07czajlik 2008 libre

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Rgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon 2008

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Czajlik Zoltn Bdcs Andrs Rupnik Lszl Winkler Mni

Lgi fnykpezses

rgszeti kutatsok

Magyarorszgon 2008-ban

(Rvid beszmol az ELTERgszettudomnyi IntzetnekTrinformatikai Kutatlaboratriumbanfoly munkrl)

Lgi fnykpes kutatsi programunkban az OTKA ki-emelt tmogatsnak ksznheten 2008-ban Tolnamegyben befejeztk, Komrom-Esztergom s Gyr-Moson-Sopron megyben pedig folytattuk a lgifot-

lelhelyek bejrst. Az jonnan azonostott lgifot-lelhelyek nagy szma indokolta a tovbbi Fejr megyeiterepjrsokat. Ugyancsak folytattuk az skori fldvrakbejrst, amelyet 2008 szeptembertl a Bolyai Kuta-tsi sztndj is tmogat. Bdcs Andrs elksztettePannonia provincia magyarorszgi rszn a rmai korithlzat rekonstrukcijt. Az skori fldvrak llapot-felmrsn tl rszletes kutatsokat s szondz satstvgeztnk Btn, az reghegyen, a falusias teleplsekkzl pedig Rckeresztron a Malontai t nev lel-helyen vgeztnk prbafeltrst.

A 2008-as ks tavaszikora nyri idszak idjrsalehetv tette, hogy prilis vgtl jlius kzepig 16alkalommal, sszesen 57 ra idtartammal vgezznkfeldert kutatst. A gyakori feldertsek, a technikaifejlesztsek s a folyamatos terepi adatgyjts eredm-nyeknt 343 j, illetve lgirgszetileg korbban nemdokumentlt lelhelyet azonostottunk (1. kp). Azeredmnyessg kiugr nvekedse mg tovbbi rszle-tes elemzseket ignyel, jelentsnk szempontjbllegfontosabb kvetkezmny mindenesetre az, hogy nemvllalkozhatunk valamennyi lelhely megemltsre,csupn a legfontosabb lelhelytpusok bemutatsra.1

Fldvrak s tell-teleplsek kutatsaSajnos, a 2008/2009-es tl sem kedvezett az ismert, deerds terleteken lv fldvrak kutatsnak. A felde-rt cl kutatsok sorn azonban tbb erdtst doku-mentltunk, gy Tolnanmedin a Gynti-dlben kettsrkot, Jszalsszentgyrgyn a Kt-laposban rokkalhatrolt teleplst figyeltnk meg. Tovbbi, fldvrak-ra utal nyomokat szleltnk Kunpeszren a Birka-jrs2-nl (2. kp) s Magyarkeszin a Tita-rten. Fentiekalapjn az sszes fnykpezett fldvr szma a kzp-kori erdtseket, illetve a lgi fnykpezseink sornjonnan megismert fldvrakat is figyelembe vve

1 A lgi felvteleket Czajlik Zoltn, az elemzseket s illesztseketRupnik Lszl ksztette.

Zoltn Czajlik Andrs Bdcs Lszl Rupnik Mni Winkler

Aerial photographic archaeological

investigations in Hungary in 2008

(Short report on the activity of the 3DLaboratory of the Archaeological Instituteof the ELTE)

In 2008, owing to the special support of the OTKA, weterminated the survey of the aerial photographic sitesin Tolna county and continued the project in Kom-rom-Esztergom and Gyr-Moson-Sopron counties. Thehigh number of recently identified aerial photograph-ic sites justified field walking in Fejr county. The in-spections of the prehistoric earthen forts were contin-

ued, which was also supported by the Bolyai ResearchGrant from September 2008. Andrs Bdcs has pre-pared the reconstruction of the Roman period roadsystem on the Hungarian territory of Pannonia prov-ince. Beside the assessment of the conditions of theprehistoric earthen forts, we conducted detailed inves-tigations and test excavations at Bta, reghegy, andat the site Malontai Road in Rckeresztr from amongthe rural settlements.

The weather in late spring and early summer af-forded 16 prospecting tours (57 hours) from late Aprilto the middle of July. In result of the frequent prospect-ing tours, the technical developments and the continu-ous data collection in the fields, 343 new sites and onesthat had not been documented with aerial archaeo-logical methods were identified (Fig. 1). The suddenincrease of the positive results needs further detailedanalyses. The major consequence from the respect ofthis report is that we cannot mention all the sites, onlythe most important site types will be described.1

Investigation of earthen forts and tellsettlementsRegrettably, the winter of 2008/2009 did not favour theinvestigation of earthen forts standing in forests. Nev-

ertheless, we could document a series of fortificationsduring prospecting tours: a double trench was observedat Tolnanmedi Gynti-dl and a settlement enclosedby trenches at Jszalsszentgyrgy, Kt-lapos. Tracesimplying earthen forts were spotted at Birka-jrs 2 inKunpeszr (Fig. 2)and at Tita-rt in Magyarkeszi. Ac-cordingly, the total number of the photographedearthen forts was 219 in 2008, including the medievalfortifications and the earthen forts that were recentlydiscovered by aerial photography. Here we have tomention the fortification trace photographed at Telki-

1 Zoltn Czajlik took the aerial photos and Lszl Rupnik preparedthe analyses and the fittings.


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2008-ban 219. Itt kell megemltennk Telkiben a Hegyi-dlben fnykpezett erdtsnyomot, amelynek kr-nykrl az MRT 7. ktete rpd-kori/kzpkori lel-helyet jelez.2

Az alfldi terleteken a fldvrak kutatst ssze-

kapcsoltuk a tellek fnykpezsvel. A szmos tell tele-plsnl, gy pl. Polgron a Csszhalom s a Bosnyk-domb esetben kimutatott s feltrt krrkok alapjnnem volt meglep, hogy a tellek lgi fnykpes llapot-felmrse3sorn is gyakran figyeltk meg ismert, derszletesen nem kutatott (pl. Jszdzsa, Kpolna-halom)s korbban nem szlelt krrkok (pl. Szegvr, Tz-kves?) nyomt. Ennek alapjn bizonyos alfldi,valsznleg krrokkal hatrolt, enyhn kiemelked,de terepen mg nem azonostott terleteken tell-tele-plsek nyomt sejtjk, amelyre 2008-ban Nagymgocs,Cscs-telekszolglt pldval (3. kp).4

