacionales, publicas, privadas….)• ….
40
2
Ingredientes del cambio
Transition
Social behavioural
change
Land-use, urban planning &
design culture
Technology development
Post Carbon Transitions Conference, Brussels 29th Sept 2011
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Ingredientes del cambio
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Tipos de iniciativas
• Iniciativas públicas–Autoridades locales–Redes de ciudades (regionales, nacionales,
internacionales…)–Sociedad civil (asociaciones, comunidades…)–….
• Iniciativas del sector privado–Empresas–Entidades financieras–….
• Iniciativas público-privadas43
REDES DE CIUDADES
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The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, now in its 10th year, connects more than 75 of the world’s greatest cities, representing 550+ million people and one quarter of the global economy
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http://www.compactofmayors.org/
Nueva iniciativa internacional que integra acciones de mitigación y adaptación
• Compromiso voluntario de mejorar la eficiencia energética y utilizar fuentes de energía renovable en sus territorios:– superar >20 % las
emisiones de CO2 2020.– Inventario de emisiones
base–Plan de Acción de Energía
Sostenible (PAES ó SEAP)• 6451 firmantes• > 200,000,000
habitantes
• 2008 paquete de medidas de CC y energía de la UE Covenant of Mayors: 80% del consumo de energía y de las emisiones de CO2 son urbanas.
• Único movimiento europeo que moviliza agentes regionales y locales para cumplir objetivos europeos.
• Modelo excepcional de gobernanza multinivel
¿A qué se comprometen las ciudades?
1.Visibility and communication on cities‟ commitment to adaptation,
2.Practical and technical support in the form of a helpdesk for operational questions, information and engagement with the initiative,
3.Knowledge support through guidance materials and tools for cities,
4.Synergies with the Covenant of Mayors and other relevant initiatives.
¿Qué ofrece?
1.Publicar una estrategia– Independiente– Integrada en planes existentes
2. Seguir una serie de pasos– Estudiar las vulnerabilidades– Determinar y evaluar las
medidas de adaptación y priorizarlas
– Aplicarlas– Supervisarlas (monitorización)– Presentar informe (cada 2 años)– Adecuar la estrategia en
consecuencia
Comienza en Marzo de 2014
291 firmantes (2013)
Situación internacional
Castan Broto, V., Bulkeley, H., 2013. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23, 92-102.
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Climate experiments in cities: what is the focus? who leads?
•Database of 627 urban climate change experiments in 100 global cities.• Although experimentation is heterogeneous,
energy experiments predominate.•While municipal governments have a critical
role in climate change experimentation, Multiple actors, often through partnership• Experimentation led by private actors emerges
in Asia.
INICIATIVAS SOCIEDAD CIVIL
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Iniciativas sociedad civilCity Countr
ySector Name Leading
ActorPartners Objectives Mode of
Governance
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Built Environment
Centro Experimental de Produccion
CBO No partnership Develop new low-cost materials to be used in sustainable housing
Private
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Built Environment
Ecocasas CBO No partnership Build eco-houses in slums around Buenos Aires (mostly pilot projects)
Private
Sydney
Australia
Urban Infrastructure-Energy
Randwick Local Government Emissions Trading Scheme
CBO Local Government
Reduce GHG emissions with a emissions trading scheme Self-governing
Bogota
Colombia
Urban Form Eco-barrios, un barrio de borde ambiental
CBO Local Government
Institutional system to develop projects of local interest in each neighbourhood, particularly environmental projects
Private
Quito Ecuador
Adaptation Urban agriculture projects CBO Local Government
Build the resilience of citizen's by providing local sources of food and livelihoods through urban agriculture
Enabling
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Urban Infrastructure-Energy
Ignis CBO Private IGNIS "Income Generation & Climate Protection by valorising municipal solid wastes" is hoping to do small scale projects and scenario simulation to valorise municipal solid waste in Addis Ababa and explore whether this model can be exported to other mega-cities
Private
Berlin Germany
Built Environment
Living dream and living space
CBO No partnership Build a sustainable communal urban village community with 19 buildings housing 70 people
Private
Munich
Germany
Transport Car 'lent' (Münchner Autofasten 2009)
CBO CBO Car use awareness raising and reduce C02 emissions through the aggregation of activities from all participants
Private
Tel Aviv
Israel Built Environment
Ecological housing project CBO Local Government
Construct an ecological building including smart lighting systems, recycled use of gray water (water generated from laundry and bathing) for irrigation or cooling, charging spots for electric motor scooters, etc.
