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সবাইকে শুভেচ্ছা ,. স্বাগতম. পতিতপাবন মণ্ডল (পাবন ) বি.এ অনার্স, এম. এ (বাংলা), বি.এড, সংস্কৃত উপাধি সহকারি শিক্ষক: ( বাংলা ) সেন্ট গ্রেগরী হাইস্কুল সেল নং: ০১৯১৭৭১৬৩৪৪ E-mail : [email protected] Face book: Pabon [email protected]. শ্রেণি: নবম বিষয় : বাংলা প্রথম পত্র সময়: ৫০ মিনিট. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 13

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giei AwZ mycv| Zuvi AbK Y-bb&|

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Mvaywj jM DcwZ, Mvjve weevn hvvi D`vM KwiZ jvwMjb| DwPov bner evRvBZ Avi Kwij ; ggvwQ mvbvBqi evqbv jBqvwQj, wK ivZKvbv ewjqv m hvBZ cvwij bv| L`vZiv Svo awij ; AvKvk ZvivevwR nBZ jvwMj| KvwKj AvM AvM dzKivBZ jvwMj| AbK eihvv Pwjj; ^qs ivRKzgvi jc w`evemvb Amy Ki ewjqv AvwmZ cvwijb bv, wK RevMvx kZ Rev, i Rev, Ri` Rev cfwZ mesk AvwmqvwQj| Kiexii `j, mKj ivRvw`Mi gZ eo DP Wvj Pwoqv Avwmqv DcwZ nBj| muDwZ bxZei nBe ewjqv, mvwRqv Avwmqv `ywjZ jvwMj| Mi`i Rvo cwiqv Puvcv Avwmqv `uvovBj DM M QzwUZ jvwMj| MivRiv eo evnvi w`qv, `j `j Avwmqv, M wejvBqv `k gvZvBZ jvwMj| AkvK bkvq jvj nBqv Avwmqv DcwZ; m GK cvj wcc&&ov gvmvqe nBqv AvwmqvQ; Zvnv`i Yi m m^ bvB, wK `uvZi Rvjv eoKvb&& weevn bv Gi~c eihv RvU, Avi Kvb&& weevn bv Zvnviv j dzUvBqv weev` evavq ? KzieyK KzUR cfwZ AviI AbK eihv AvwmqvwQjb, NUK gnvkqi KvQ Zuvnv`i cwiPq wbeb| meB wZwb hvZvqvZ Kib Ges wKQz wKQz gay cvBqv _vKb|

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14 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

bv| `wLjvg, ei eihv, mKj AevK nBqv wifve u`vovBqv AvQb| gwj Kvw`Mi Kzj hvq `wLqv, AvwgB evnKi Kvh ^xKvi Kwijvg| ei, eihv mKjK Zzwjqv jBqv gwjKvcyi Mjvg|

mLvb `wLjvg, KbvKzj, mKj fwMbx, Avnv` NvgUv Lywjqv gyL dzUvBqv, cwigj QzUvBqv, myLi nvwm nvwmZQ| `wLjvg, cvZvq cvZvq RovRwo, Mi fvvi QovQwo cwoqv wMqvQi~ci fvi mKj fvwqv cwoZQ| hyw_, gvjZx, eKzj, iRbxMv cfwZ GqvMY x-AvPvi Kwiqv eiY Kwij| `wLjvg, cyivwnZ DcwZ; bmx eveyi begelxqv Kbv (Rxe KzmygcywcYx) KzmygjZv m~P myZv jBqv `uvovBqv AvQ; KbvKZv Kbv m`vb Kwijb; cyivwnZ gnvkq `yBRbK GK m~Zvq Muvw_qv MuvUQov euvwaqv w`jb|