Rmai kori utak kutatsaAz tkutatsi programban elrt jabb eredmnyek kzlemltst rdemelnek azok az albbi lelhelyek, ahol avonalas jelensgek mindenkppen egykori tra utalnak,st megjelensk, vonalvezetsk alapjn valsznlega rmai utak tulajdonsgait5mutatjk:

rtny, Cserefld s Temeti-dl: rtnytl D-re ktkb. 1,5 km hossz, nylegyenes vonalvezets, szgbenmegtr szakaszbl ll egykori t nyomai ltszanak,amely a Koppnyt valsznleg Koppnysznttl Ny-raszelte t.Fadd, Haris (4. kp): Fadd-tl Ny-ra a Haris nev r-szen a rmai limest egy szakaszt sikerlt szlelni.A kutatsban mr ismert D-i irny nyomvonal6jlkivehet a kpen. Az t rszleteinek megfigyelst anvnyzet llapota nem tette lehetv.

Naszly, Sndor-kti-dl 2.: Naszlytl D-re jl ki-veheten egykori t kt prhuzamos rka ltszott agabonban. Irnya (NyNyKDK) nem illeszkedik a

2 Dinnys I.Kvri K.Lovag Zs.Tettamanti S.Topl J.TormaI.: Pest megye rgszeti topogrfija. A budai s szentendrei jrs.Budapest, 1986. 324, 32/8. lelhely

3 Az jkkori s bronzkori tellek Raczky Pl ltal vezetett katasz-terezsi programjrl lsd: Anders, A. Czajlik, Z. Csnyi, M. Nagy, E. Gy. Raczky, P. Trnoki, J.:Archaeological registerof tell settlements in Hungary. Proceedings of the CAA 2008,Budapest, kzls alatt.

4 Korbban Srndon a Csuka-halomnl figyeltnk meg hasonlt:Czajlik 2005, 125.

5 Jellemz rjuk az egyenes vonalvezets s az oldalrkok meg-lte. Bvebben lsd: Bdcs,A.: Neue Angaben zur Forschungrmischer Landstrassen in Pannonien. Archrt 131(2006) 75-88BdcsA.: A rmai kori thlzat trinformatikai vizsglata a

mai Magyarorszg terletn. PhD rtekezs. Kzirat. ELTE Tr-tnelemtudomnyi Doktori Iskola. 2008.6 Czvek A.:Topogrfiai adatok a limes Fadd menti szakaszhoz.

Wosinsky Mr Mzeum vknyve XXI. (1999) 133149.; Visy 2000

Hegyi-dl, in the area of which vol. 7 of MRT indicatesan rpdian period/medieval site.2

In the Great Hungarian Plain, the investigation ofearthen forts was connected with the photography oftell settlements. In knowledge of the round trenches

uncovered and demonstrated at numerous tell settle-ments like the ones at Polgr, Csszhalom and Bosnyk-domb, we were not surprised at the frequent occurrenceof round trenches that had already been known but notinvestigated (e.g. Jszdzsa, Kpolna-halom) and thathad not yet been spotted (e.g. Szegvr, Tzkves?) dur-ing the photographic assessment of the condition of tellsettlements.3In result, we can suppose the traces of tellsettlements on certain slightly elevated territories prob-ably enclosed by regular round trenches in the GreatHungarian Plain, which have not yet been identified onthe ground. In 2008, Nagymgocs, Cscs-telek repre-

sented them (Fig. 3).4

Investigation of Roman period roadsFrom the new results of the road investigation project,the following sites deserve mentioning where the linearphenomena certainly indicate roads, and their appear-ance and directions show the characteristics of Romanroads.5

rtny, Cserefld and Temeti-dl: The traces of aformer road running in a straight line and bending atan angle were observed in a length of about 1.5 km S ofrtny. It crossed the Koppny probably W of Kop-pnysznt.

Fadd, Haris (Fig. 4): A stretch of the limes road wasobserved W of Fadd in a field called Haris. The N-Sdirected track, which has been known from theliterature,6can be followed in the photo. The conditionof the vegetation did not afford the observation of thedetails of the road.

2 Dinnys I.Kvri K.Lovag Zs.Tettamanti S.Topl J.TormaI.: Pest megye rgszeti topogrfija. A budai s szentendrei jrs.Budapest, 1986. 324, 32/8. lelhely

3 On the cadastre project of Neolithic and Bronze Age tells directedby Pl Raczky see: Anders, A. Czajlik, Z. Csnyi, M. Nagy,E. Gy. Raczky, P. Trnoki, J.: Archaeological register of tellsettlements in Hungary. Proceedings of the CAA 2008, Budapest,in print.

4 A similar phenomenon had earlier been observed at Csuka-halomin Srnd: Czajlik 2005, 125

5 A straight course with trenches along them are characteristic ofthem. In details see: Bdcs,A.: Neue Angaben zur Forschungrmischer Landstrassen in Pannonien. Archrt 131(2006) 75-88BdcsA.: A rmai kori thlzat trinformatikai vizsglata amai Magyarorszg terletn. PhD rtekezs. Kzirat. ELTE Tr-

tnelemtudomnyi Doktori Iskola. 2008.6 Czvek A.:Topogrfiai adatok a limes Fadd menti szakaszhoz.Wosinsky Mr Mzeum vknyve XXI. (1999) 133149.; Visy2000

angolul?


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krnyezetben tallhat parcella s fldtrendszerre(NyDK), inkbb a Brigetio fell Tatra vezet tfelttelezett irnyba esik.7

csny, Tl a Dunn Fels-dl 2.: Az Alisca erd-

jtl8s az rdgvettets nev9 rmai ttl K-re aDuna egykori lefzdsein keresztl kb. 1 km-en keresz-tl jl ltszdik kt prhuzamos rok D-i irny vo-nala, ami valsznleg egykori tra utal. Az rkok egy-mstl val tvolsga kb. 9 m.Perkta, Mlykti-rok Ny: Perkta hatrtl DNy-ra,a Mlykti-rkon thalad egykori t nyomai marknsanltszottak a gabonban. Mellette egykori teleplsreutal gdrk, rkok nyomai figyelhetk meg. A szomsz-dos terleten az t kt prhuzamos rka is megfigyelhet,egymstl val tvolsguk kb. 10 m.