Enabling
Warsaw
Poland Built Environment
The Housing Project for Soldiers
CBO No partnership Meet the housing needs of the Polish Armed forces providing high quality, affordable, energy-saving homes in 2,200 apartments in 13 locations
Provision
Warsaw
Poland Built Environment
Thermo - modernization of a residential building
CBO Private Private
City of Warsaw
Bangkok
Thailand
Adaptation Network of wetland communities
CBO No partnership Organise the local communities to lobby the government and act upon climate change impacts
Private
Bangkok
Thailand
Adaptation Aquaculture adaptation measures
CBO No partnership Measures to prevent coastal erosion associated with climate change impacts
Private
Ankara
Turkey Urban Form Urban agriculture Atatürk Forest Farm in Ankara
CBO No partnership Establish a urban agriculture program with multiple objectives including palliate urban heating, provide public green spaces and food, provide livelihoods, educate
Private
Istanbul
Turkey Built Environment
Energy efficiency in municipal buildings
CBO Local Government
Promote energy saving measures in municipal buildings Self-governing
Birmingham
UK Built Environment
Norhtfield ecocentre building
CBO Local Government
Monitor building use to find out our impact on the environment and implement sustainable technologies
Enabling
Birmingham
UK Built Environment
Summerfield Eco-Housing CBO Local Government
Improve energy efficiency and reduce fuel bills Enabling
London
UK Built Environment
C60 Project - Sanford Housing Cooperative
CBO NGO Retrofit housing buildings as part of carbon reduction strategy
Enabling
Manchester
UK Built Environment
Hulme Energy Action Team CBO Local Government
Reduce CO2 emissions and save money on fuel bills setting a cooperative to buy energy and deliver "affordable warmth"
Self-governing
Manchester
UK Urban Infrastructure-Energy
Horizon Energy Co-operative Microgrid
CBO No partnership Create a Virtual power plant from renewable resources across greater Manchester to deliver renewable energy to the National Grid
Private
Boston
US Urban Form Tent City Project CBO Local Government
Create an affordable, mixed-income, racially and ethnically integrated housing community to replace housing lost to urban renewal clearance and help create a residential neighbourhood which would become an integral part of the South End community, by including neighbourhood shops, pre-school day care facilities and a community meeting room, all to serve both the Tent City Housing and the greater community
Enabling
Chicago
US Built Environment
Near North Appartments CBO Local Government
Build supportive housing for homeless and disadvantaged people (single room occupancy)
Provision
Minneapolis
US Urban Infrastructure-Energy
Minnesota Solar Tours CBO Local Government
Provide tours to demonstrate the solar energy in Minnesota Enabling
Minneapolis
US Transport Hourcar CBO No partnership Create tools for energy efficient living. For example, hourcar gives people in the 'twin city' region the tool to minimize car travel, and result in cleaner air, fewer GHG emissions and improve health
Enabling
New York
US Urban Form Intervale Green and Louis Nine House
CBO State Government
Create a mixed use development of 128 affordable and sustainable housing for low-income and formerly homeless families and commercial storefronts
Regulation (hard and soft)
New York
US Urban Infrastructure-Energy
EcoBiZNy CBO No partnership Help small businesses, students, and the general public to actively reduce air pollution, carbon emissions and airborne environmental health hazards in NYC through environmental auditing, education, and action
Private
New York
US Urban Infrastructure- Waste
Manhattan Composting Project
CBO No partnership Promote and facilitate composting Enabling
Philadelphia
US Built Environment
Friends Center Building Project
CBO Private Demonstrate ways of thinking in harmony with nature, by preserving existing buildings (dating back to 1856), through materials choice, adopting sustainable technologies and living differently in a sustainable space
Private
Philadelphia
US Transport Bike Pottstown Bike Share Project
CBO Private Provide a free bike sharing community project Enabling
Philadelphia
US Urban Form Rag Factory Flats/Onion Flats
CBO Private Convert run down industrial sites into sustainable, residential and mixed use projects
Regulation (hard and soft)
San Francisco
US Transport City Car Share CBO No partnership Provide convenient, affordable access to cars so that we can reduce individual car dependence
Regulation (hard and soft)
San Francisco
US Urban Form Plaza Apartments CBO Private Promote environmentally-appropriate design in affordable housing construction. To develop a socially and environmentally sustainable approach that provides permanent, supportive housing for chronically homeless individuals.
