020 cladistica homo - aragosaurus.com
TRANSCRIPT
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020 Cladistica Homo www.aragosaurus.com
UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA
PROFESORES: GLORIA CUENCA JOSÉ IGNACIO CANUDO
JARA PARRILLA DIEGO CASTANERA
VICTOR SAUQUÉ
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pavyh conociendo nuestra familia
Homínidos derivados
Prosimios y si prmt
Simios nuevo m Simios viejo m
Lemures Titís Macacos
Tarseros Monos aulladores
Babuinos
Galagos Monos araña Orangutanes
Loris Monos capuchinos
humanos
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El Género Homo
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Carácter: Apéndices locomotores
Homología
Primitivo: es de uso limitado
Derivado: es de gran utilidad
Homoplasia
Paralelismos
Convergencias
No sirven
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Polaridad de los caracteres Cráneo y fotografía de Pan paniscus: chimpancé enano o bonobo
Torus derivado respecto a primate no hominido
Torus primitivo respecto a homínido
Cráneo de Pan troglodytes: chimpancé
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Matriz de caracteres
Inclinación rostro
Mentón o barbilla
Desarrollo caninos
Esmalte molares
Morfología oclusal molares
Fosa canina /posición malar
Desarrollo arco zigomático
Frontal inclinación
Frontal torus supraorbitario
Frontal surco posterior torus
Altura arco frontoparietal (arco calota)
Alargamiento occipital
Posición foramen magnum
Curvatura base cráneo
Tubo óseo oído
….
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1 Capacidad cráneo 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 Inclinación Rostro 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 Caninos 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
4 Cresta sagital 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
5 Barra postorbital 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 Inclinación del frontal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
7 Torus supraorbitario 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
8 Arco calota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 Arco basicráneo 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
10 Foramen magnum 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 Arcada dental 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
12 Presencia de barbilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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Bonmatí 2010
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Polaridad caracteres homínidos
• Capacidad craneal en relación con el tamaño del cuerpo – 0 pequeña – 1 media – 2 grande
• Cresta sagital – Sin 0 – Con 1
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Comparación entre prosimios (loris, Nycticebus) y antropoideos
Nycticebus (loris) http://macro.dokkyomed.ac.jp/mammal/en/species/nycticebus _coucang.html
Visión lateral o frontal 01 Arco calota laxo o curvo 01 Masetero peq. Gran 01
M
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Posición Foramen Magnum. Cráneo de prosimios: loris
http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/index.html
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Medidas y orientación cráneos de primates general. Posición Foramen Magnum.
Ejemplo en loris
http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/index.html
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Pan troglodytes: chimpancé
Pan paniscus: bonobo
Nycticebus (loris) http://macro.dokkyomed.ac.jp/mammal/en/species/nycticebus _coucang.html
Callithrix jacchus, titi o marmoseta
http://www.skullsite.co.uk/Marmoset/marmoset.htm
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Arcada dental
0: Rectangular
2: Parabólica
1: semi-parabólica
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Los homínidos
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster / H. erectus
Homo antecessor
Homo sapiens
Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis (millennium man)
Kenyanthropus platiops
Australopithecus garhi
Plioceno Pleistoceno Mioceno
millones de años
5 4.5 4 3 2 1 0 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 6 5.5 7 6.5
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
A. ramidus
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Cráneo Homo sapiens (actual)
Foramen magnum Proyectado hacia delante 2
Cara vertical2 Yugal reducido 2 Arco basicraneo agudo 2 Mandíbula corta 2
Yugal invisible en vista dorsal 2 Gran neurocráneo 2
Dentición altura Caninos más grandes=0 Caninos = altura 1
Arcada dental semiesférica 2
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Cercopitecidos (monos viejo mundo) 0
Hominoideos (Pan troglodites) 0 Homínidos 1
Comparación caninos cercopitécidos y hominoideos
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Inclinación y longitud del rostro
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Torus supraorbitario
0: ausente 1: presente
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Barra postorbital/Placa postorbital
Barra: 0
Placa: 1
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Arco basicráneo
Simios vs. prosimios
Homo floresiensis 2
Nycticebus (loris) 0
Pan troglodites 1
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Comparación platirrinos y catarrinos
Número de premolares 3=0; 2=1 Tubo óseo oido sin 0; con 1
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Prosimio: loris
Prosimios: Tres premolares Bunodontos Diastema postcanino Diente peineta
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Proconsul, Mioceno, 18 ma