Tata, Tevez: Tattl Ny-ra egy KNy-i irny t nyomaifigyelhetk meg gabonajelek segtsgvel. Ez az t a II.katonai felmrs trkpszelvnyn azonosthat BcsBuda postat vonalval egyezik meg. Az t egy msikrszlett 1997-ben Kocs kzsgben a Kzp-ti-dlbenazonostotta Ren Goguey.

Feldert cl lgi fnykpezsek

TemetkezsekA gabonajelek szlelsre alkalmas kora nyri idszak-ban folytatott feldert cl lgi fnykpezsek sorn alegknnyebben meghatrozhat jelensgek kz tartoz-nak azok az rokkeretes temetkezsek, amelyek kzepna srok tglalap alak foltja is jl kivehet. 2008-ban alegszebb pldt erre Szalkszentmrtonban a Vros-alja-dl szolgltatta (5. kp),ahol a krnyken megfigyeltkttucatnyi j lgifot-lelhely mellett egy kzepesmret parcellban mintegy 75 darab tbbsgben D-i tjols krrkos srt fnykpeztnk le. A temetke-zsek mretk, formjuk s tjolsuk alapjn10valsz-nleg csszrkoriak, csakgy, mint az ltalunk ismertlegkzelebbi hasonl, 2005-s kutatsaink sorn azono-stott11s a Kecskemti Mzeum (Wicker Erika) ltal

ugyanabban az vben feltrt Apostag, Szilasi rsz srjai.Kedvez szlelsi krlmnyek esetn ugyancsak

jl elklnthetk a csontvzas temetkezsek, a bizonyosrendezettsget mutat, lekerektett tglalap alak, vagy

7 Barkczi L.:Brigetio. Diss.Pann. II/22. 19441951. Budapest, 1951.8 Visy 20009 Visy Zs.: A rmai limes Magyarorszgon. Budapest, 1989.; Visy

2000.10 Az rokkeretes temetkezsek lgi fnykpek alapjn trtn,

morfolgiai alap csoportostshoz lsd: Szakos : rokkeretes

temetkezsek az Alfldn lgi felvtelek s topogrfiai adatokalapjn. Szakdolgozat, ELTE BTK Rgszettudomnyi Intzet,Budapest, 2008.

11 CzajlikBdcs 2006, 151.

Naszly, Sndor-kti-dl 2.: The two parallel trench-es of a former road could be seen in the crop S ofNaszly. Its direction (WNWESE) does not match theparcel and the dirt road system of the area (NWSE),but it matches the supposed direction of the road from

Brigetio to Tata.7

csny, Tl a Dunn Fels-dl 2.: The N-S runningline of two parallel trenches probably of a former roadcan be followed in about 1 km across the former oxbowsof the Danube east of the fortification of Alisca8and theRoman road called rdgvettets.9The distance be-tween the trenches is about 9 m.

Perkta, Mlykti-rok W: The traces of the formerroad that crossed Mlykti-rok SW of Perkta sharplyappeared in the crop. Traces of pits and trenches ap-

peared beside it. The parallel trenches of the road canalso be observed on the adjacent territory. The distancebetween the trenches is about 10 m.

Tata, Tevez: The traces of an E-W running road areoutlined by crop marks W of Tata. This road matchesthe track of the Vienna-Buda post road, which can beidentified in a sheet of the 2ndmilitary survey. RenGoguey had identified another stretch of the road inKzp-ti-dl at Kocs village in 1997.

Prospecting aerial photography

BurialsThe burials surrounded by trenches, in the centre ofwhich even the oblong-shaped discolouration of thegraves can be observed, are among the easiest identifi-able phenomena by prospecting aerial photography inearly summer when the crop marks can best be ob-served. In 2008, the best example was provided byVros-alja-dl at Szalkszentmrton (Fig. 5)where,beside two dozens of new aerial photographic sitesobserved in the region, 74 graves with round trenches,mostly of NS orientations, were photographed in anaverage-sized field. The burials probably came from the

Imperial period according to the size, the shape and theorientation of the graves,10just like the closest similargraves at Apostag, Szilas, which we identified in 2005,11

and which the Museum of Kecskemt (Erika Wicker)unearthed the same year.

7 Barkczi L.: Brigetio. Diss.Pann. II/22. 19441951.Budapest, 19518 Visy 20009 Visy Zs.: A rmai limes Magyarorszgon. Budapest, 1989.; Visy

200010 On the morphological grouping of burials surrounded by trenches

based on aerial photos see: Szakos : rokkeretes temetkezsekaz Alfldn lgi felvtelek s topogrfiai adatok alapjn. Szakdol-gozat, ELTE BTK Rgszettudomnyi Intzet, Budapest, 2008

11 CzajlikBdcs 2006, 151


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ovlis gdrfoltok alapjn. Nehzsget legfeljebb azugyancsak rendezetten jelentkez, de inkbb kr alakgdrnyomokkal jellemezhet hamvasztsos temetke-zsektl (pl. Csorna Ny12) val elvlasztsuk jelenthet.Utbbi tpusba tartoz temetkezsek nyomait 2008-ban

pldul Szalkszentmrtonban a Szlk-alja 1. (6. kp),illetve Alapon a Rongyos-dl esetben figyeltk meg.A korbban a bizonytalan lelhelyek kztt regisztrltErcsi, Kovcs-szigetnl 2008-ban egyrtelmen megtudtuk figyelni a srok nyomait. Soros elrendezs,csontvzas temethz tartoz, NyDK-i tjols, tg-lalap alak srok foltjait lehetett megfigyelni Koppny-szntn a Borzas-dlben.

TeleplsekA teleplsi objektumok kzl a kpletek ismerhetkfel a legknnyebben. A negatv nvnyzeti jelknt meg-

figyelhet objektumok azonban amint azt az utbbivekben lefolytatott terepbejrsaink sorn szmosesetben (pl. Polgrdi, Cseplesz13) tapasztaltuk, nagyongyakran jkoriak. Ez igazoldott be Perktn Parragh-puszta esetben is (7. kp),ahol a lgi fnykp alapjnesetleg nagymret rmai kori villra kvetkeztethet-nnk, a III. katonai felmrs ttanulmnyozsa s aterepbejrs azonban egyrtelmv tette, hogy az egy-kori major pleteirl van sz, csakgy, mint Perktna Zsidkalapi-dlben jelentkez ptmnyek esetben.Nagyigmndon a Szendi-rnl megfigyelt ngyszgletes,sszesen t helyisgbl ll kplet terepi megfigye-lsre mg nem kerlt sor, 2003-ban Ppnl fnyk-peztnk le hasonl ptmnyt.