Enabling
Seattle
US Built Environment
Switch CBO Local Government
Demonstrate a cost-effective and immediate way to increase residential energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through incremental behavior change and participation in a formalized energy conservation program; the program will weatherize over 10,000 low-income households and train 150 for entry-level conservation career positions
Enabling
Seattle
US Carbon Sequestration
Green Seattle Partnership CBO Local Government
Raising funds, volunteers, and public awareness to restore 2500 acres of forested city park lands
Enabling
Castan Broto and Bulkeley, 2013
Ejemplo: Transition Towns
• Transition is a quiet revolution around the world. • It's an idea about the future, an
optimistic, practical idea. • And it's a movement everybody
can join. • Transition towns', or Transition
group • thousands of communities in 40
countries around the world.• Transition towns, cities,
neighbourhoods, projects, enterprises, universities, schools, livelihoods...
EL PAPEL DEL SECTOR PRIVADO
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Modalidades de compromiso del sector privado• Partnerships with city governments for the provision of technologies, the construction and operation of infrastructures, the
provision of insurance. (Almost all cities)
• Companies are a key vehicle for implementing climate change strategies as they have to comply with regulations for energy saving and GHG emissions mitigation, such as standards, rating systems, or cap-and-trade schemes. This ensures their motivation in engaging in climate mitigation and adaptation activities. (All cities)
• Low carbon and resilient urban development provides business opportunities for innovative products and services in myriad sectors, including transport, waste, energy, civil construction, …..(Many cities but outstanding examples are Mexico City and São Paulo)
• Companies may receive support for financing the implementation of low carbon technologies, for renewable energy deployment, and for exploiting new business opportunities. (e.g. Tokyo and Mexico City)
• Companies can increase efficiency and productivity, and provide funding for climate-related solutions if correctly incentivized. (e.g. São Paulo)
• Companies can help in advocacy and generate mass awareness especially when they are subject to disclosure requirements about their GHG emissions and climate risks. (Many cities)
• Private business can collaborate with tertiary education and research institutions in the search of innovation excellence in the area of mitigation. (e.g. Copenhagen). Scientific information is key to inform business management decisions to ensure business resilience within climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies (e.g. New York).
• Local entrepreneurship and foreign private capital are drivers of urban transformation, growth and competitiveness (e.g. Copenhagen).
64REF: Schwarze et al. (Chapter 7) in Rosenzweig C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, T. Bowman, and S. Ali Ibrahim. 2015. ARC3.2 Full report. Urban Climate Change Research Network. Columbia University. New York. NOW AVAILABLE: SUMMARY FOR city leaders
Sectors Examples
BankingFinancial services (micro) Insurance(micro) Finance
- Financing infrastructure resilience and affordable housing solutions.- Catastrophe-linked securities to transfer risks of extreme weather events.- Financing for farmers affected by weather risks.- Weather-related insurance for crops and forests. - Weather derivatives for electricity utilities
Healthcare and preventive care
- Products to prevent water-related illnesses.- Treatments and vaccines for climate-related diseases.- Mosquito control.- Eye care products for treatment of sun exposure, allergies, glaucoma, and infections.
Urban infrastructure - Waste management and sanitation.- Water management and desalination.- Low-energy buildings, green infrastructure and retrofitting.- Off-grid energy and renewable energy.- Urban public transport, bikeways and railways.- Drainage and roadway construction/elevation.
Materials - Insulating foams for temperature regulation.- Chemical to bond roof tiles in hurricane areas.- Stronger building materials.- Systems to protect dikes from wave impacts.
Manufacturing and industrials
- Electric and hybrid vehicles.- New lighting solutions.- Cleaner coal technologies.- Biodegradable products.- Flood/drought-resistant seeds.
Livelihood promotion - Mobile auction system enabling farmers to improve their livelihoods. - SMS broadcast to distribute messages on weather information.- Restoration of ecosystems providing income generation opportunities (including revenues from
carbon market through carbon sequestration).