ZLb eiK evmiNi jBqv Mj| KZ h imgqx gaygqx my`ix mLvb eiK Nwiqv ewmj, Zvnv wK ewje| cvPxbv VvKzivYxw`w` UMi mv`v cvY euvav iwmKZv KwiZ KwiZ KvBqv DwVjb| iYi ivvgyL nvwm ai bv| hyB, Kbi mB, Kbi KvQ wMqv Bj; iRbxMvK ei ZvoKv ivmx ewjqv KZ Zvgvmv Kwij; eKzj GK evwjKv, ZvZ hZ MyY, ZZ i~c bn; GKKvY wMqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv iwnj; Avi Szg&&Kv dzj eo gvbyli MwnYxi gZ gvUv bxj kvox QovBqv RgKvBqv ewmj| ZLb KgjKvKvIV evwo hvB ivZ nqQ, I wK, Xzj coe h ? KzmygjZv GB K_v ewjqv Avgvi Mv VwjZwQj; PgK nBj, `wLjvg wKQzB bvB| mB cyevmi Kv_vq wgwkj ? gb Kwijvg, msmvi AwbZB eUGB AvQ GB bvB| m ig evmi K_vq Mj, mB nvmgyLx wZmyavgqx cymy`ixmKj Kv_vq Mj ? hLvb me hvBe, mBLvb wZi `cYZj, f~ZmvMiMf| hLvb ivRv cRv, ceZ mgy`, Mn bvw` wMqvQ ev hvBe, mBLvb asmcyi! GB weevni bvq me k~b wgkvBe, me evZvm Mwjqv hvBe Kej _vwKe Kx ? fvM ? bv, fvM bv _vwKj fvM _vwKZ cvi bv| Ze Kx ? wZ ? Kzmyg ewjj, IV bvwK KPv ? Avwg ewjjvg, `~i cvMwj, Avwg weq w`wQjvg| Kzmyg Nul Gm, nm nm KvQ `uvovBqv Av`i Kwiqv wRvmv Kwij, Kvi weq, KvKv ? Avwg ewjjvg, dzji weq| It cvov Kcvj, dzji ? Avwg ewj wK ! AvwgI h GB dzji weq w`qwQ| KB ? GB h gvjv Muvw_qvwQ| `wLjvg, mB gvjvq Avgvi ei Kbv iwnqvQ| T

kv_ I UxKv : KbvfviM weevnhvMv Kbv A_; m^i weqi; KbvKZv Kbvi AwffveK; cvmb cvZvi Dci Avmb; AebeZx NvgUv `Iqv; BqviwK ez`i mB ejv Pj Ggb Avjvc; mvVvKzivYx w`w` GLvb mvKvjK w`w` ej m^vab Kiv nQ; cwigj myM; Mvcvavq Mi ivRv evSvZ; KzjvPvh Kzji AvPvh ev eski cavb cyivwnZ; evvgvwj h gvwj BQgZ dzj dvUvZ cvi; L`vZ RvbvwK cvKv; GqvMY maev bvix; KgjKvKv KgjvKvK KvKv ej m^vab Kiv nqQ|

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 15

cvV cwiwPwZ : ewgP` Pvcvavqi jNyiPbv KgjvKvi `i Mi beg msLK jLv dzji weevn| GB iPbvq nvmimi gvag wewfb dzji bvg, m dzjjvi Mi ZviZg, eYi iKgdi AZ mse`bkxjZvi m Zzj aiQb ewgP`| KLb Kvb dzj dvU m cheYI GB iPbvq cvIqv hvq| weq-Abyvb evOvwji Rxeb, wekl Ki evwoi wk-wKkvi I cwZekx`i ga AZxe Avb` wbq Avm| GB Abyvb ei-Kb K` _vKjI ei-Kbi gvZv-wcZv, Kbi cowk bvixiv bvbv gvwjK eZ m _vKb, NUKI _vKb weklfve hy| weq Abyvbi m hy _vKb Ggb bvbv ewi cwieZ wewfb dzji Dj L Ki AmvaviY `Zvq ewgP` evOvwji Mvn GKwU Abyvb Aviv Avb``vqK Ki GLvb Dcvcb KiQb| Zuvi GB iPbvfw evsjv M` weKvki iZc~Y f~wgKv ivL|

Abykxjbx

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ewbevPwb ck

1| dzji weevn Mi cv K wQj ?

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2| G M KbvKzj ejZ Kv`iK evSvbv nqQ ?

K. fvgi L. e M. MvQcvjv N. dzj

wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

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3| DxcKi `evkxli mv_ dzji weevn Mi mv`k iqQ

i. MivRi ii. Mvjvei iii. iRbxMvi

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16 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

4| Gi~c mv`ki KviY Kx ?