K. Nmeth Andrs tmutatsai alapjn Tolna me-gyben tbb mai telepls hatrban szleltk korbbancsak okleveles vagy terepbejrsi adatok alapjn azono-stott rpd-kori templomok nyomt. A legrdekesebba Tevelen az j-legelben dokumentlt, grgkeresztalaprajz, valsznleg kertfallal is rendelkez plet-bl, illetve a szomszdsgban megfigyelhet, felte-heten vele egykor falusias teleplsbl ll egyttes(8. kp). Kevsb egyrtelm a Magyarkeszi hatrbanfnykpezett templomhely, amelyhez felteheten atle K-re lv sekly vlgy msik oldaln azonostott

faluhely kapcsoldhatott. A trtneti Tolna vrmegyeterletn (ma Baranya megye) llt a Hidas mellettfnykpezett, valsznleg sekrestyvel is rendelkezkzpkori templom.

A kevsb csapadkos vekben, fknt a Kisalfldnszmos esetben figyeltnk meg alaprkos pleteket,amelyek az egyelre csak bizonyos lelhelyeken s ottis csak kis mennyisgben gyjttt leletanyag alapjn az

12 Czajliket al. 2008, 124.

13 V. Goguey, R. Szab, M.: Lhistoire vue du ciel. Photographiearienne et archologie en France et en Hongrie Lgi fnykpe-zs s rgszet Franciaorszgban s Magyarorszgon, Budapest,1995, 65. 53. kp

When the circumstances are favourable for observa-tions, inhumation burials can also be identified fromthe discolouration of oblong-shaped pits with roundedcorners or oval pits, which show a certain distributionsystem. The difficult part is their differentiation from

cremation burials, which also show a certain patternalthough round pits are more characteristic of them(e.g. Csorna W12). The traces of burials of the latter typewere observed e.g. at Szalkszentmrton, Szlk-alja 1(Fig. 6) and at Alap, Rongyos-dl in 2008. In the caseof Ercsi, Kovcs-sziget, which had been registered amongthe uncertain sites, the traces of graves clearly appeared.Discolourations of oblong-shaped, NWSE orientatedgraves arranged in rows in an inhumation cemeterycould be observed at Koppnysznt, Borzas-dl.

Settlements

Stone buildings are the easiest to identify from amongthe settlement features. The features, which can beobserved as negative vegetation marks, are often mod-ern ones as it could be determined during field walkingsof the past few years (e.g. Polgrdi, Cseplesz13). Thesame happened in the case of Perkta, Parragh-puszta(Fig. 7) where a large Roman period villa could be sup-posed from the aerial photo. Nevertheless, the 3rdmili-tary survey and the field walking proved that the build-ings of a former farmstead were observed just like atPerkta, Zsidkalapi-dl. The quadrangular stonebuilding of five rooms observed at Nagyigmnd, Szendi-r has not yet been checked with field walking. In 2003,a similar building had been photographed at Ppa.

Following Andrs K. Nmeths guidance, we foundthe traces of rpdian period churches at several mod-ern settlements in Tolna county. These chucrches hadearlier been identified from documents or field walkingdata. The most interesting unit was found at Tevel,jlegel. It consisted of a building of a ground plan ofthe shape of a Greek cross, probably a fencing wallaround it and a contemporary rural settlement next toit(Fig. 8).The church at Magyarkeszi is less obvious.The village identified on the other side of the shallowvalley E of it was probably connected with it. The me-

dieval church, which probably had a sacristy as well,was photographed at Hidas on the territory of the his-torical Tolna county (to date Baranya county).

The years with less precipitation, we could oftenobserve buildings with foundation trenches especiallyin Kisalfld. At certain sites they can provisionally bedated from the prehistoric times according to the fewfinds collected there and from the Copper Age on the

12 Czajliket al. 2008, 124

13 Comp. Goguey, R. Szab, M.: Lhistoire vue du ciel. Photog-raphie arienne et archologie en France et en Hongrie Lgifnykpezs s rgszet Franciaorszgban s Magyarorszgon,Budapest, 1995, 65. Fig. 53


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skorra, a morfolgiai prhuzamok alapjn a rzkorrakeltezhetk.14Az Osli s Dr kztti kavicsdombokonfnykpezett, felteheten rzkori teleplsekre utalalaprkos pletek listja 2008-ban Rbacscsny, Me-gyeri-rtek s Gyrszemere, Ndaslaki-dl lelhelyek-

kel bvlt, vagyis nemcsak a Tkzben,15 hanem aHansg s a Marcal kztt msutt is megfigyelhet azegy-kt, ritkn tbb, NyK-i tjols alaprkos pletblll teleplsi forma.

Az utbbi vek kutatsai alapjn a teleplsek azo-nostsnak egyik legbiztosabb lehetsge a lekerektetttglalap alak, fldbe mlytett pletek dokumentlsa.A vaskortl egszen az rpd-korig elfordul plett-pus 2008-ban is gyakorinak bizonyult. Fejr megybentbbek kztt Rcalmson, Szlatinnl, Szabadegyhzn,Hyppolyt 3-nl, Perktn, Velics-fldnl s Ercsiben aBevr-dl 1-ben; a Kisalfldn Bgyogszovtn a Haj-

csr tnl (9. kp)s Cakhzn a Meggyesi-dlben; aDuntl K-re pedig Nyregyhzn a motorcross plyakzelben, csn a Stor-hegynl s Jszaptiban a Fel-s Nyomsnl.

A lekerektett tglalap alak, fldbe mlytett p-letek az ltalunk egykori tanyaknt rtelmezett telep-lsekre is jellemzk. Azokat a lelhelyeket soroljuk ide,amelyeknl az egy-kt plet, illetve nhny gdrnyomt nagyobb szabad terlet, illetve az azt hatrolrkok, sok esetben egsz rokrendszerek veszik krbe.A 2008-ban fnykpezett, tanyaknt meghatrozhatlelhelyek: Gyulaj, Gtfenki-dl; Kunpeszr, Nyihog;Perkta, Szapr; Lovasberny, Pkozdi-ti-dl; Tl-tstava, Sptr-puszta(10. kp) s Jszboldoghza, Ha-tr-dl. Terepi azonostsuk a felteheten cseklymennyisgben felsznre kerl leletanyag miatt egyel-re nehzsgekbe tkzik, a korbbi vekben fnykpe-zett Bodaj, Tglahzi-dlben a tbbszri bejrs semhozott eredmnyt, Ivncsn a Keser-vlgy-dlbenpedig csak kis mennyisg skori kermit tudtunkgyjteni.