Information and communication technology
- Mobile technology to manage water footprint.- Digital solutions to dematerialize processes and services.- Smart grid solutions.
Services and consulting - Risk assessments and management frameworks.- Energy efficiency and management solutions (including energy service company – ESCOs).- Environmental analysis and training.
Waste and pollution control and recycling
- Mobile and stationary air pollution source controls.- Water conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse technologies.- Pulp and paper, aluminum and electronic recycling.
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Oportunidades para el sector
privado
REF: Schwarze et al. (Chapter 7) in Rosenzweig C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, T. Bowman, and S. Ali Ibrahim. 2015. ARC3.2 Full report. Urban Climate Change Research Network. Columbia University. New York. NOW AVAILABLE: SUMMARY FOR city leaders
66
REVI ET AL. 2014
Estado del arte de la planificación climática local
• Europa• España
67
3
Políticas/planificación urbana y cambio climático
68
Elaboración de planes de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero1. Identificar sectores más contribuyentes (INVENTARIO BASE DE EMISIONES)2. Identificar medidas de reducción3. Priorizar e implementar
Elaboración de planes de adaptación al cambio climático4. Identificar vulnerabilidades (EVALUACIÓN DE IMPACTOS Y RIESGOS en base a
ESCENARIOS)5. Identificar alternativas de adaptación6. Priorizar e implementar
Ciclo de la planificación
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Diagnóstico
Establecimiento de
objetivos
Definición de medidas
Priorización
Implementación de las medidas
Seguimiento y evaluación
Reformulació
n
Procesos participativos
Situación en europa
Reckien, D., et al. 2014. Climate change response in Europe: what's the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries. Climatic Change 122, 331-340
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Datos y método
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Mitigation and adaptation plans
type of documents: approved, published, or in development (if a draft was made available)
Spatial coverage: entire urban area or city regionCollection method:
1.Internet search2.Contact city officers (to confirm or to ask for a draft)
72
73
Situación en eSPAÑA
Olazabal, M. et al. 2014. How are Italian and Spanish Cities tackling climate change? A local comparative study. BC3 Working Paper Series, 2014-2. Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Bilbao, Spain
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Estado del arte
75
26 Spanish cities32 Italian cities
Urban Audit (UA) database (Eurostat)
Representative Robust methodology
Olazabal et al. 2014
+ relevant-plans (Last update 2013)
MITIGATION
76
The adhesion to RECC not crucial in the development of plans. 21 cities are signatories of CoM
Mitigation topic % of Spanish plans*
addressing the topic
Energy saving 83.3
Energy efficiency 83.3
Renewable energies 77.8
Heating from renewable energies
11.1
Waste management 61.1
Urban planning 22.2
Agriculture 5.6
Transportation 72.2
Intramunicipal reorganization
11.1
Buildings (e.g. Heating) 83.3
MITIGATION
77
ADAPTATION
78
• National guidance (RECC 2011)• Only 27% have CCA (3) or CCAR (4) plans
(integrated in energy plans)• Only 1 is published and approved
(Zaragoza)
84% of the cities have a vulnerability index of 4 or higher (ESPON 2011) Adaptation topic % of Spanish plans
addressing the topic
Urban planning and development
42.9
Flood protection 57.1
Forest management 42.9
Agriculture 28.6
Water management 57.1
Health aspects 85.7
• Only 2 cities have developed a VA (Valencia and Vitoria-Gasteiz)Valencia: currentVitoria-Gasteiz: 2050 and 2100
• Other two cities have looked at regional climate scenarios (Zaragoza and Madrid)
Actualización: De Gregorio Hurtado, S., Olazabal, M., Salvia, M., Pietrapertosa, F., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., D’Alonzo, V., Si Leo, S., Reckien, D. 2015. Understanding How and Why Cities Engage with Climate Policy: An Analysis of Local Climate Action in Spain and Italy. TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 8 (Special Issue ECCA 2015). 23-46. DOI (10.6092/1970-9870/3649). .
ESTRATEGIAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN
• Tipos de medidas y oportunidades• Ejemplos de intervenciones• Mitigación• Adaptación• Tensiones entre mitigación y adaptación 79
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81Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mahatsorri/with/5465992977/
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Characteristic Opportunity Benefits / GoalsHigh density of built areas
Efficiency gains reducing resource and energy consumption
Maintain cost of living, reduce ecological footprint . Economic benefits
High density of industries and businesses
Technological innovation and Industrial ecology
Decoupling local economy from resource consumption
High density of knowledge
Social innovation, learning, social movements
Activism, active disposition, education, innovation, flexibility
Diversity of people and cultures
Creativity, ideas, knowledge generation
Creation of innovation hubsAdaptive Capacity
Urbanization concentration
Limitation of impacts on ecosystems (soil, water resources, biodiversity)
Quality and efficiency in the provision of ecosystem servicesReduction of ecological footprint
Concentration and diversity of services
Reduce transport needs, increase accessibility
Attraction and competitiveness
Typical characteristics of urbanized areas and opportunities to be fostered
Oportunidades
88Olazabal 2014, Thesis dissertation.
Tipos de medidas (mitigación y adaptación)
• Planificación espacial: distribución de usos….• Infraestructurales: nuevas infraestructuras ó
rediseño• Tecnológicas: eficiencia, nuevos materiales…• Regulatorias: impuestos, códigos, ….• Sociales (hábitos y comportamiento):
informativas, educación y aprendizaje….•Organizativas: planes de emergencia, alertas
tempranas
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Mitigación y adaptación
¡La adaptación necesita una buena base de mitigación!Ejemplo: necesidad de mejorar el confort dentro de las viviendas durante las olas de calor….. ¿aire acondicionado? Existen otras tecnologías a base de intercambio de calor que podrían sustituir al aire acondicionado.
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EJEMPLOS de intervencionesMitigación
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Objetivos de la mitigación
• THE UNDERLYING DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS IN CITIES ARE LARGELY THE SAME:
–Buildings have inefficient heating and cooling, lighting, and refrigeration systems - their walls, windows and roofs leak heat in the winter and cold in the summer.–Solid waste landfills release methane – a
greenhouse gas agent 23 times more potent than CO2 – as garbage decays.–Most of the energy used for outdoor
lighting becomes waste heat rather than producing light.–Heavy traffic congestion in cities generates
significant emissions and reduces worker productivity.–Most water systems waste significant
water and energy as a result of leaks and losses.
C40.org
93Seto et al. 2014* Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
94Seto et al. 2014
EJEMPLOS de intervencionesAdaptación
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Riesgos y potencial adaptación en zonas urbanas
97Revi et al. 2014
98Revi et al. 2014
99Revi et al. 2014
100Revi et al. 2014
101Revi et al. 2014
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Grabbs 2008
Medidas de adaptación
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Revi et al. 2014
104Dawson 2011
PLANES URBANOS DE REFERENCIA Adaptación
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Ciudades pioneras y casos ejemplares
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• Londres, Reino Unido• Copenhague, Dinamarca• Nueva York, USA• Rotterdam, Países Bajos• Durban, Sudáfrica• Quito, Ecuador• Chicago, USA• ……..
Rotterdam's Floating PavilionROTTERDAM MARKETING
Londres
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• Simulación de áreas inundadas sin las barreras del Támesis y el Hull
• Subida del nivel del mar en diciembre 2013• La peor en 60 años
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/09/london-flooding-thames-barrier-picture_n_4411086.html
La gran motivación….
Londres
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• Temperaturas extremas más frecuentes• Trombas de agua más frecuentes• Veranos más secos, inviernos más húmedos• Reducción de la humedad del suelo en verano• Aumento del nivel del mar• Potencial aumento de la velocidad del viento
Londres
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Estrategia del Gran Londres (Greater London), 2011
• Gran Londres está comprendida por 32 municipios y la Ciudad de Londres
Primer Plan local de adaptación al cambio climático en el mundo (2007): City of London
Londres
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Ciudad de Londres,
AyuntamientoProveedores de servicios:
agua, transporte, energía, residuos,
teleco, emergencias, salud
y educación.
Empresas y comerciantes
(inc. promotores y propietarios)
Residentes !!