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 17

myfv iex `bv_ VvKzi

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18 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

KLbv Agvb P`i gZv Awbglfve Pvwnqv _vK, KLbv `yZ Pj we`yZi gZv w`M&wew`K wVKwiqv DV| gyLi fve e AvRbKvj hvnvi Ab fvlv bvB Zvnvi PvLi fvlv Amxg D`vi Ges AZjk Mfxi AbKUv ^Q AvKvki gZv, D`qv Ges QvqvjvKi wb if~wg| GB evKnxb gbyli ga enr cKwZi gZv GKUv weRb gn AvQ| GBRb mvaviY evjKevwjKviv ZvnvK GKcKvi fq KwiZ, Zvnvi mwnZ Ljv KwiZ bv| m wbRb wcnii gZv knxb Ges mxnxb|

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 19

cvwiZ, Ges myfvi Mv Nuwlqv Avwmqv A A Zvnvi evZ wks Nwlqv Nwlqv ZvnvK wbevK evKzjZvi mwnZ mvbv w`Z Pv KwiZ|

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gb Kiv, mzfv hw` RjKzgvix nBZ, Av Av Rj nBZ DwVqv GKUv mvci gv_vi gwY NvU ivwLqv hvBZ; cZvc Zvnvi ZzQ gvQ aiv ivwLqv mB gvwbK jBqv Rj Wze gvwiZ; Ges cvZvj wMqv `wLZ, i~cvi AvwjKvq mvbvi cvjK ewmqv? Avgv`i evYxKi Nii mB evev gq my Avgv`i my mB gwY`x Mfxi wb cvZvjcyixi GKgv ivRKbv| Zvnv wK nBZ cvwiZ bv| Zvnv wK GZB Ame| Avmj wKQzB Ame bq, wK ZeyI my cRvk~b cvZvji ivResk bv Rwbqv evYxKi Ni Avwmqv RwbqvQ Ges MvmvB`i Qj cZvcK wKQzZB Avh KwiZ cvwiZQ bv|

20 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

myfvi eqm gB evwoqv DwVZQ| g m hb AvcbvK Avcwb Abyfe KwiZ cvwiZQ| hb Kvbv GKUv c~wYgvwZw_Z Kvbv-GKUv mgy` nBZ GKUv Rvqvii mvZ Avwmqv Zvnvi AivZvK GK b~Zb AwbePbxq PZbvkwZ cwic~Y Kwiqv ZzwjZQ| m AvcbvK Avcwb `wLZQ, fvweZQ, ck KwiZQ, Ges eywSZ cvwiZQ bv|

Mfxi c~wYgviv m GK-GKw`b axi kqbMni vi Lywjqv fq fq gyL evovBqv evwnii w`K Pvwnqv `L c~wYgvcKwZI myfvi gZv GKvwKbx my RMZi Dci RvwMqv ewmqv-hebi inm cyjK welv` Amxg wbRbZvi GKevi kl mxgv ch, Ggb-wK, Zvnv AwZg KwiqvI ag&&_g&& KwiZQ, GKwU K_v KwnZ cvwiZQ bv| GB wb evKzj cKwZi cv GKwU wb evKzj evwjKv u`vovBqv|

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xcyiyl wei civgk nBj| wKQzw`bi gZv evYx we`k Mj| Aekl wdwiqv Avwmqv Kwnj, Pjv, KwjKvZvq Pjv|

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BwZga GKw`b Acivn wQc dwjqv cZvc nvwmqv Kwnj, Kx i my, Zvi bvwK ei cvIqv MQ, ZzB weq KiZ hvwQm? `wLm Avgv`i fzwjm b|

ewjqv Avevi gvQi w`K gbvhvM Kwij| ggwe nwiYx evai w`K hgb Kwiqv ZvKvq, bxie ewjZ _vK Avwg Zvgvi KvQ Kx `vl KwiqvwQjvg, myfv Zgwb Kwiqv cZvci w`K Pvwnj; mw`b MvQi Zjvq Avi ewmj bv| evYxK wb`v nBZ DwVqv kqbMn ZvgvK LvBZwQjb, myfv Zuvnvi cvqi KvQ ewmqv Zuvnvi gyLi w`K Pvwnqv Kuvw`Z jvwMj| Aekl ZvnvK mvbv w`Z wMqv evYxKi Kcvj Aky MovBqv cwoj|