Zrt terletek (szgletes rkok, karmok)Fknt a DunaTisza-kzn nagy szmban fnykpez-hetk a lekerektett, szablytalan tglalap, esetleg trapz

alak, nha teljesen szablytalan szgletes rkokkalhatrolt, zrt terletek. Nha egyesvel talltuk ket,mskor egy kisebb terleten tbbet is feldertettnk, selfordult, hogy egymsba kapcsoldtak. Kzenfekvrtelmezsk az llattartsra szolgl karmknt trtn

14 Czajlik, Z.: Lgi rgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon 2003-ban(Rvid beszmol az ELTE Rgszettudomnyi Intzetnek Tr-informatikai Kutatlaboratriumban foly munkrl.) Aerialarchaeological investigations in Hungary in 2003(A short reporton the work done in the GIS Research Laboratory of the Institute

of Archaeological Sciences, Etvs Lornd University) Rgszetikutatsok Magyarorszgon Archaeological investigations inHungary 2003., Budapest 2004, 111125.

15 Czajliket al. 2008

basis of morphological analogues.14The list of buildingswith foundation trenches probably of Copper Age set-tlements observed on the gravel knolls between Osliand Dr was enriched with the sites Rbacscsny,Megyeri-rtek and Gyrszemere, Ndaslaki-dl in

2008. It means that the settlement pattern composedof a few, sometimes more WE oriented buildings withfoundation trenches can be observed not only in Tkzbut also in other areas between Hansg and Marcal.15

One of the safest opportunities of the identificationof settlements is the documentation of oblong-shapedsemi-subterranean houses with rounded corners accord-ing to recent investigations. The building type, whichoccurred from the Iron Age until the rpdian Period,was often observed in 2008 as well: at Rcalms, Szla-tina, Szabadegyhza, Hyppolyt 3, Perkta, Velics-fldand Ercsi, Bevr-dl 1 in Fejr county; at Bgyogszovt,

Hajcsr Road (Fig. 9)and Cakhza, Meggyesi-dl inKisalfld; at Nyregyhza close to the motocross course,csa, Stor-hegy and Jszapti, Fels Nyoms E of theDanube.

Oblong-shaped semi-subterranean buildings arealso characteristic of settlements that can be inter-preted as former farmsteads. The sites where the tracesof one or two buildings and a few pits are surroundedby larger open spaces bordered by trenches or trenchsystems are grouped here. The following sites photo-graphed in 2008 belong here: Gyulaj, Gtfenki-dl;Kunpeszr, Nyihog; Perkta, Szapr; Lovasberny,Pkozdi-ti-dl; Tltstava, Sptr-puszta (Fig. 10)andJszboldoghza, Hatr-dl. Their on site identificationis difficult because of the low number of surface finds.Even repeated field walking did not bring results atBodajk, Tglahzi-dl and only a few prehistoric shardscould be collected at Ivncsa, Keser-vlgy-dl fromamong the sites photographed a few years ago.

Closed areas (angular trenches, pens)Closed areas surrounded by rounded, irregular oblong-shaped, sometimes trapezoid, rarely irregular angulartrenches were often photographed in the Danube-TiszaInterfluve. They were found separately or a few were

spotted on a smaller territory or they appeared in chains.An obvious interpretation is that they were pens. How-ever, they could not be identified by field walking andtheir morphological differentiation from modern andearly modern structures of a similar function is uncer-

14 Czajlik, Z.: Lgirgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon 2003-ban(Rvid beszmol az ELTE Rgszettudomnyi Intzetnek Tr-informatikai Kutatlaboratriumban foly munkrl.) Aerialarchaeological investigations in Hungary in 2003(A short reporton the work done in the GIS Research Laboratory of the Institute

of Archaeological Sciences, Etvs Lornd University) Rgszetikutatsok Magyarorszgon Archaeological investigations inHungary 2003., Budapest 2004, 111125.

15 Czajliket al. 2008


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meghatrozs. Nehzsget jelent azonban egyfell, hogya terepbejrsok sorn eddig nem tudtuk ket azonos-tani, illetve az, hogy mg az jkori, kora jkori hasonlfunkcij struktrktl val morfolgiai elvlasztsukis bizonytalan. 2008 folyamn a Dunntlon is, gy

Tolnanmedin a Boztos-dl esetben lehetett tbbilyen jelensget megfigyelni.

Mvelsi nyomokAz ugyancsak jellemzen a DunaTisza-kzn, de kisebbmrtkben a Kisalfldn s Fejr megyben is vrl-vre azonostott nagy kiterjeds rokrendszerek rtel-mezshez mg kevesebb tmponttal rendelkeznk,mint a zrt terletekkel kapcsolatosan. Teleplsi ob-jektumok hinyban ezeket korbban hatrhasznlatinyomokknt rtkeltk,16s noha tovbbra sem rendel-keznk terepi bizonytkokkal, a klfldi pldk alapjn

mgis ezt tartjuk a legvalsznbb rtelmezsnek. Pl-daknt a 2008-as lelhelyek kzl a Komrom, Vas-l-lsnl fnykpezett szablyos elrendezds roknyo-mokat emltjk meg. Ugyanakkor azt a lehetsget isrdemes felvetni, hogy az rkok egy rsze taln a talaj-vagy csapadkvz elvezetsre is szolglhatott. Esetlegrszben erre szolglhattak a 2008-ban Tpigyrgyn aNagy Pskomnl fnykpezett rokrendszerek, amelyekfelteheten kapcsoldnak a 2004-ben a Kis Pskomnlfnykpezett17jelensgekhez.