Desarrollo de los caninos en relación I, P, M
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Pieralopithecus 12-13 ma
Posición de la cara 012 Horizontal, diagonal, vertical
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Sivapithecus: Pakistan, Mioceno 9-11 ma Dryopithecus laietanus: Europa, Mioceno, 8 ma
Pongidae (orangutan actual)
Cresta sagital Con 0 Sin 1
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Pongidos (sivapitecinos y Pongo) y Hominoideos (Pan, Homo, Gorilla)
Ouranopithecus (12 ma, Grecia) y Gorilla (actual) Torus supraorbitario con 0 sin 1
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fILOGENIA
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster / H. erectus
Homo antecessor
Homo sapiens
Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis (millennium man)
Kenyanthorpus platiops
Australopithecus garhi
Plioceno Pleistoceno Mioceno
millones de años
5 4.5 4 3 2 1 0 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 6 5.5 7 6.5
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Mioceno, 6,5 ma, Africa
0
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Kenyanthropus platiops, Plioceno, 3,5 ma, Africa
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KP 29281 Edad: 4 Ma Descubierto en: 1994, Kanapoi, Kenya
Australopithecus anamensis (4,2 –
3,9 Ma)
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Paranthropus robustus, 2-1ma, Surafrica
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Paranthropus boisei, Konso, Africa, Plio-Pleistoceno
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Paranthropus boisei, Konso, Africa, Plio-Pleistoceno. Fotos lab Unizar
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Homo habilis, 2,4-1,6 ma, Africa
Olduvai 550 680 cm3
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Homo erectus, 1,7-0,5 ma, Asia
Torus supraorbitario discontínuo 1
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Homo ergaster, 2-1 ma, Africa
Kenia 850 cm3 Achelense Modo 2
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Homo georgicus, Dmanisi, Georgia, 1,8 ma
Malar diagonal 0
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Homo antecessor, Pleistoceno inferior, 0,8 ma
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Homo heidelbergensis La Sima de los Huesos
5-6 ky
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Homo sapiens idaltu, Herto, Africa, 160.000 a
Afar Etiopia
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Homo neandertalensis, 0,3-0,03 ma, Europa, Asia occidental
Ucrania 40.000 a
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Homo neanderthalensis
http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/laferr.html
La Ferrassie 1
Species: Homo neanderthalensis
Age: Upper Pleistocene
Date of Discovery: September 17, 1909
Location: La Ferrassie, France
Discovered by: R. Capitan and D. Peyrony
La Ferrassie rock shelter is located near the village of Les Eyzies in the
Dordogne valley, France.The site yielded skeletons from eight Neanderthal
individuals, including adults, children, infants, and two fetuses. All were
intentionally buried at the shelter.
La Ferrassie 1 skeleton (the skull of which is shown here) is of an adult male.
The skull shows many of the typical Neanderthal traits including a prominent
supraorbital torus, a low-vaulted cranium with a receding forehead, a large
nasal opening, and a well-developed occipital bun (a swelling of bone at the
back of the skull on the occipital bone). All of the teeth were preserved in place
and show heavy wear indicating that the individual was relatively advanced in
years at the time of his death. Early in the study of the remains from La
Ferrassie, a curious asymmetry in the wear across the incisors was noticed.
Instead of wearing flat, the biting surface of the incisors is beveled toward the
front (or lip). It has been hypothesized that this is the result of habitual use of
the teeth for purposes other than chewing, such as holding something in place
between the teeth. Although the interpretation has been debated, the use of
the teeth as a tool may represent an interesting aspect of Neanderthal culture.
The importance of the La Ferrassie remains cannot be overstated. La
Ferrassie produced the remains of an adult male and an adult female,
providing documentation of sexual dimorphism (differences in size between
males and females) in Neanderthals. In addition, the remains of the juvenile
and infant individuals help paleoanthropologists reconstruct the developmental
stages of Homo neanderthalensis.
Probably most important are the postcranial (body) bones associated with La
Ferrassie 1. An earlier reconstruction of a Neanderthal skeleton by Boule (La
Chapelle-aux-Saints) portrayed Neanderthals as stooped, brutish creatures --
misconceptions that have stayed with our notion of Neanderthals to this day.
The morphology of the leg bones and the foot demonstrate without any doubt
that the posture and gait of Neanderthals differed very little from modern
humans. Today the skeleton of La Ferrassie 1 is considered the "classic"
example of Neanderthal anatomy.
Recent dating of the La Ferrassie shelter indicates that the skeletons may be
as old as 70,000 years.
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Homo neanderthalensis, 0,3-0,03 ma, Europa, Asia occidental
Malar hacia atrás 1
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Homo, Rumania, 0,034 a 0,036 ma ¿sapiens o neandertal?
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Homo sapiens moderno. Lab. Unizar
Malar proyectado hacia delante 2