Kvj KwjKvZvq hvBevi w`b wi nBqvQ| myfv MvqvjNi Zvnvi evj-mLx`i KvQ we`vq jBZ Mj, Zvnvw`MK ^n LvIqvBqv, Mjv awiqv GKevi `yB PvL hZ cvi K_v fwiqv Zvnv`i gyLi w`K Pvwnj y`B bcje nBZ Uc&&Uc&& Kwiqv AkyRj coZ jvwMj|

mw`b Kvv`kxi ivw| myfv kqbMn nBZ evwni nBqv Zvnvi mB wPicwiwPZ b`xZU kkhvq jyUvBqv cwoj hb aiYxK, GB cKv g~K gvbeZvK `yB evZ awiqv ewjZ Pvn, Zzwg AvgvK hvBZ w`qv bv, gv| Avgvi gZv `ywU ev evovBqv ZzwgI AvgvK awiqv ivLv| T

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 21

kv_ I UxKv : Mfi Kj mvb wnme Kj, Mf njv gvqi cU h ew ev e K cwievi bwZevPK wnme `Lv nq Zv njv Kj; my` xN cjewewk eo cvZvwewk, `xN njv eo, my hy nq eoK weklvwqZ Kiv nqQ; cje njv cvZv; GLvb PvLi cvZv wnme eeZ nqQ| Ivai I Ges Aai, Dcii I wbPi VuvU [I+Aai = Ivai] wKkvjq MvQi bZzb cvZv| ZRgv Abyev`, GK fvlv _K Ab fvlvq ejv ev jLv| A gvb Wze, Wze hvQ Ggb, P `-m~hi cwg w`K A `k Ae v| Awbglfve cjKnxbfve, Awbgk AcjK, cjKnxb D`qv D`q + A = D`qv , Avwefve I wZivfve, DVv I Wzev| QvqvjvK Qvqv + AvjvK = QvqvjvK; Kvbv e i Ici Avjv coj h cwZwe^ nq Zv njv Qvqv; weRb gn weRb Rbk~b, wbRb; gn Ae`vb; weRb gn Kvjvnjgy cKwZi Ae vi h AvKlYxq w`K| Z^x xY I myMwVZ Awewk| euvLvwi Kuvai y`w`K y`cv Szwjq evSv enbi euvki dvwj| XuwKkvjv h Ni XuwK ivLv nq; XuwK njv avb _K Pvj Zwii jvKR h; GLbv MvgxY Rxeb AbK evwoZ XuwKi Ni AvQ| Mvn mQjZv cvwievwiK `bw`b Rxebi mQjZv| wPiwb n` q DcK~j kv n` q; wb njv Avjvobnxb Ae v; DcK~j njv K~ji m `k; GLvb n` q DcK~j ejZ n` qi wKbvivi K_vB ejv nqQ| wSwjie c~Y wSu wSu cvKvi AvIqvR/k gyLi| weRb g~wZ wbRb Ae v; weRb njv wbRb ev Rbgvbek~b, g~wZ njv KvbvwKQz cwZKwZ; weRbg~wZ kwU GLvb Kvjvnjnxb Ae v ev wbRb/Rbgvbek~b Ae v evSvZ eenZ nqQ| M`k ewai, evev| welv`kv y`tLgM, wec` = ywZk~bZv, welYZv; welv`kv njv Lyeewk welv`M Zv _K h kv Ae v| c~wYgvwZw_ Puv`i cwic~Y i~c nIqvi mgq| KbvfvivM wcZv-gvZv h wcZv-gvZvi weevnhvMv Kbv mvbi weq nqwb| Kcvj Mvj; bcje PvLi cvZv; Kvv`kx Puv`i wZxq w`b| cvV cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzii myfv MwU Zuvi weLvZ MQ _K msMnxZ nqQ| GKRb evK&&cwZex wKkvix myfvi cwZ jLKi n`q wbsovbv fvjvevmv I ggZeva MwU Agi nq AvQ| myfv K_v ejZ cvi bv| gv gb Kib G-Zvi wbqwZi `vl, wK evev ZuvK fvjvevmb| Avi KD Zvi m wgk bvLj bv| wK Zvi wekvj GKwU Avkqi RMr AvQ| hviv K_v ejZ cvi bv mB cvlv cvYx`i KvQ m gyLi| Zv`i m LyeB KvQi Rb| Avi wecyj wbevK cKwZi KvQ m cvq gywi Avb`| iex `bv_ VvKzi g~jZ cwZex gvbyli Avkqi Rb GKwU RMr Zwi KiQb Ges mBm Zv`i cwZ Avgv`i ggZevai Dvab NUvZ PqQb|