Nagy kiterjeds lgifot-lelhelyek,kedvez adottsg mikrorgikA komplex, nagy kiterjeds lgifot-lelhelyek elkl-ntst18 az indokolta, hogy a ma ismert legnagyobbrgszeti lelhelyeknl nagyobb, sokfajta, a fent felsoroltjelensg-tpusokat egyttesen reprezentl, sokszor tbbrszletben azonostott terletekrl van sz, amelyekazonban az rtelmezs alapjn felteheten sszefgge-nek egymssal. 2008-ban Mohcson Als s Fels Kan-dnl nagy kiterjeds gabonatblkban figyeltk megazonos mret krrkok nyomt. Az rkokon bell srokhelye nem szlelhet, vltoz mret (25/1215 dara-bos) csoportokat alkotnak, ltalban nagyobb tvolsg-ra (300800 m) egymstl. Hasonl temet rszlett

kiss szakabbra, Btmonostor s Vaskt hatrban isazonostottuk korbban.

csnyben a Tl a Dunn lelhelynl azonbannem a rgszeti jelensgek morfolgiai hasonlsgahvja fel a figyelmet a nagyobb terletre kiterjed sz-szefggsekre, hanem a lgi fot geomorfolgiai rt-kelse: az elszrt teleplsi objektumok egy ma mrteljes egszben a Duna-hordalkba olvadt szigetenllhattak egykor. Hasonl jelensget figyelhettnk megszrnl: a Conc-partjn hosszan kvethet, hrom

16 Czajlik 2005, 127128., CzajlikBdcs 2006, 153.17 Czajlik 2005, 128.18 Czajliket al. 2008, 125126.

tain. Several similar phenomena could be observed atTolnanmedi, Bozts-dl in Transdanubia in 2008.

Cultivation tracesWe have even less clues to the interpretation of the large

trench systems that are characteristic of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve and, to a lesser degree, of Kisalfld andFejr county. In lack of settlement features, they wereinterpreted as cultivation marks,16and although thereare no proofs from field observations, this seems to bethe most likely interpretation according to foreign ex-amples. We can cite the regularly arranged trench marksphotographed at Komrom, Vaslls as an example fromthe sites identified in 2008. It should be considered, atthe same time, that a few trenches could drain theground- or rainwater. The trench systems photographedat Tpigyrgye, Nagy Pskom in 2008 could serve these

purposes as well. They were probably connected withthe phenomena photographed at Kis Pskom in 2004.17

Large aerial photographic sites,favourable micro-regionsThe separation of large aerial photographic sites18be-came necessary because large, varied territories char-acterise the largest archaeological sites, which representall the above listed phenomenon types. Parts of thesesites are often separately identified although they wereprobably interlinked according to the interpretation. In2008, the traces of round trenches of identical measure-ments were observed at Mohcs, Als and Fels Kanda.No graves could be identified inside the trenches. Theyform clusters of diverse sizes (of 25/1215 ones) usu-ally at larger distances from one another. The fragmentof a similar cemetery had already been identified some-what farther to the north at Btmonostor and Vaskt.

At the csny, Tl a Dunn site, it were not themorphological similarities of the archaeological featuresthat called attention to the interconnections extendingon a large surface but the geomorphologic analysis ofthe aerial photo: the scattered settlement features oncestood on an island that has since then merged with thealluvium of the Danube. A similar phenomenon was

observed at szr: the traces of settlement features,which form thee larger clusters extending long alongthe Conc streamlet, certainly followed the bank per-haps in more than one period/phase. Semi-subterrane-an houses and pits of a settlement on a former islandcould also be observed at Igar, Vmpuszta.

It had already been observed in the region of Szalk-szentmrton in the 1990s that partly connected aerialphotographic sites could be found on a large territory.This region has since been regularly photographed and

16 Czajlik 2005, 127128, CzajlikBdcs 2006, 15317 Czajlik 2005, 12818 Czajliket al. 2008, 125126


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nagyobb csoportot alkot teleplsi objektumok nyomainyilvnvalan a vzfolys partjt kvettk, taln tbbkorszakban/peridusban is. Igar, Vmpuszta mellett isaz egykor szigeten elhelyezked telepls fldbe mly-tett hzait s gdreit lehetett megfigyelni.

Szalkszentmrton krnykn mr az 1990-es vek-ben szleltk, hogy nagy terleten, egymssal rszbensszefgg lgifot-lelhelyek vannak. A terletet aztais rendszeresen fotzzuk, s ennek eredmnyekppenma mr egy 53 km-esznban 30 lelhelyet ismernk,amelyek alapjn lgifot-trkpet szerkesztettnk.A 2000-es vek kutatsai alapjn egyre tbb olyan mik-rorgi vlt ismertt, ahol egymshoz kapcsoldlelhelyek sorozatrl rendelkeznk informcival,sokszor olyan nagy kiterjedssel (egy vagy tbb maitelepls teljes hatra) s intenzitssal (a mvelt ter-letek jelents rszn), ami a rgszeti lelhely, mint

fogalom jrartelmezst is elbb-utbb szksgessteszi. Ilyen terletnek szmt Adony s Ercsi trsge,Bugyi s Dabas krnyke, a Tkz znja (Szrfld sVeszkny, illetve Csorna Ny-i rsze), a 2008-as kutatsokalapjn Perkta s Szabadegyhza, valamint Alap hat-ra (11. kp), tovbb a Vctl DK-re es terlet. E ter-letekre jelenleg a monokultrs gabonamvels jellem-z, ami sok nvnyzeti jel megfigyelst teszi lehetv.Feltn ugyanakkor, hogy a Fejr megyei terletek ki-vtelvel olyan znkrl van sz, amelyek talaja pleisz-tocn kavicsrtegeket takar. Hasonl adottsg terle-teken msutt is megfigyeltek jelents lelhely-sorozatokat,az egyik legismertebb plda erre Mnchen krnyke.19

ltalnos tanulsgokAz jonnan azonostott lelhelyek szmnak 2008-bantapasztalt, rvendetesen kiugr gyarapodsrl egyel-re nem dnthet el, hogy tarts elrelpst rtnk el,vagy csak a rgszeti feldert kutatst meghatrozlegfontosabb tnyezk (talaj s nvnyzeti viszonyok,idjrs) szerencss sszjtka vezetett eredmnyre. Azmindenesetre mr a megelz 15 v kutatsai alapjnis egyrtelm, hogy a magyarorszgi pleisztocn kavics-takark egy rsze klnlegesen j adottsgokat biztostaz j lgifot-lelhelyek azonostshoz. Ez mg akkor

is gy van, ha az egyik legnagyobb kavicstakar, a Saj-Hernd hordalkkpjnak 90-es vekben folytatottrendszeres kutatsa sajnos nem vezetett eredmnyre.Ami a nvnyzeti viszonyokat illeti, az egyik legfbbindiktornvny, az szi vets bza vetsterlete nyilvn nmikpp szubjektv tapasztalataink szerint vrl vre cskken. Ezrt volt klnsen fontos, hogyszmos terleten a 2008 tavaszi terepbejrsok alapjnrszletes informcink volt a vetett nvnyekrl, gy