Londres
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Las opciones de adaptación están agrupadas en:
• Investigación• Políticas• Acciones prácticas
Y categorizadas en:
‘No-regret’
‘Low-regret’
‘Win-win’
‘Flexible’
Trabajando por la resiliencia
Avanzando hacia una gestión adaptativa
Copenhague
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• Copenhague tiene un largo recorrido en adaptación por los constantes daños ocurridos a los sistemas de alcantarillado etc. por lluvias torrenciales.
• 1.040 M$ en daños en Copenhague por una única tormenta en 2011
Copenhague
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• Más trombas de agua• Mayores subidas el nivel del mar• Más altas temperaturas y efecto de isla de calor
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/568851/copenhagen_adaption_plan.pdf
Copenhague
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Plan de Adaptación al CC premiado (Index award 2013) por su robustez y por su alta contribución de soluciones sostenibles al futuro.
Copenhague
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En concreto y en relación con las lluvias torrenciales:
1) Aumento de sistemas de alcantarillado, almacenamiento subterráneo y estaciones de bombeo
2) Gestión del agua de lluvia de manera local en vez de guiarla al sistema de alcantarillado
3) Garantizar que la inundación tenga lugar donde produzca menos daños
3 niveles de adaptación!
1. Si el riesgo es alto, PREVENCIÓN DEL DAÑO2. Si la prevención es imposible (técnica o
económicamente), minimización del daño3. Como base, reducción de la vulnerabilidad
Nueva York
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• Olas de calor y temperaturas extremas• Subidas el nivel del mar y tormentas• Sequías e inundaciones
Plan lanzado en 2013 en respuesta al Huracán Sandy (2012).
Tormenta de nieve 2007: • 70 cm de nieve• 77 muertos• Cortes de suministro eléctrico• Disrupciones de transporte• ….
Nueva York
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Plan 19.500 M$Conocido como el más ambicioso del mundo• 250 iniciativas (inundaciones costeras y tormentas principalmente)• Todas documentadas y valoradas económicamente• Últimos modelos del IPCC (5º informe)
Planes por cada distrito/barrios. Ejemplo: Manhattan Sur
Nueva York
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• Dirigido y desarrollado por un panel de expertos (reconocidos mundialmente)
• Elaborado para su uso por los agentes en su implementación. 3 cuadernos de trabajo:
1. Información de riesgos climáticos (tendencias, proyecciones y potenciales riesgos en infraestructuras críticas)
2. Guía de evaluación de la adaptación: ayuda a los agentes para que puedan implementar las acciones
3. Guía de evaluación de niveles de protección climáticos: ayuda para la evaluación de políticas, ordenanzas y leyes de gestión de infraestructuras
Reflexión final…
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Reflexiones sobre las transiciones urbanas hacia la sostenibilidad
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CITIES ARE DRIVERS OF IMPACTS BUT ALSO DRIVERS OF CHANGE
1. Cities are victims, drivers of impacts and experimentation places2. Urgent and radical actions needed
TRANSITIONS REQUIRE INTENTION
3. Transitions may be unknown, but the direction can be established and sustained
4. No model of sustainable and resilient city5. Success depends on the combination of measures, the timing and will of
the different socio-economic groups
GOVERNANCE AND SOCIETY INVOLVEMENT IS CRITIC
6. Through technology but also through society’s mobilization7. Societal limits to adaptation, and therefore, to transformation8. Participation is essential in transition envisage
OPPORTUNITY OF CHANGE
INTENTION
PARTICIPATION
Olazabal 2014
Conclusiones
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1. Hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático a nivel urbano requieren:
Soporte científico para generar la información necesariaCanales de transmisión de la información adecuados Instrumentos de implementación efectivos y flexibles
Solo así puede generarse un marco adecuado de gestión adaptativa que permita un desarrollo deseable de la ciudad minimizando los riesgos
potenciales.
1. Promover estrategias para incrementar la resiliencia urbana implica:
procesos de generación de información, aprendizaje y comunicación,
actitud flexible, abierta e integradora
Comunicar, entender y actuar
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“To paraphrase Charles Darwin “It is not the strongest of the cities that will survive, but rather the ones most responsive to change”.”
(Dawson 2011)
• Y ahora …. ¿cuál es vuestra opinión sobre las oportunidades de acción en el nivel local?
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Espero que haya sido interesante
Marta Olazabal
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REFERENCIAS
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