Abykxjbx

Kg-Abykxjb

1. wewfb aibi cwZex`i mvnvh mnhvwMZvi Rb Kx Kx D`vM MnY Kiv hvq| G welq cwZe`b Zwi Ki kwYwkKi wbKU Rgv `vI|

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K. myfvwlYxi L. evYxKi M. myKwkbxi N. cZvci

22 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

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AvR cywl Avi cyUz cyivcywi eo nqQ| bvg ai WvKjB gyn~ZB nvwRi nq| cywl Kvj DV em wK cyUz GKUz `~i `uvwoq jR bvovq|

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4| D ewk h PiYi gvag dzU IV Zv njv i. w`b wZbevi Mvqvj Ni hvIqv ii. y`B ev viv Mjv Rwoq aiv iii. gvS gvS Zv`iK frmbv Kiv|

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evLv Ki| N. KjvYx I myfv GKB cwiwwZi wkKvi njI Dfqi cvcU I cwiYwZ wfb weklY Ki|

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 23

jvBewi iex `bv_ VvKzi

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24 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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Abykxjbx

Kg-Abykxjb 1. Zvgvi GjvKvi ev Zvgvi `Lv ev Zzwg eenvi Ki Ggb GKwU cvVvMvi ev jvBewii cwiPq

`vI|

2. Zvgv`i zji cvVvMviwU Kxfve Aviv Dbqb Kiv hvq- m welq cve `vI|

ewbevPwb ck

1| jvBewi ce gnvmgy`i kZ ermii Kjvji mv_ KvbwUK Zzjbv KiQb ? K. gvbevZvi L. AvjvKiM. jvBewii N. msMxZK

2| jvBewi ce mnm c_i Pgv_v ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

K. e vbi mwjb M. e `qi mwjbL. e ivvi mwjb N. e Rxebi mwjb

DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

wn`y gymjgvb evsjvi evOvwj RbgZzi eb Awfb Avcb mv|

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 25

3| DxcK h welqei BwZ iqQ Zv jvBewi cei h PiY e nqQ

i. RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQii. ev` I cwZev` GLvb `yB fvBqi gZ GKm _vKiii. mvb I Avwevi GLvb `n `n jq nBqv evm Ki

wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiiM. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

4| BwZgq welqewU njv

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mRbkxj ck

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ee weklY Ki|

26 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

`bvcvIbv iex `bv_ VvKzi

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 27

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28 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 29

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30 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 31

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32 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 33

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34 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 35

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36 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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Ki gewUi wePvi Ki|

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 37

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38 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gv PgwKqv wdwiqv Pvwnqv Kwnj, euvaevLb i ! nVvr Dci Aywj wb`k Kwiqv eM^i Kwnj, `vL `vL evev,evgyb-gv IB i_ Po mM hvQ !

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nvtauv jMQ e Z bv ! ZzB Kvu`ZwQwj !

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 39

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Qj m`n Kwiqv Kwnj, Zvi GK K_v gv ! i_ Po KD bvwK Avevi mM hvq|

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mevB `Lj ?

mevB `Lj|

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40 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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K gv ?

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KvOvjx Kuvw`qv Kwnj, ZzB ewo Z Lwj b gv, Dbyb dj w`wj| Ggwb wK KD mvi ?

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ 41

Avwg Ggwb mi hvev| Zvi Pq ZzB `yUv fvZ-fvZ dzwUq wbq Lv w`wK, Avwg Pq `wL|

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42 gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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