19 Irlinger, W.: Ein Maulwurf im Cockpit. Luftbildarchologie inBayern. Begleitband zur Sonderausstellung im ArchologischenMuseum der Stadt Kelheim vom 20. Juli bis 31. Oktober 2001,Kelheim, 2001, 48., 19.bra

at present we know 30 sites in a 5 km 3 km large zonefrom which an aerial photo map has been compiled. Inresult of investigations in the 2000s, a growing numberof micro-regions has been identified with informationon series of interconnected sites often on so large ter-

ritories (the fields of one or more modern settlements)and with such intensities (on a significant part of thecultivated lands) that will soon necessitate the re-inter-pretation of the concept of an archaeological site. Suchterritories are the regions of Adony and Ercs, the sur-roundings of Bugyi and Dabas, the zone of Tkz (Szr-fld and Veszkny and also the W part of Csorna), andaccording to investigations in 2008, Perkta and Szabad-egyhza, the fields of Alap (Fig. 11)and the territorySE of Vc.Monoculture crop cultivation is characteris-tic of these territories, which affords the observation ofmany crop marks. It is striking, however, that, apart

from the territories in Fejr county, the soils coverPleistocene gravel layers in these regions. Significantsite series have also been observed elsewhere on terri-tories of similar properties: the best example is the re-gion of Munich.19

General conclusionsIt cannot be decided if the fortunate sudden increaseof the identified sites in 2008 was the first sign of a long-term advancement or it only mirrored the lucky coin-cidence of the major factors (soil, vegetation andweather) that determine archaeological aerial prospect-ing. Anyhow, it is evident from the investigations of thelast 15 years that a part of the Pleistocene gravel coversoffered especially favourable conditions for the identi-fication of new aerial photographic sites in Hungary. Itis true even though the systematic investigation of thealluvial cone of the Saj-Hernd, one of the largestgravel covers, was not successful in the 1990s. Regard-ing the vegetation, the size of the lands in which autumnwheat, one of the major indicator plants, is cultivatedgradually decreases at least from our subjective pointof view. This is why it was so important that we haddetailed information on the cultivated plants from fieldwalkings conducted in the spring of 2008. This was the

situation in Tolna county as well where Andrs K.Nmeth informed us not only about data from docu-ments but also about the cultivated territories. Wecannot give the detailed analysis of the weather. Nev-ertheless it can be said that the precipitation was on theaverage level in the spring and the early summer of2008, so it cannot explain the number of identifications.At the same time, the many pilots who were ready tofly meant a great help especially amidst the many thun-

19 Irlinger, W.: Ein Maulwurf im Cockpit. Luftbildarchologie inBayern. Begleitband zur Sonderausstellung im ArchologischenMuseum der Stadt Kelheim vom 20. Juli bis 31. Oktober 2001,Kelheim, 2001, 48.,Fig. 19


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Tolna megyben is, ahol K. Nmeth Andrs nemcsak argszeti adatokat, hanem a vetsekre vonatkoz nap-raksz informcit is eljuttatta szmunkra. Noha azidjrs rszletes kirtkelsre itt nem vllalkozhatunk,az mindenesetre leszgezhet, hogy a 2008-as tavaszi

kora nyri idszak csapadkhozama tlagos volt, vagyisennek alakulsa nem magyarzza a kiugr eredmnyes-sget. Ugyanakkor klnsen a kora nyri idszakgyakori viharai miatt rendkvl nagy segtsget jelen-tett a nagyszm pilta, akik lehetv tettk, hogyminden fotzsra alkalmas idszakot megfelelen ki-hasznljunk. Pusztn technikai krdsnek tnik, defontos vltoztatst jelentett, hogy 2008-ban hasznltunkelszr GPS-szel sszekapcsolt kamert, ami lehetvtette a koordintk rgztst a digitlis kp-file-ban,lervidtve a replgp fedlzetn trtn dokument-ls idrabl folyamatt.20

A 2008-ban dokumentlt 343 j lgifot-lelhelymennyisge s terleti eloszlsa kisebb statisztikai r-tkelsekre is alkalmas (12. kp). A legfeltnbb jelen-sg, hogy bizonyos lelhelytpusok (tanyk, zrt terle-tek, mvelsnyomok) tlnyom tbbsge az alfldi,illetve a kisalfldi terleteken figyelhet meg, ami nyil-vnvalan sszefgg az adott trsgekre vszzadok/vezredek ta jellemz letmddal.

Kutatsainkat 2008-ban az OTKA NK 68824-es plyzat,s az Interelektronik Kft. tmogatta. A replgpvezetTalabos Gbor, Dvid Csaba, Tth Csaba, rms Pters Nagy Tams volt. A terepbejrsokon a szerzknkvl Czvek Attila (Wosinsky Mr Mzeum, Szekszrd),Losonczi Mt (KH Nyugat-dunntli Iroda, Gyr)Bzsa Anik s Szab Dniel rgszek, Fuchsz Nomi,Hullm Dnes s Tth Farkas Mrton egyetemi hallga-tk (ELTE Rgszettudomnyi Intzet Budapest) vettekrszt.

20 A technikai httrrl rszletesebben: Doneus, M. Scollar, I.:Using GPS with digital cameras. AARG News 33(2006) 2832.Czajlik Z.: The role of efficiency in aerial archaeological researchof Hungary. AARG News38(2009) 10-17.

derstorms in the early summer since we could useevery occasion that was suitable for taking photos. Itseems to be simply a technical problem yet it was animportant change that we first used a camera linkedwith GPS, which enabled the registering of the co-ordi-

nates in a picture file, and thus the tedious on boarddocumentation process could be shortened.20

The quantity and the spatial distribution of the 343new aerial photographic sites are suitable for certainstatistic analyses (Fig. 12).The most striking phenom-enon is that the overwhelming majority of certain sitetypes (farmsteads, closed territories, cultivation marks)were observed in the Alfld and the Kisalfld, which iscertainly linked with the lifestyle that has been charac-teristic of these regions for centuries/millennia.

In 2008, the OTKA competition NK 68824 and the In-

terelektronik Kft supported our investigations. GborTalabos, Csaba Dvid, Csaba Tth, Pter rms andTams Nagy were the pilots. Attila Czvek (WosinskyMr Museum, Szekszrd), Mt Losonczi (KH WesternTransdanubian Office, Gyr), Anik Bzsa and DnielSzab archaeologists, Nomi Fuchsz, Dnes Hullm andFarkas Mrton Tth university students (ELTE Ar-chaeological Institute Budapest) took part in the fieldwalking beside the authors.

20 For more details on the technical innovation see: Doneus,M. Scollar, I.: Using GPS with digital cameras. AARG News33(2006) 2832.Czajlik Z.: The role of efficiency in aerial archa-eological research of Hungary. AARG News38(2009) 10-17.


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Irodalom References

Czajlik 2005 CzajlikZ.: Lgirgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon 2004-ben (Rvid beszmol azELTE Rgszettudomnyi Intzetnek Trinformatikai Kutatlaboratriumban

foly munkrl.) Aerial archaeological investigations in Hungary in 2004 (A shortreport on the work done in the GIS Research Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeo-logical Sciences, Etvs Lornd University) In: Rgszeti kutatsok MagyarorszgonArchaeological investigations in Hungary, 2005., Budapest, 121141.

Czajlik Bdcs 2006 Czajlik Z. Bdcs A.: Lgirgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon 2005-ben (Rvidbeszmol az ELTE Rgszettudomnyi Intzetnek Trinformatikai Kutatla-boratriumban foly munkrl.) Aerial archaeological investigations in Hungaryin 2005 (A short report on the work done in the GIS Research Laboratory of theInstitute of Archaeological Sciences, Etvs Lornd University) In: Rgszeti kutat-sok Magyarorszgon Archaeological investigations in Hungary, 2006., Budapest,149159.

Czajlik et Al. 2008 Czajlik Z. Bdcs A. Durkovic Rupnik L. Winkler M.:Lgirgszeti kutat-sok Magyarorszgon 2007-ben (Rvid beszmol az ELTE Rgszettudomnyi

Intzetnek Trinformatikai Kutatlaboratriumban foly munkrl.) Aerialarchaeological investigations in Hungary in 2007 (A short report on the work done inthe GIS Research Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences, EtvsLornd University) In: Rgszeti kutatsok Magyarorszgon Archaeological invest-igations in Hungary, 2008., Budapest, 121144.

Visy 2000 Visy Zs.: A Ripa Pannonica Magyarorszgon. Budapest, 2000.


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1. kp: jonnan azonostott lgifot-lelhelyek 19932008 kztt (Rupnik Lszl)

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2. kp: Fldvr nyomai Kunpeszr, Birkajrs 2-nl, Bcs-Kiskun megyben (2008. jnius 3.)Fig. 2:Traces of an earthen fort at Kunpeszr, Birkajrs 2, Bcs-Kiskun county (June 3, 2008)


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3. kp:Tell telepls nyomai Nagymgocsnl, Csongrd megyben (2008. prilis 29.)

Fig. 3: Traces of a tell settlement at Nagymgocs, Csongrd county (April 29, 2008)

4. kp:Egykori t nyoma Fadd-Harisnl, Tolna megyben (2008. jnius 11.)

Fig. 4: Trace of a former road at Fadd-Haris, Tolna county (June 11, 2008)


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5. kp: Krrkos temetkezsek nyoma Szalkszentmrton, Vrosalja-dlben, Pest megyben (2008. jnius 3.)Fig. 5: Traces of burials with round trenches at Szalkszentmrton, Vrosalja-dl, Pest county (June 3, 2008)


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6. kp:Hamvasztsos temetkezsek nyoma Szalkszentmrton, Szlk-alja 1-nl (2008. jnius 3.)

Fig. 6: Traces of cremation burials at Szalkszentmrton, Szlk-alja 1 (June 3, 2008)


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7. kp: Egykori major nyoma Perkta, Parragh-pusztnl, Fejr megyben (2008. jlius 4.),s a major brzolsa az 1. katonai felmrsen

Fig. 7:Traces of a former farmstead at Perkta, Parragh-puszta, Fejr county (July 4, 2008)


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8. kp: Templomos falu nyoma Tevel, j legeln, Tolna megyben (2008. jnius 3.)

Fig. 8: Traces of a village with a church at Tevel, j legel, Tolna county (June 3, 2008)


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10. kp: Tanyasias telepls nyoma Tltstava, Sptr-pusztnl, Gyr-Moson-Sopron megyben (2008. jnius 25.)

s/vagy Kunpeszr, Nyihog;Fig. 10:Traces of a farmstead-like settlement at Tltstava, Sptr-puszta, Gyr-Moson-Sopron county (June 3, 2008)

and/or at Kunpeszr, Nyihog


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11. kp: Lelhelyegyttes s elemzse Alapnl, Fejr megyben (2008. ???????,)

Fig. 11: Find assemblage from Alap, Fejr county and its analysis (????????, 2008)


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12. kp:A 2008-ban fnykpezett lgifot-lelhelyek elterjedsi trkpei (Rupnik Lszl s Bdcs Andrs).12.1.Az sszes jonnan azonostott lelhely. 12.2. Teleplsre utal jelensgek: telepls ltalban (a),

erdtett telepls (b), kplet (c), tanyasias telepls (d), tell(?) telepls (e)

Fig. 12: Statistic analysis of the aerial photographic sites photographed in 2008 (Lszl Rupnik)

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13. kp:A 2008-ban fnykpezett lgifot-lelhelyek elterjedsi trkpei (Rupnik Lszl s Bdcs Andrs)13.1.Temetkezsekre utal jelensgek: csontvzas, soros (a), valsznleg csontvzas (b), valsznleg urns,

hamvasztsos (c), krrkos/halmos (d), halmos (e). 13.2.Vonalas jelensgek: rkok (a), utak (b), utak/rkok (c)

Fig. 13: Statistic analysis of the aerial photographic sites photographed in 2008 (Lszl Rupnik)

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